Agronomic characteristics and yield of organic maize straw intercropped with perennial green manures

Arantes, Ana Carolina Costa; Fontanetti, Anastácia; Soares, Marcio Roberto; Silva Neto, Francisco José da; Próspero, Alexandre Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/1983-40632016v4641054

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Scientific Articles • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 46 (3) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4641054 copy

Agronomic characteristics and yield of organic maize straw intercropped with perennial green manures

Características agronômicas e produtividade de palhada de milho orgânico em consórcio com adubos verdes perenes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Maize intercropped with perennial green manure is an option to promote soil coverage, control weeds and recycle soil nutrients, in an organic system. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic characteristics and yield of grains and organic maize straw intercropped with perennial green manures sown at different maize growth stages. A 3 x 2 + 1 factorial design was used, with three perennial species of green manure - calopogonium (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.), tropical kudzu [Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth] and perennial soy [Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn) Lackey] - and two green manure sowing times - at the maize V4 (four expanded leaves) and VT (bolting) stages - plus a control treatment (maize monoculture). A randomized blocks design, with four replications, was used. Soil coverage, production of green manures dry matter and weeds, and maize growth and production variables were evaluated. The sowing of green manures at the V4 stage had a higher percentage of soil coverage, in relation to the VT stage. Calopogonium, when compared to the other green manure species, had the highest percentage of soil coverage (35.63 %) and dry matter (1.0 Mg ha^-1). Perennial green manures grown intercropped with maize did not affect growth, grain yield and maize straw. However, they were not effective in suppressing weeds.

KEY-WORDS:
Zea mays L.; Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.; Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth; Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn) Lackey

Months	Radiation (MJ m^-2)		Rainfall (mm)		Temperature (ºC)
Months	Total	Average	Total	Average	Minimum	Maximum	Average
Dec./2014	631.9	20.4	218.6	7.0	18.4	31.0	24.7
Jan./2015	691.3	22.3	121.8	3.9	19.9	33.3	26.6
Feb./2015	557.6	19.9	245.4	8.7	18.6	30.7	24.6
Mar./2015	513.4	16.6	173.4	5.6	18.1	28.7	23.4
Apr./2015	544.4	18.1	11.2	0.4	16.2	29.9	23.1
May/2015	405.2	13.1	67.0	2.2	14.1	25.8	20.0
Jun./2015	404.0	13.0	26.2	0.9	13.6	25.3	19.5
Jul./2015	355.4	11.5	12.1	0.4	13.8	24.9	19.3

Green manure	Dry matter (kg ha^-1)		Soil coverage (%)
Green manure	V4	VT	V4	VT
Calopogonium	1,002.0 Aa¹ 1 Means followed by the same uppercase letter, in the columns, and lowercase letters, in the lines, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5 %.	257.6 Ab	35.6 Aa	11.8 Ab
Tropical kudzu	278.8 Ba	62.4 Aa	19.7 Ba	7.4 Ab
Perennial soy	161.6 Ba	81.2 Aa	14.5 Ba	5.0 Ab
CV (%)	60.5		32.7

Green manure stage	Final stand (plant ha^-1)	Weight of 100 grains (g)
V4	69,814.8 a¹ 1 Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, do not differ statistically by the Tukey test at 5 %.	31.5 b
VT	61,481.5 b	32.9 a
CV (%)	9.9	4.8
Average	65,648.1	32.2

Contrast	Final stand (plant ha^-1)	Prolificacy	Weight of 100 grains (g)
Calopogonium V4	72,777.8^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.21^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.16^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Calopogonium VT	58,888.9^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.23^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.98^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Tropical kudzu V4	70,000.0^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.17^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	30.75^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Tropical kudzu VT	62,777.8^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.23^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.21^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Perennial soy V4	66,666.7^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.26^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	31.65^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Perennial soy VT	62,777.8^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.29^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	33.48^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Maize monoculture	64,444.4	1.07	34.54

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Contrast	Final stand (plant ha^-1)	Prolificacy	Weight of 100 grains (g)
Calopogonium V4	72,777.8^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.21^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.16^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Calopogonium VT	58,888.9^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.23^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.98^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Tropical kudzu V4	70,000.0^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.17^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	30.75^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Tropical kudzu VT	62,777.8^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.23^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	32.21^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Perennial soy V4	66,666.7^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.26^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	31.65^* , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Perennial soy VT	62,777.8^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	1.29^** , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.	33.48^ns , * and ns Significant at 5 % and 1 % and non-significant, respectively, according to the F test.
Maize monoculture	64,444.4	1.07	34.54