Identification of drought-tolerant corn genotypes by multivariate analysis<sup>1</sup>

Sousa, Ricardo Silva de; Bastos, Edson Alves; Cardoso, Milton José; Pereira, Diléia Rocha

doi:10.1590/1983-40632018v4852122

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Scientific Articles • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 48 (3) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632018v4852122 copy

Identification of drought-tolerant corn genotypes by multivariate analysis¹

Identificação de genótipos de milho para tolerância à seca por análise multivariada

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The identification of genotypes that are tolerant to water deficit is crucial for the maintenance of the agricultural production. This study aimed to evaluate the genotypic variation for drought tolerance among corn genotypes by means of multivariate analysis, as well as to identify hybrids with high grain yield under conditions of water deficit and full irrigation. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 36 corn hybrids, being 34 experimental elite and two commercial (controls) hybrids, under water deficit and full irrigation, during the reproductive stage, with four replications. The irrigation levels, added to the rainfall, totaled 691.6 mm under full irrigation and 490.8 mm under water deficit. The evaluation encompassed the leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, interval between male and female flowering, number of rows per ear, number of grains per ear, ear length, 100-grain weight, ear yield, ear index, total number of grains, number of ears per m², grain yield at 13 % of moisture and water-use efficiency. The evaluated hybrids showed useful genetic diversity for drought tolerance. Four experimental elite hybrids (3G7395, 3G7415, 1G7034 and 3G7335) stood out under water deficit, showing a high grain yield performance, if compared to the average of the control hybrids.

KEYWORDS:
Multivariate discrimination; water stress; chlorophyll; leaf area index

Source of variation	Traits
Source of variation	DF	GY	NRE	NGE	EL	100GW	EW	EY
Hybrid (H)	35	8,664,167^ p < 0.01;	0.19^ p < 0.01;	11.54^ p < 0.01;	4.70^ p < 0.01;	31.84^ p < 0.01;	2,609.35^ p < 0.01;	0.01^ p < 0.01;
Environment (E)	1	1,378,624,320^ p < 0.01;	1.83^ p < 0.01;	857.83^ p < 0.01;	119.87^ p < 0.01;	226.09^ p < 0.01;	325,206.75^ p < 0.01;	0.37^ p < 0.01;
H x E	35	3,747,939^ p < 0.01;	0.04^ p < 0.01;	5.28^ p < 0.01;	1.46^ p < 0.01;	15.74^ p < 0.01;	2,201.31^ p < 0.01;	0.37e-2^ p < 0.01;
Residue	210	390,509	0.02	1.99	0.62	2.62	147.66	0.99e-3
Source of variation	EI	NGm²	NEm²	PH	LAI	IMFF	LCC	WUE
Hybrid (H)	0.08^ p < 0.01;	141.85^ p < 0.01;	0.14^ p < 0.01;	0.10^ p < 0.01;	1.30^ p < 0.01;	0.81^ p < 0.01;	74.07^ p < 0.01;	3.29^ p < 0.01;
Environment (E)	7.07^ p < 0.01;	22,670.87^ p < 0.01;	13.86^ p < 0.01;	4.11^ p < 0.01;	99.32^ p < 0.01;	25.37^ p < 0.01;	18,508.91^ p < 0.01;	205.65^ p < 0.01;
H x E	0.04^ p < 0.01;	65.07^ p < 0.01;	0.10^ p < 0.01;	0.08^ p < 0.01;	0.68^ p < 0.01;	0.20^ns ns not significant.	43.63^* * p < 0.05;	1.40^ p < 0.01;
Residue	0.01	7.06	0.02	0.03	0.33	0.14	25.63	0.14

Hybrid^* * C: control (commercial hybrid). Average of controls under water deficit condition: GYDH (t ha-1) = 5.19.	GY_WD(t ha^-1)		GY_FI(t ha^-1)		DTI
AG7088 (C)	8.41	a	11.02	a	1.72
3G7335	4.83	b	6.65	e	0.60
1G7034	4.71	b	8.51	c	0.75
3G7395	4.36	b	6.70	e	0.55
3G7415	4.16	b	7.13	d	0.55
2H828	3.76	c	5.43	e	0.38
3H843	3.75	c	6.39	e	0.45
2H834	3.53	c	9.28	b	0.61
1H795	3.49	c	8.24	c	0.54
1D2255	3.40	c	8.34	c	0.53
1F5834	3.35	c	6.39	e	0.40
1F5574	3.27	c	7.43	d	0.45
1F6325	3.05	d	8.20	c	0.47
1G6724	3.04	d	7.33	d	0.41
3F6245	3.02	d	8.27	c	0.47
3H823	3.01	d	7.12	d	0.40
1H845	2.98	d	6.35	e	0.36
3H832	2.96	d	6.82	d	0.38
3H798	2.88	d	6.15	e	0.33
2B707	2.79	d	7.47	d	0.39
2H829	2.71	d	7.59	d	0.39
3H813	2.41	e	5.33	e	0.24
3G7385	2.35	e	8.40	c	0.37
3H842	2.26	e	7.75	c	0.33
3E4824	2.26	e	7.50	d	0.32
2H826	2.19	e	7.07	d	0.29
30F35	2.07	e	9.84	b	0.38
2H831	2.07	e	6.36	e	0.25
2E5305	2.04	e	7.99	c	0.31
1F6265	1.99	e	6.60	e	0.25
BRS1040 (C)	1.96	e	5.87	e	0.22
3F6275	1.91	e	7.69	c	0.28
1D2195	1.84	e	6.17	e	0.22
1F5924	1.57	f	6.71	e	0.20
1H787	1.41	f	8.28	c	0.22
1F6255	1.40	f	6.39	e	0.17
Mean	2.98		7.35		0.42

Phenotypic characteristics		Full irrigation condition
Phenotypic characteristics		GY	NRE	NGE	EL	100GW	EW	EY	EI	NGm²	NEm²	PH	LAI	IMFF	LCC	WUE
Water deficit condition	GY	1	0.44^ p < 0.01;	0.45^ p < 0.01;	-0.18^ns ns not significant.	-0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.50^ p < 0.01;	0.68^ p < 0.01;	0.21^ns ns not significant.	0.94^ p < 0.01;	0.60^ p < 0.01;	0.28^ns ns not significant.	0.09^ns ns not significant.	-0.54^ p < 0.01;	-0.23^ns ns not significant.	0.99^ p < 0.01;
	NRE	0.63^ p < 0.01;	1	0.81^ p < 0.01;	0.10^ns ns not significant.	-0.3^ns ns not significant.	0.44^ p < 0.01;	0.37^* * p < 0.05;	-0.24^ns ns not significant.	0.50^ p < 0.01;	-0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.13^ns ns not significant.	-0.03^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	-0.10^ns ns not significant.	0.44^ p < 0.01;
	NGE	0.86^ p < 0.01;	0.73^ p < 0.01;	1	0.43^ p < 0.01;	-0.17^ns ns not significant.	0.46^ p < 0.01;	0.36^* * p < 0.05;	-0.28^ns ns not significant.	0.47^ p < 0.01;	0.03^ns ns not significant.	0.32^ns ns not significant.	-0.01^ns ns not significant.	-0.08^ns ns not significant.	-0.05^ns ns not significant.	0.45^ p < 0.01;
	EL	0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.05^ns ns not significant.	0.14^ p < 0.01;	1	0.15^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	-0.44^ p < 0.01;	-0.14^ns ns not significant.	-0.24^ns ns not significant.	-0.04^ns ns not significant.	0.03^ns ns not significant.	-0.13^ns ns not significant.	0.24^ns ns not significant.	0.16^ns ns not significant.	-0.18^ns ns not significant.
	100GW	0.18^ns ns not significant.	-0.01^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	-0.17^ns ns not significant.	1	0.16^ns ns not significant.	-0.23^ns ns not significant.	-0.24^ns ns not significant.	-0.32^ns ns not significant.	-0.11^ns ns not significant.	-0.03^ns ns not significant.	-0.10^ns ns not significant.	0.29^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	-0.02^ns ns not significant.
	EW	0.84^ p < 0.01;	0.46^ p < 0.01;	0.81^ p < 0.01;	-0.01^ns ns not significant.	0.14^ns ns not significant.	1	0.24^ns ns not significant.	-0.53^ p < 0.01;	0.42^* * p < 0.05;	-0.36^* * p < 0.05;	0.13^ns ns not significant.	0.20^ns ns not significant.	-0.11^ns ns not significant.	-0.04^ns ns not significant.	0.50^ p < 0.01;
	EY	0.72^ p < 0.01;	0.25^* * p < 0.05;	0.67^* * p < 0.05;	-0.05^ p < 0.01;	0.13^ns ns not significant.	0.69^ns ns not significant.	1	0.14^ns ns not significant.	0.73^ p < 0.01;	0.40^* * p < 0.05;	0.41^* * p < 0.05;	0.12^ns ns not significant.	-0.57^ p < 0.01;	-0.14^ns ns not significant.	0.68^ p < 0.01;
	EI	0.57^ns ns not significant.	0.41^ns ns not significant.	0.38^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	0.07^ns ns not significant.	0.24^ p < 0.01;	0.27^ns ns not significant.	1	0.26^ns ns not significant.	0.70^ p < 0.01;	0.00^ns ns not significant.	0.13^ns ns not significant.	-0.23^ns ns not significant.	-0.08^ns ns not significant.	0.21^ns ns not significant.
	NGm²	0.98^ p < 0.01;	0.66^ p < 0.01;	0.90^ p < 0.01;	0.06^ns ns not significant.	-0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.83^* * p < 0.05;	0.71^ p < 0.01;	0.55^ns ns not significant.	1	0.60^ p < 0.01;	0.24^ns ns not significant.	0.12^ns ns not significant.	-0.64^ p < 0.01;	-0.24^ns ns not significant.	0.94^ p < 0.01;
	NEm²	0.67^ p < 0.01;	0.48^ns ns not significant.	0.46^ns ns not significant.	0.18^ns ns not significant.	0.11^ns ns not significant.	0.22^* * p < 0.05;	0.32^* * p < 0.05;	0.77^ p < 0.01;	0.65^ p < 0.01;	1	0.13^ns ns not significant.	-0.09^ns ns not significant.	-0.44^ p < 0.01;	-0.21^ns ns not significant.	0.60^ p < 0.01;
	PH	0.19^ns ns not significant.	0.31^ns ns not significant.	0.32^ns ns not significant.	0.08^ns ns not significant.	-0.15^ns ns not significant.	0.08^ns ns not significant.	0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.04^ns ns not significant.	0.22^ns ns not significant.	0.22^ns ns not significant.	1	-0.01^ns ns not significant.	-0.10^ns ns not significant.	0.00^ns ns not significant.	0.28^ns ns not significant.
	LAI	0.53^ns ns not significant.	0.42^ns ns not significant.	0.41^ns ns not significant.	-0.25^ns ns not significant.	0.04^ns ns not significant.	0.33^ns ns not significant.	0.27^ns ns not significant.	0.45^ns ns not significant.	0.52^ns ns not significant.	0.42^ns ns not significant.	0.10^ns ns not significant.	1	-0.12^ns ns not significant.	0.20^ns ns not significant.	0.09^ns ns not significant.
	IMFF	-0.60^ p < 0.01;	-0.40^ns ns not significant.	-0.53^ns ns not significant.	-0.11^ns ns not significant.	-0.25^ns ns not significant.	-0.47^ns ns not significant.	-0.62^ p < 0.01;	-0.37^ns ns not significant.	-0.55^ p < 0.01;	-0.45^ p < 0.01;	0.01^ns ns not significant.	-0.41^ns ns not significant.	1	0.07^ns ns not significant.	-0.54^ p < 0.01;
	LCC	0.19^ns ns not significant.	0.23^ns ns not significant.	0.19^ns ns not significant.	-0.06^ns ns not significant.	0.12^ns ns not significant.	0.18^ns ns not significant.	0.06^ns ns not significant.	0.09^ns ns not significant.	0.18^ns ns not significant.	0.00^ns ns not significant.	0.10^ns ns not significant.	0.63^ns ns not significant.	-0.24^ns ns not significant.	1	-0.23^ns ns not significant.
	WUE	0.99^ p < 0.01;	0.63^ p < 0.01;	0.86^ p < 0.01;	0.02^ns ns not significant.	0.18^ns ns not significant.	0.84^ p < 0.01;	0.72^ p < 0.01;	0.57^ns ns not significant.	0.98^ p < 0.01;	0.67^ p < 0.01;	0.19^ns ns not significant.	0.53^ns ns not significant.	-0.60^ p < 0.01;	0.19^ns ns not significant.	1

Characteristics	_____________ Water deficit _____________			_____________ Full irrigation _____________
Characteristics	CP1	CP2	CP3	CP1	CP2	CP3
Grain yield	-0.37	0.02	-0.09	-0.41	0.00	0.02
Number of rows per ear	-0.26	0.10	0.27	-0.24	0.36	-0.19
Number of grains per ear	-0.34	0.19	-0.03	-0.24	0.41	-0.33
Ear length	-0.01	0.49	0.04	0.10	0.23	-0.57
100-grain weight	-0.05	-0.41	-0.30	0.11	0.09	0.09
Ear weight	-0.30	0.03	-0.32	-0.19	0.43	0.35
Ear yield	-0.27	0.00	-0.41	-0.35	-0.05	0.16
Ear index	-0.23	-0.07	0.26	-0.09	-0.50	-0.20
Number of grains m^-2	-0.36	0.11	-0.03	-0.42	-0.04	0.01
Number of ears m^-2	-0.26	0.11	0.27	-0.24	-0.39	-0.33
Plant height	-0.09	0.28	0.41	-0.16	0.08	-0.12
Leaf area index	-0.23	-0.43	0.35	-0.05	-0.01	0.42
Interval between male and female flowering	0.25	0.13	0.16	0.28	0.20	-0.15
Leaf chlorophyll content	-0.10	-0.48	0.31	0.11	0.07	0.09
Water-use efficiency	-0.37	0.02	-0.09	-0.41	0.00	0.02
Explained variance (eigenvalue)	7.13	1.55	1.46	5.28	2.66	1.50
Proportion of total variance (%)	47.51	10.35	9.71	35.21	17.71	10.00
Cumulative variance (%)	47.51	57.86	67.57	35.21	52.92	62.92

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[TFN1] GY: grain yield (kg ha^-1); NRE: number of rows per ear; NGE: number of grains per ear; EL: ear length (cm); 100GW: 100-grain weight (g); EW: ear weight (g); EY: ear yield; EI: ear index; NGm²: number of grains per m²; NEm²: number of ears per m²; PH: plant height (cm); LAI: leaf area index; IMFF: interval between male and female flowering; LCC: leaf chlorophyll content; WUE: water-use efficiency.

[TFN2] ^*
p < 0.05;

[TFN3] ^**
p < 0.01;

[TFN4] ^ns
not significant.

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Identification of drought-tolerant corn genotypes by multivariate analysis1

Identificação de genótipos de milho para tolerância à seca por análise multivariada

ABSTRACT

Identification of drought-tolerant corn genotypes by multivariate analysis¹