Biochar and mucuna increase papaya plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil fertility

Silva, Renato Veloso da; Rodrigues, Luciana Aparecida; Silva, Maurício Gonçalves da; Silva, Bruna Gandini da; Martins, Marco Antônio

doi:10.1590/1983-40632019v4955210

Renato Veloso da Silva

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: renatorural@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4933-6341, lucianaaparecidarodrigues@gmail.com/0000-0002-5335-1985, mauriciosilva2008@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4052-0492, brunagandini@hotmail.com/0000-0002-5499-7147, marco@uenf.br/0000-0001-6394-3880.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4933-6341

Luciana Aparecida Rodrigues

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: renatorural@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4933-6341, lucianaaparecidarodrigues@gmail.com/0000-0002-5335-1985, mauriciosilva2008@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4052-0492, brunagandini@hotmail.com/0000-0002-5499-7147, marco@uenf.br/0000-0001-6394-3880.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-1985

Maurício Gonçalves da Silva

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: renatorural@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4933-6341, lucianaaparecidarodrigues@gmail.com/0000-0002-5335-1985, mauriciosilva2008@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4052-0492, brunagandini@hotmail.com/0000-0002-5499-7147, marco@uenf.br/0000-0001-6394-3880.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-0492

Bruna Gandini da Silva

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: renatorural@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4933-6341, lucianaaparecidarodrigues@gmail.com/0000-0002-5335-1985, mauriciosilva2008@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4052-0492, brunagandini@hotmail.com/0000-0002-5499-7147, marco@uenf.br/0000-0001-6394-3880.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5499-7147

Marco Antônio Martins

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: renatorural@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4933-6341, lucianaaparecidarodrigues@gmail.com/0000-0002-5335-1985, mauriciosilva2008@hotmail.com/0000-0003-4052-0492, brunagandini@hotmail.com/0000-0002-5499-7147, marco@uenf.br/0000-0001-6394-3880.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6394-3880

B/GM	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)
	^{_________________________} Height (cm) ^{_________________________}				^{__________________} Diameter at the stem base (mm) ^{__________________}
A/B	11.60	29.30	20.45 B	21	5.54	12.28	8.90 B	14
P/B	26.80	37.60	32.20 A		10.54	15.77	13.15 A
Mean	19.20 b^* * Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the row, or by the same uppercase letter in the column, did not differ from each other by the Tukey test, at 5 % of probability.	33.42 a			8.04 b	14.02 a
	^{________________} Shoot dry biomass (mg) ^{________________}				^{___________________________} Root length (cm) ^{___________________________}
A/B	0.38	0.37	0.38 B	23	2,572 bB	43,544 aA	23,058 A	7
P/B	0.99	1.25	1.12 A		31,156 aA	43,659 aA	37,408 A
Mean	0.69 b	0.81 a			16,864 b	43,602 a
	^{____________________} Root surface (cm²) ^{____________________}				^{__________________________} Root volume (cm³) ^{__________________________}
A/B	474	11,021	5,748	9	0.62 bB	22.25 aA	11.435 B	35
P/B	14,386	14,262	14,324		54.99 aA	37.23 aA	46.11 A
Mean	7,430	12,642			27.81 a	29.74 a

B/GM	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)
	^{________________} N accumulation (mg plant^-1) ^{________________}				^{________________} P accumulation (mg plant^-1) ^{________________}
A/B	6.21	11.77	8.96 B^* * Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the row, or by the same uppercase letter in the column, did not differ from each other by the Tukey test, at 5 % of probability.	40	0.29	0.29	0.29 B	33
P/B	25.31	33.38	29.35 A		0.85	1.25	1.05 A
Mean	15.76	22.57			0.57	0.77
	^{________________} K accumulation (mg plant^-1) ^{________________}				^{______________} Ca accumulation (mg plant^-1) ^{______________}
A/B	3.08	5.56	4.32 B	44	4.63	6.35	5.49 B	32
P/B	16.61	23.16	19.89 A		15.23	18.75	16.99 A
Mean	9.85	14.36			9.93	12.55
	^{_______________} Mg accumulation (mg plant^-1) ^{_______________}				^{__________________} N use efficiency (g² g^-1) ^{__________________}
A/B	3.90	4.58	4.24 B	30	10.98	11.94	11.46 B	44
P/B	11.01	13.07	12.04 A		40.59	47.26	43.93 A
Mean	7.46	8.83			25.79	29.60
	^{____________________} P use efficiency (g² g^-1) ^{____________________}				^{__________________} K use efficiency (g² g^-1) ^{__________________}
A/B	316.49	479.52	398.01 B	40	46.26	25.29	35.78	42
P/B	1,153.58	1,251.58	1,202.58 A		59.99	67.43	63.71
Mean	734.54	865.55			53.13	46.36
	^{___________________} Ca use efficiency (g² g^-1) ^{___________________}				^{_________________} Mg use efficiency (g² g^-1) ^{_________________}
A/B	20.63	22.28	21.46 B	45	24.04	30.58	27.31 B	44
P/B	64.63	85.63	75.13 A		88.92	120.63	104.78 A
Mean	42.63	53.56			56.48	75.61
	^{___________________} N concentration (g kg^-1) ^{___________________}				^{_________________} P concentration (g kg^-1) ^{_________________}
A/B	28.08	32.69	30.39	20	0.94 aA	0.80 bB	0.87 B	6
P/B	26.40	26.81	26.61		0.86 bB	1.01 aA	0.94 A
Mean	27.24	29.75			0.90 a	0.91 a
	^{___________________} K concentration (g kg^-1) ^{___________________}				^{_________________} Ca concentration (g kg^-1) ^{_________________}
A/B	8.21	14.31	11.26 B	20	16.15	17.92	17.04	18
P/B	16.45	18.48	17.47 A		15.41	15.75	15.58
Mean	12.33 b	16.40 a			15.78	16.84
	^{__________________} Mg concentration (g kg^-1) ^{__________________}				^{______________________________} SPAD ^{______________________________}
A/B	13.83	12.67	13.25		43.56	47.76	45.66 A	10
P/B	11.23	10.73	10.98		40.44	37.72	39.08 B
Mean	12.53	11.70			42.00	42.74

B/GM	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)	A/GM	P/GM	Mean	CV (%)
	^{_________________________} Total fungi (10^-4) ^{_________________________}				^{_____________________} Total bacteria (10^-3) ^{_____________________}
A/B	1.65 bB^* * Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the row, or by the same uppercase letter in the column, did not differ from each other by the Tukey test, at 5 % of probability;	8.15 aA	4.90 A	18	3.75	17.55	10.63 A	50
P/B	0.50 aA	1.65 aB	1.07 B		10.75	8.75	9.75 A
Mean	1.07 b	4.90 a			7.25 a	13.13 a
	^{______________________________} pH (H₂O) ^{______________________________}				^{________________________} P (mg dm^-3)^ Mehlich (H2SO4 0.0125 mol L-1 + HCl 0.05 mol L-1); ^{________________________}
A/B	5.85	5.30	5.58	21	6.50	89.50	48.00 B	10
P/B	4.50	6.25	5.38		77.00	136.00	106.50A
Mean	5.18	5.78			41.75 b	112.75a
	^{__________________________} K (mg dm^-3)^ Mehlich (H2SO4 0.0125 mol L-1 + HCl 0.05 mol L-1); ^{__________________________}				^{____________________} Ca (cmol_c dm^-3)^* ***** KCl 1 mol L-1; ^{____________________}
A/B	119.50 aB	176.00 aA	147.45B	14	1.70 bB	2.35 aA	2.03 A	5
P/B	231.00 aA	175.50 aA	203.25A		2.65 aA	2.25 bA	2.45 A
Mean	175.25 a	175.75 a			2.18 a	2.30 a
	^{_______________________} Mg (cmol_c dm^-3)^* ***** KCl 1 mol L-1; ^{_______________________}				^{__________________} H + Al (cmol_c dm^-3)^/ */* calcium acetate pH 7; ^{__________________}
A/B	0.75 bB	1.05 aA	0.90 A	6	1.35 bB	2.30 aA	1.83 A	7
P/B	1.00 aA	1.00 aA	1.00 A		2.05 aA	1.30 bB	1.68 A
Mean	0.88 b	1.03 a			1.70 a	1.80 a
	^{_________________________} Na (cmol_c dm^-3) ^{_________________________}				^{___________________________} C (%)^// // organic matter = 17.2 g dm-3 (potassium dichromate - colorimetric). ^{___________________________}
A/B	0.13	0.08	0.10 A	30	0.90 bA	1.47 aA	1.18 A	6
P/B	0.25	0.10	0.17 A		1.16 aA	1.19 aA	1.17 A
Mean	0.19 a	0.09 b			1.03 b	1.33 a
	^{_________________________} SB (cmol_c dm^-3) ^{_________________________}				^{____________________} CEC_total (cmol_c dm^-3) ^{____________________}
A/B	2.88 bB	3.93 aA	3.40 B	6	4.23 bB	6.23 aA	5.28 B	3
P/B	4.49 aA	3.78 aA	4.13 A		6.54 aA	5.10 bB	5.88 A
Mean	3.60 a	3.93 a			5.33 b	5.83 a
	^{_____________________} CEC_effective (cmol_c dm^-3) ^{_____________________}				^{_____________________________} V (%) ^{_____________________________}
A/B	2.75 bB	4.05 aA	3.40 B	5	68.04	63.06	64.20	5
P/B	4.40 aA	3.85 aA	4.13 A		68.61	74.74	70.33
Mean	3.58 a	3.95 a			67.75	67.78

[TFN1] ^*
Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the row, or by the same uppercase letter in the column, did not differ from each other by the Tukey test, at 5 % of probability.

Brasil

Brasil

Biochar and mucuna increase papaya plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil fertility

Biochar e mucuna incrementam o crescimento e nutrição de mamoeiro, bem como a fertilidade do solo

ABSTRACT