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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 49 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4955718 copy

Maize cropping systems and response of common bean in succession subjected to nitrogen fertilization¹

Sistemas de consórcio de milho e resposta de feijoeiro em sucessão submetido a adubação nitrogenada

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The common bean succession to intercropped crops in the no-tillage system is beneficial, especially in the search for sustainability. In addition to the straw production, the intercropping can supply nitrogen (N) to the common bean grown in succession, reducing the use of mineral fertilizer, which is pollutant and has a high cost. The present study aimed to evaluate the response to N fertilization of common bean in succession to maize cropping systems, as well as the viability of these systems in the no-tillage system. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split-plot arrangement, with four replicates. The plots consisted of the following systems: maize as a single crop, maize intercropped with brachiaria and maize intercropped with crotalaria. The subplots were five N doses (0 kg ha^-1, 50 kg ha^-1, 100 kg ha^-1, 150 kg ha^-1 and 200 kg ha^-1), applied as topdressing fertilization in winter common bean, in succession to the maize cropping systems. For the maize cultivation systems, the grain yield and N amount and accumulation in the straw were evaluated. As for the common bean in succession, the grain yield and grain quality attributes were assessed. Although the three cropping systems were viable for maize grain yield, the intercropping of maize with crotalaria led to a higher N accumulation in the straw and a larger quantity of straw dry mass. The increase of the N doses promoted an increase in the grain yield of common bean grown in succession to intercropped maize. Maize intercropped with crotalaria resulted in grains with a higher size and, concerning the grain yield, an equivalent effect to that of a topdressing application of more than 200 kg ha^-1 of N was observed for the common bean in succession.

KEYWORDS:
Crotalaria spectabilis; Phaseolus vulgaris; Urochloa ruziziensis; nitrogen dynamics; straw production

Agricultural year	Season	Crops	Fertilization (kg ha^-1)
			Sowing			Topdressing
			N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	K₂O
2008/2009	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	30.0	50	50	140	-
2008/2009	Spring	Common bean	10.0	30	20	90	-
2009/2010	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	28.0	70	70	120	-
2009/2010	Spring	Common bean	4.9	49	49	90	-
2010/2011	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	24.0	84	48	160	80
2010/2011	Spring	Common bean	15.0	45	45	90	-
2011/2012	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	13.0	46	26	180	80
2011/2012	Spring	Common bean	13.0	52	30	90	-
2012/2013	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	26.0	92	53	160	80
2012/2013	Spring	Common bean	17.0	59	34	90	-
2013/2014	Summer	Crotalaria	-	-	-	-	-
2013/2014	Spring	Millet	-	-	-	-	-

Attributes	Before maize cropping systems	Before common bean
Attributes	Before maize cropping systems	Maize	Maize + brachiaria⁽¹⁾ (1) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis;	Maize + crotalaria⁽²⁾ (2) maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.
pH (CaCl₂)	5.5	5.6	5.6	5.7
OM (g dm^- ³)	21.0	25.0	24.0	26.0
P (mg dm^- ³)	57.0	58.0	53.0	60.0
K (mmol_c dm^-3)	5.4	5.2	3.5	5.0
Ca (mmol_c dm^-3)	48.0	39.0	43.0	41.0
Mg (mmol_c dm^-3)	33.0	39.0	43.0	41.0
H + Al (mmol_c dm^-3)	24.0	31.0	28.0	25.0
CEC (mmol_c dm^-3)	110.0	92.0	92.0	88.0
V (%)	78.0	66.0	70.0	72.0

Treatments	Grain yield (t ha^-1)	Quantity of straw (t ha^-1)	Straw nitrogen accumulation (kg ha^-1)
Cropping systems (S)
Maize	10.64	6.02 c⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters in the columns, for each factor, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5 % of probability.	31.61 b
Maize + brachiaria⁽²⁾ (2) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis.	9.93	6.67 b	42.76 ab
Maize + crotalaria⁽³⁾ (3) Maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.	9.99	7.45 a	48.43 a
CV (%)	11.61		21.63
F test	2.25^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	62.48^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	6.82^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.

Treatments	LN (g kg^-1)	NPP	NGP	100GW (g)	GY (kg ha^-1)
Overall mean	31.80	9.30	4.60	28.03	2,470.78
Cropping systems (S)
F test	55.56^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	166.46^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	4.88^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.64^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	309.73^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	6.04	4.26	13.70	2.89	8.24
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	8.45^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	30.21^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	2.30^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.74^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	22.17^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	5.03	6.49	9.82	3.01	5.93
Interaction S x N
F test	1.09^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	3.44^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	0.20^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.07^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	4.36^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.

Treatments	LN (g kg^-1)	NPP	GY (g)
Cropping systems (S)
Maize	30.1 b⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by different letters in the columns, for each factor, differ by the Tukey test at 5 % of probability.	8.1 c	2,125.29 c
Maize + brachiaria⁽²⁾ (2) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis.	30.0 b	9.3 b	2,402.61 b
Maize + crotalaria⁽³⁾ (3) Maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.	35.4 a	10.4 a	2,884.44 a

Treatments	Processing sieves
Treatments	11⁽¹⁾ (1) Sieves with mesh sizes equal to 11/64" x 3/4 (4.37 mm x 19.05 mm), 12/64" x 3/4 (4.76 mm x 19.05 mm), 13/64" x 3/4 (5.16 mm x 19.05 mm) and 14/64" x 3/4 (5.56 mm x 19.05 mm) refer to 11, 12, 13 and 14, respectively. The sum of the percentage of grains retained on the sieves 12, 13 and 14 represents ≥ 12.	12	13	14	≥ 12
Overall mean (%)	21.40	31.28	24.92	14.54	77.61
Cropping system (S)
F test	20.18^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	2.69^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	7.08^* * Significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	11.44^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	15.33^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	23.29	14.46	10.24	30.48	8.24
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	1.21^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.44^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.28^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.52^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	20.92	13.28	6.10	20.51	5.93
Interaction S x N
F test	0.69^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.62^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.21^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.44^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.

Treatments	CP (%)	CT (min)	TMH (h:min)	HR
Overall mean	20.35	9.30	4.60	28.03
Cropping systems (S)
F test	0.18^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	9.45^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.13^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	4.63^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	13.91	4.84	4.79	1.54
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	1.05^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.00^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.20^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	9.25	6.55	3.45	1.33
Interaction S x N
F test	0.81^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.01^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.96^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.03^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.

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