Calculation of the efficacy of vaccines against tick
					infestations on cattle

Cunha, Rodrigo Casquero; Andreotti, Renato; Garcia, Marcos Valério; Aguirre, André de Abreu Rangel; Leitão, Alexandre

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612013000400019

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Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária

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Full Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 22 (4) • Oct-Dec 2013 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000400019 copy

Calculation of the efficacy of vaccines against tick infestations on cattle^† This work was presented at the International Symposium on Tick Control and Tick-borne Diseases.

Cálculo de eficácia de vacinas contra a infestação de carrapatos nos bovinos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Cattle ticks are responsible for great economic losses in cattle farming worldwide, and their main control method, chemicals, has been showing problems, whether resulting from the development of resistant strains of ticks or environmental contamination. Research studies directed toward developing vaccines against ticks are emerging. One way to evaluate those vaccines is to calculate the percentage of efficacy. The aim of this study was to analyze scientific publications archived in PubMed that used this method of assessment and discuss the main factors that may affect its calculation. Thus, 25 articles addressing this subject were selected. The percentage of efficacy was usually calculated in one of two ways, with one considering the reduced fertility of eggs and the other not. The latter method may underestimate the vaccine efficacy, and the most complete formula for calculating the efficacy reflects how much the vaccine actually affects the infestation. In our view, the use of the complete formula for calculating the percentage of efficacy is broader and more representative of the vaccine effect on the tick population.

Efficiency; ticks; vaccine; bovine

Reference	Independent variables									Confounding variables		Dependent variables
Reference	Tick	Replicates	Control_P	Control_N	Breed	Adjuvant	No. doses	Route	Dose (mg)	Weight (kg)	Age (month)	% Efficacy Formula	Maximum efficacy referred
Almazán et al. (2010)Almazán C, Lagunes R, Villar M, Canales M, Rosario-Cruz R, Jongejan F, et al. Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Parasitol Res 2010; 106(2): 471-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1689-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-168...	R.(B.) microplus	4	Bm86	Adjuvant + Saline	European crossbred	Montanide ISA 50 V	3	IM	0.1	0	12	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	60%
Andreotti et al. (2002)Andreotti R, Gomes A, Malavazi-Piza KC, Sasaki SD, Sampaio CAM, Tanaka AS. BmTI antigens induce a bovine protective immune response against Boophilus microplus tick. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2(4): 557-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00203-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)...	R. (B.)microplus	8	0	Carrier	Nellore	Freund's	3	SC	0.1	150	6	100 [1-(CRT×CRW×CR0)]	72.80%
Andreotti et al. (2012)Andreotti R, Cunha RC, Soares MA, Guerrero FD, Leite FPL, De León AP. Protective immunity against tick infestation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant trypsin inhibitor of Rhipicephalus microplus. Vaccine 2012; 30(47): 6678-3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.066 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012...	R. (B.) microplus	6	0	Adjuvant + Saline	Crossbred	Montanide ISA 61 VG	3	0	0.1	0	12	101 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	32%
Andreotti (2006)	R. (B.) microplus	16 and 8	0	Unvaccinated	Crossbred	Gavac and TickGard	2	SC	0.1	140 - 170	8	100 [1-(CRT×CRO×CRF)]	49.20%
Andreotti (2007)Andreotti R. A synthetic bmti n-terminal fragment as antigen in bovine immunoprotection against the tick Boophilus microplus in a pen trial. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116(1): 66-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2006.11.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2006...	R. (B.) microplus	8	0	Adjuvant	Nellore x Simmental	Saponin in water	3	IM	0.1	140 - 170	8	100 [1-(CRT×CRO×CRF)]	18.40%
Azhahianambi et al. (2009a)Azhahianambi P, De La Fuente J, Suryanarayana VVS, Ghosh S. Cloning, expression and immunoprotective efficacy of rHaa86, the homologue of the Bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Parasite Immunol 2009a; 31(3): 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01082.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.20...	H. a. anatolicum	5 and 3	Saponin	PBS	Crossbred	Saponin in mineral oil	3	IM	0.125	0	10 - 12	100 [1-(CRT×CRO)]	61.60%
Azhahianambi et al. (2009b)	H. a. anatolicum	5	0	Adjuvant	Crossbred	10% Montanide 888 in mineral oil	3	IM	0.4 and 0.1	0	7	100 [1-(CRT×CRO)]	72%
Canales et al. (1997)Canales M, Enríquez A, Ramos E, Cabrera D, Dandie H, Soto A, et al. Large-scale production in Pichia pastoris of the recombinant vaccine Gavac against cattle tick. Vaccine 1997; 15(4):414-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00192-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(96)...	R.(B.) microplus	NC	NC	NC	Holstein and Crossbred	Montanide 888 in mineral oil	3	0	0.1	0	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	91%
Canales et al. (2009)Canales M, Labruna MB, Soares JF, Prudencio CR, De La Fuente J. Protective efficacy of bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed BM95 antigenic peptides for the control of cattle tick infestations. Vaccine 2009; 27(52): 7244-7248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.123 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009...	R. (B.) microplus and R. annulatus	5	Gavac	Adjuvant + Saline	Crossbred	Montanide ISA 50 V	3	IM	0.1	0	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	99.60%
Cunha et al. (2012)Cunha R, León AP, De Leite F, Pinto LDS, Santos A Jr, Andreotti R. Bovine immunoprotection against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with recombinant Bm86-Campo Grande antigen. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(3): 254-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...	R. (B.) microplus	6	0	Adjuvant + Saline	Crossbred	Montanide ISA 61 VG	3	IM	0.1	0	12	101 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	31%
De La Fuente et al. (2010)	A. americanum	3	0	Adjuvant + Saline	Crossbred	Montanide ISA 50 V	3	SC	0.1	0	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	66%
Fragoso et al. (1998)Fragoso H, Rad PH, Ortiz M, Rodríguez M, Redondo M, Herrera L, et al. Protection against Boophilus annulatus infestations in cattle vaccinated with the B. microplus Bm86-containing vaccine Gavac. Vaccine 1998; 16(20): 1990-1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00116-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(98)...	R. annulatus	NC	0	Unvaccinated	Aberdin Angus and Crossbred	Gavac	3	IM	0.1	1	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	99.99%
Galaï et al. (2012)Galaï Y, Canales M, Saïd MB, Gharbi M, Mhadhbi M, Jedidi M, et al. Efficacy of Hyalomma scupense (Hd86) antigen against Hyalomma excavatum and H. scupense tick infestations in cattle. Vaccine 2012; 30(49): 7084-7089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.051 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012...	H. scupense and H. excavatum	5	Bm86	Adjuvant	Holstein	Montanide 887	3 + 1	IM	0.1	0	3 - 4	100 [1 - (CRT×CRO)]	67.40%
García-García et al. (2000)García-García JC, Montero C, Redondo M, Vargas M, Canales M, Boué O, et al. Control of ticks resistant to immunization with Bm86 in cattle vaccinated with the recombinant antigen Bm95 isolated from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Vaccine 2000; 18(21): 2275-2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00548-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)...	R. (B.) microplus	3	Gavac	Adjuvant	Holstein	Montanide 888	3	IM	0.1	0	12	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	89%
Hajdusek et al. (2010)Hajdusek O, Almazán C, Loosova G, Villar M, Canales M, Grubhoffer L, et al. Characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. Vaccine 2010; 28(17): 2993-2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010...	R. (B.) microplus, R. annulatus and Ixodes ricinus	4	Bm86	Adjuvant + Saline	Crossbred	Montanide ISA 50 V	3	IM	0.1	0	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	100%
Jeyabal et al. (2010)Jeyabal L, Azhahianambi P, Susitha K, Ray DD, Chaudhuri P, Vanlahmuaka, et al. Efficacy of rHaa86, an orthologue of Bm86, against challenge infestations of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Transbound Emerg Dis v 2010; 27(1-2): 96-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01107.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.20...	H. a. anatolicum	5	0	Adjuvant	0	Montanide 888 in mineral oil	3	SC	0.4	0	7	100 [1 - (CRT×CRO)]	82.30%
Kumar et al. (2009)Kumar A, Garg R, Yadav CL, Vatsya S, Kumar RR, Sugumar P, et al. Immune responses against recombinant tick antigen, Bm95, for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165(1-2): 119-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.030 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009....	R. (B.) microplus	6	0	Unvaccinated	Crossbred	Algel	4	SC	0.2	0	6	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	81.27%
Kumar et al. (2012a)Kumar B, Azhahianambi P, Ray DD, Chaudhuri P, De La Fuente J, Kumar R, et al. Comparative efficacy of rHaa86 and rBm86 against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasite Immunol 2012a; 34(6): 297-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01356.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.20...	R. (B.) microplus and H. a. anatolicum	5	Gavac	PBS	European crossbred	10% Montanide 888 in mineral oil	3	IM	0.1	0	10 - 12	101 [1 - (CRT×CRO)]	45.80%
Kumar et al. (2012b)Kumar B, Murugan K, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Efficacy of rBm86 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (IVRI-I line) and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (IVRI-II line) infestations on bovine calves. Parasitol Res 2012b; 111(2): 629-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2879-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-287...	R. (B.) microplus and H. a. anatolicum	2 of 5	0	PBS	Crossbred	Gavac	3	IM	0.1	0	6 - 8	102 [1 - (CRT×CRO)]	44.50%
Merino et al. (2011)Merino O, Almazán C, Canales M, Villar M, Moreno-Cid JA, Estrada-Peña A, et al. Control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations by the combination of subolesin vaccination and tick autocidal control after subolesin gene knockdown in ticks fed on cattle. Vaccine 2011; 29(12): 2248-2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.050 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011...	R.(B.) microplus	6	0	Adjuvant + Saline	European crossbred	Montanide ISA 50 V	3	IM	0.1	0	7	100 [1-(CRT×CR0)]	75%
Miller et al. (2012)Miller R, Estrada-Peña A, Almazán C, Allen A, Jory L, Yeater K, et al. Exploring the use of an anti-tick vaccine as a tool for the integrated eradication of the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Vaccine 2012; 30(38): 5682-5687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.061 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012...	R. annulatus	5	0	Adjuvant	Angus	Gavac	4	IM	0.1	136 - 227	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	99.90%
Parizi et al. (2011)Parizi LF, Utiumi KU, Imamura S, Onuma M, Ohashi K, Masuda A, et al. Cross immunity with Haemaphysalis longicornis glutathione S-transferase reduces an experimental Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127(1): 113-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2010.07.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2010...	R. (B.) microplus	4 and 3	0	PBS + Adjuvant	Hereford	Montanide 888, Marcol 52 and Saponin	6	IM	0.2 and 0.4	0	0	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	57%
Patarroyo et al. (2002)	R. (B.) microplus	4	0	Adjuvant or Water	Crossbred	Saponin in water	3	SC	2	0	8 - 10	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	81.05%
Sugumar et al. (2011)Sugumar P, Chandran D, Sudha Rani G, Shahana PV, Maske DK, Rangarajan PN, et al. Recombinant mid gut antigen (Bm95) as a vaccine against Indian Rhiphicephalus haemaphysaloides in Bos indicus cattle. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90(2): 262-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.037 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05...	R. haemaphysaloides	3	0	PBS	Crossbred	Aluminum hydroxide gel	2	SC	0.2	0	6	100 [1-(CRT×CR0×CRF)]	78.90%
Wong and Opdebeeck (1989)	R.(B.) microplus	4	0	Adjuvant	Hereford	Saponin Quil A	2	IM	0.016 - 0.5	0	9 - 12	100 [1-(CR0)]	96%

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: Renato Andreotti, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Av. Rádio Maia, 830, Zona Rural, CEP 79106-550, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, e-mail: andreott@cnpgc.embrapa.br

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Calculation of the efficacy of vaccines against tick infestations on cattle† This work was presented at the International Symposium on Tick Control and Tick-borne Diseases.

Cálculo de eficácia de vacinas contra a infestação de carrapatos nos bovinos

Calculation of the efficacy of vaccines against tick infestations on cattle^† This work was presented at the International Symposium on Tick Control and Tick-borne Diseases.