Phytobia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Brazil: new species, new record and a key to the Neotropical species

Phytobia Lioy, 1864 flies occur in all continents. There are four recorded species of these flies in Brazil, but recent expeditions at unexplored areas in the country have revealed that the genus is far more diverse than previously known. Based on material collected in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia (as part of the SISBIOTA Diptera Project), we describe fourteen new species of Phytobia. Additionally, we redescribe P. kallima (Frost), previously recorded only from Panama, and provide a key to the 32 resulting Neotropical species. All descriptions include details and illustrations of the male and female terminalia. The speciemens are deposited in the collections of Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil) and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

KEY WORDS:
Brazilian species; leaf-mining flies; morphology; taxonomy; tropical forest

Authorship

Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa ^**Corresponding author: Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa (sousavrodrigues@gmail.com)

Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilMuseu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Márcia Souto Couri

^*Corresponding author: Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa (sousavrodrigues@gmail.com)

Author Contributions:

VRS and MSC contributed equally to this work.

Competing Interests:

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (13)

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Figures 1-4
Map of the collecting localities in Brazil: (1) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., P. cacaulandia sp. nov., P. communis sp. nov.; (2)P. delicata sp. nov., P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., P. kallima (Frost), P. lamasi sp. nov., P. megapodema sp. nov.; (3) P. multisetosa sp. nov., P. niheii sp. nov., P. planipalpis sp. nov., P. pyri sp. nov.; (4) P. simpla sp. nov., P. spinifera sp. nov., P. spinosula sp. nov.

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Figures 5-14
Adults, lateral view: (5) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., holotype male; (6) P. cacaulandia sp. nov., holotype male; (7) P. communis sp. nov., holotype male; (8) P. delicata sp. nov., holotype male; (9) P. delicata sp. nov., female; (10) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., holotype male, (11) female; (12) P. kallima (Frost), male; (13) P. lamasi sp. nov., holotype male; (14) P. megapodema sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.

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Figures 15-25
Adults, lateral view: (15) Phytobia megapodema sp. nov., female; (16) P. multisetosa sp. nov., holotype male, (17) female; (18) P. niheii sp. nov., holotype male, (19) female; (20) P. planipalpis sp. nov., holotype male; (21) P. planipalpis sp. nov., female; (22)P. pyri sp. nov., holotype male; (23) P. simpla sp. nov., holotype male: (24) P. spinifera sp. nov., holotype male; (25) P. spinosula sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.

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Figures 26-35
Color pattern of the scutum: (26) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.; (27) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.; (28) P. communis sp. nov.; (29)P. delicata sp. nov.; (30) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.; (31) P. lamasi sp. nov.; (32) P. megapodema sp. nov.; (33) P. niheii sp. nov.; (34) P. pyri sp. nov.; (35) P. spinifera sp. nov.

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Figures 36-44
(36-38) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.: (36) phallus, lateral view; (37) phallus, ventral view; (38) ejaculatory apodeme; (39-41) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.: (39) phallus, lateral view; (40) phallus, ventral view; (41) ejaculatory apodeme; (42-44) P. communis sp. nov.: (42) phallus, lateral view; (43) phallus, ventral view; (44) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44 = 0.2 mm, 38, 41, 44 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 45-54
(45-49) Phytobia delicata sp. nov.: (45) phallus, lateral view; (46) phallus, ventral view; (47) ejaculatory apodeme; (48) oviscape; (49) spermathecae; (50-54) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.: (50) phallus, lateral view; (51) phallus, ventral view; (52) ejaculatory apodeme; (53) oviscape; (54) spermathecae. Scale bars: 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53 = 0.2 mm, 47, 49, 52, 54 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 55-65
(55-57) Phytobia kallima (Frost): (55) phallus, lateral view; (56) phallus, ventral view; (57) ejaculatory apodeme; (58-60)P. lamasi sp. nov.: (58) phallus, lateral view; (59) phallus, ventral view; (60) ejaculatory apodeme; (61-65) P. megapodema sp. nov.: (61) phallus, lateral view; (62) phallus, ventral view; (63) ejaculatory apodeme; (64) oviscape; (65) spermathecae. Scale bars: 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64 = 0.2 mm, 57, 60, 63, 65 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 66-75
(66-70) Phytobia multisetosa sp. nov.: (66) epandrium; (67) phallus, lateral view; (68) ejaculatory apodeme; (69) oviscape; (70) spermathecae; (71-75) P. niheii sp. nov.: (71) phallus, lateral view; (72) phallus, ventral view; (73) ejaculatory apodeme; (74) oviscape; (75) spermathecae. Scale bars: 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74 = 0.2 mm, 68, 70, 73, 75 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 76-86
(76-80) Phytobia planipalpis sp. nov.: (76) phallus, lateral view; (77) phallus, ventral view; (78) ejaculatory apodeme; (79) oviscape; (80) spermathecae. (81-86) P. pyri sp. nov.: (81) phallus, lateral view; (82) phallus, ventral view; (83) ejaculatory apodeme; P. simpla sp. nov.: (84) phallus, lateral view; (85) phallus, ventral view; (86) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85 = 0.2 mm,78, 80, 83, 86 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 87-92
(87-89) Phytobia spinifera sp. nov.: (87) phallus, lateral view; (88) phallus, ventral view; (89) ejaculatory apodeme; (90-92)P. spinosula sp. nov.: (90) phallus, lateral view; (91) phallus, ventral view; (92) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 87, 88, 90, 91 = 0.2 mm, 89, 92 = 0.1 mm.

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Figures 93-107
Phytobia unica: (93) hypandrium; (94) phallus, lateral view; (95) phallus, ventral view; P. mentula: (96) hypandrium; (97) phallus, lateral view; P. guatemalensis: (98) surstylus; (99) hypandrium; (100) phallus, ventral view; (101) ejaculatory apodeme; P. pipinna: (102) hypandrium; (103) phallus, lateral view; P. peruensis: (104) phallus, lateral view; P. spinulosa: (105) surstylus; (106) phallus, lateral view; (107) phallus, ventral view. Figs 93-95 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr (1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.), Figs 96, 97, 102, 103 modified from Sasakawa (1992cSasakawa M (1992c) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 4. New or little-known species from Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University, Agriculture 44: 1-33.), Figs 98-100 modified from Sasakawa (2005Sasakawa M (2005) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera). Part 6. New or little-known species from El Salvador and Guatemala. Species Diversity 10: 151-169.), Fig. 104 modified from Spencer (1977Spencer KA (1977) Notes on world Agromyzidae, with the description of 16 new species. Beitrage zur Entomologie 27: 233-254.), Figs 105-107 modified from Sasakawa (1992bSasakawa M (1992b) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 3. New or little-known species from Ecuador. Japanese Journal of Entomology 60: 815-825.).

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Figures 108-122
Phytobia setitibialis: (108) thorax; (109) surstylus; (110) phallus, lateral view; (111) phallus, ventral view; P. matura: (112) scutum; P. xanthophora: (113) phallus, lateral view; P. ecuadorensis: (114) scutum; (115) abdomen; (116) phallus, lateral view; (117) phallus, ventral view; P. picta: (118) phallus, lateral view; (119) phallus, ventral view; P. lanei: (120) scutum; (121) phallus, lateral view; (122) phallus, ventral view. (Figs 108-111 modified from Sasakawa 1992aSasakawa M (1992a) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera) Part 2. New or little-known species from Colombia. Akitu, New Series, 132: 1-20.; Figs 112, 113, 118, 119 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr 1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.; Figs 114-117 modified from Spencer 1977Spencer KA (1977) Notes on world Agromyzidae, with the description of 16 new species. Beitrage zur Entomologie 27: 233-254.; Figs 120-122 modified from Spencer 1966Spencer KA (1966) Notes on the Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 19: 141-150.).

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Figures 123-142
Phytobia rabelloi: (123) wing; (124) phallus, lateral view; (125) phallus, ventral view; P. monsonensis: (126) surstylus; (127) phallus, lateral view; (128) phallus, ventral view; P. dorsocentralis: (129) phallus, lateral view; (130) phallus, ventral view; P. kuhlmanni: (131) scutum; (132) phallus, lateral view; (133) phallus, ventral view; P. resupitata: (134) head; (135) scutum; (136) anepsternum; (137) epandrium; (138) hypandrium; (139) postgonite; (140) phallus, lateral view; (141) phallus, ventral view; (142) ejaculatory apodeme. (Figs 123-124, 131-133 modified from Spencer 1966Spencer KA (1966) Notes on the Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 19: 141-150.; Figs 126-128 modified from Sasakawa 1992cSasakawa M (1992c) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 4. New or little-known species from Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University, Agriculture 44: 1-33.; Figs 129, 130 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr 1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.; Figs 143-142 modified from Zlobin 2008Zlobin VV (2008) Review of mining flies of the genus Phytobia Lioy (Diptera: Agromyzidae) III: The description of a new Neotropical species. International Journal of Dipterological Reserarch 19: 67-70.).

Figures 1-4 Map of the collecting localities in Brazil: (1) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., P. cacaulandia sp. nov., P. communis sp. nov.; (2)P. delicata sp. nov., P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., P. kallima (Frost), P. lamasi sp. nov., P. megapodema sp. nov.; (3) P. multisetosa sp. nov., P. niheii sp. nov., P. planipalpis sp. nov., P. pyri sp. nov.; (4) P. simpla sp. nov., P. spinifera sp. nov., P. spinosula sp. nov.

Figures 5-14 Adults, lateral view: (5) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., holotype male; (6) P. cacaulandia sp. nov., holotype male; (7) P. communis sp. nov., holotype male; (8) P. delicata sp. nov., holotype male; (9) P. delicata sp. nov., female; (10) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., holotype male, (11) female; (12) P. kallima (Frost), male; (13) P. lamasi sp. nov., holotype male; (14) P. megapodema sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figures 15-25 Adults, lateral view: (15) Phytobia megapodema sp. nov., female; (16) P. multisetosa sp. nov., holotype male, (17) female; (18) P. niheii sp. nov., holotype male, (19) female; (20) P. planipalpis sp. nov., holotype male; (21) P. planipalpis sp. nov., female; (22)P. pyri sp. nov., holotype male; (23) P. simpla sp. nov., holotype male: (24) P. spinifera sp. nov., holotype male; (25) P. spinosula sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figures 26-35 Color pattern of the scutum: (26) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.; (27) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.; (28) P. communis sp. nov.; (29)P. delicata sp. nov.; (30) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.; (31) P. lamasi sp. nov.; (32) P. megapodema sp. nov.; (33) P. niheii sp. nov.; (34) P. pyri sp. nov.; (35) P. spinifera sp. nov.

Figures 36-44 (36-38) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.: (36) phallus, lateral view; (37) phallus, ventral view; (38) ejaculatory apodeme; (39-41) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.: (39) phallus, lateral view; (40) phallus, ventral view; (41) ejaculatory apodeme; (42-44) P. communis sp. nov.: (42) phallus, lateral view; (43) phallus, ventral view; (44) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44 = 0.2 mm, 38, 41, 44 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 45-54 (45-49) Phytobia delicata sp. nov.: (45) phallus, lateral view; (46) phallus, ventral view; (47) ejaculatory apodeme; (48) oviscape; (49) spermathecae; (50-54) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.: (50) phallus, lateral view; (51) phallus, ventral view; (52) ejaculatory apodeme; (53) oviscape; (54) spermathecae. Scale bars: 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53 = 0.2 mm, 47, 49, 52, 54 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 55-65 (55-57) Phytobia kallima (Frost): (55) phallus, lateral view; (56) phallus, ventral view; (57) ejaculatory apodeme; (58-60)P. lamasi sp. nov.: (58) phallus, lateral view; (59) phallus, ventral view; (60) ejaculatory apodeme; (61-65) P. megapodema sp. nov.: (61) phallus, lateral view; (62) phallus, ventral view; (63) ejaculatory apodeme; (64) oviscape; (65) spermathecae. Scale bars: 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64 = 0.2 mm, 57, 60, 63, 65 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 66-75 (66-70) Phytobia multisetosa sp. nov.: (66) epandrium; (67) phallus, lateral view; (68) ejaculatory apodeme; (69) oviscape; (70) spermathecae; (71-75) P. niheii sp. nov.: (71) phallus, lateral view; (72) phallus, ventral view; (73) ejaculatory apodeme; (74) oviscape; (75) spermathecae. Scale bars: 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74 = 0.2 mm, 68, 70, 73, 75 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 76-86 (76-80) Phytobia planipalpis sp. nov.: (76) phallus, lateral view; (77) phallus, ventral view; (78) ejaculatory apodeme; (79) oviscape; (80) spermathecae. (81-86) P. pyri sp. nov.: (81) phallus, lateral view; (82) phallus, ventral view; (83) ejaculatory apodeme; P. simpla sp. nov.: (84) phallus, lateral view; (85) phallus, ventral view; (86) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85 = 0.2 mm,78, 80, 83, 86 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 87-92 (87-89) Phytobia spinifera sp. nov.: (87) phallus, lateral view; (88) phallus, ventral view; (89) ejaculatory apodeme; (90-92)P. spinosula sp. nov.: (90) phallus, lateral view; (91) phallus, ventral view; (92) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 87, 88, 90, 91 = 0.2 mm, 89, 92 = 0.1 mm.

Figures 93-107 Phytobia unica: (93) hypandrium; (94) phallus, lateral view; (95) phallus, ventral view; P. mentula: (96) hypandrium; (97) phallus, lateral view; P. guatemalensis: (98) surstylus; (99) hypandrium; (100) phallus, ventral view; (101) ejaculatory apodeme; P. pipinna: (102) hypandrium; (103) phallus, lateral view; P. peruensis: (104) phallus, lateral view; P. spinulosa: (105) surstylus; (106) phallus, lateral view; (107) phallus, ventral view. Figs 93-95 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr (1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.), Figs 96, 97, 102, 103 modified from Sasakawa (1992cSasakawa M (1992c) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 4. New or little-known species from Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University, Agriculture 44: 1-33.), Figs 98-100 modified from Sasakawa (2005Sasakawa M (2005) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Insecta: Diptera). Part 6. New or little-known species from El Salvador and Guatemala. Species Diversity 10: 151-169.), Fig. 104 modified from Spencer (1977Spencer KA (1977) Notes on world Agromyzidae, with the description of 16 new species. Beitrage zur Entomologie 27: 233-254.), Figs 105-107 modified from Sasakawa (1992bSasakawa M (1992b) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 3. New or little-known species from Ecuador. Japanese Journal of Entomology 60: 815-825.).

Figures 108-122 Phytobia setitibialis: (108) thorax; (109) surstylus; (110) phallus, lateral view; (111) phallus, ventral view; P. matura: (112) scutum; P. xanthophora: (113) phallus, lateral view; P. ecuadorensis: (114) scutum; (115) abdomen; (116) phallus, lateral view; (117) phallus, ventral view; P. picta: (118) phallus, lateral view; (119) phallus, ventral view; P. lanei: (120) scutum; (121) phallus, lateral view; (122) phallus, ventral view. (Figs 108-111 modified from Sasakawa 1992aSasakawa M (1992a) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera) Part 2. New or little-known species from Colombia. Akitu, New Series, 132: 1-20.; Figs 112, 113, 118, 119 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr 1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.; Figs 114-117 modified from Spencer 1977Spencer KA (1977) Notes on world Agromyzidae, with the description of 16 new species. Beitrage zur Entomologie 27: 233-254.; Figs 120-122 modified from Spencer 1966Spencer KA (1966) Notes on the Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 19: 141-150.).

Figures 123-142 Phytobia rabelloi: (123) wing; (124) phallus, lateral view; (125) phallus, ventral view; P. monsonensis: (126) surstylus; (127) phallus, lateral view; (128) phallus, ventral view; P. dorsocentralis: (129) phallus, lateral view; (130) phallus, ventral view; P. kuhlmanni: (131) scutum; (132) phallus, lateral view; (133) phallus, ventral view; P. resupitata: (134) head; (135) scutum; (136) anepsternum; (137) epandrium; (138) hypandrium; (139) postgonite; (140) phallus, lateral view; (141) phallus, ventral view; (142) ejaculatory apodeme. (Figs 123-124, 131-133 modified from Spencer 1966Spencer KA (1966) Notes on the Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 19: 141-150.; Figs 126-128 modified from Sasakawa 1992cSasakawa M (1992c) The Neotropical Agromyzidae (Diptera). Part 4. New or little-known species from Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectual University, Agriculture 44: 1-33.; Figs 129, 130 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr 1973Spencer KA, Stegmaier Jr CE (1973) The Agromyzidae of Florida with a supplement on species from the Caribbean. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. Arthropods of Florida 7: 1-205.; Figs 143-142 modified from Zlobin 2008Zlobin VV (2008) Review of mining flies of the genus Phytobia Lioy (Diptera: Agromyzidae) III: The description of a new Neotropical species. International Journal of Dipterological Reserarch 19: 67-70.).

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Phytobia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Brazil: new species, new record and a key to the Neotropical species

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa (sousavrodrigues@gmail.com)