Chemical root traits differentiate ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ cassava accessions from the Amazon

Araújo, Francisca das Chagas Bezerra de; Moura, Elisa Ferreira; Cunha, Roberto Lisboa; Farias, João Tomé de; Silva, Rodrigo de Souza

doi:10.1590/1984-70332019v19n1a11

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Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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ARTICLE • Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 19 (01) • Jan-Mar 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332019v19n1a11 copy

Chemical root traits differentiate ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ cassava accessions from the Amazon

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

‘Bitter’ and ‘sweet’ cassava are normally distinguished based on the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content of their roots. Moreover, Brazilian farmers tend to select ‘sweet’ cassava based on the taste and cooking aspects. The aim of this study was to characterize chemical traits of ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ cassava roots of the Amazon region and to find genetic relations among accessions based on these traits. Considerable phenotypic variation was detected among the evaluated traits moisture, ashes, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH, total carotenoids, free and total cyanide, crude protein, glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch. Aside from free and total cyanide, the trait means of sugars and moisture differed in ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ cassava and also differentiated these in different clusters in the dendrogram using the unweighted pair-group method based on arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and in the results of principal component analysis.

Keywords:
Germplasm characterization; cyanide; genetic variability; Manihot esculenta Crantz; multivariate analysis

Traits¹	Min.	Max.	Mean	Range	Standard deviation	CV (%)	Normality test
TTA	1.70	4.37	2.43	2.67	0.55	22	0.92^**
Glucose	0.04	0.38	0.17	0.35	0.09	52	0.95
Fructose	0.03	0.25	0.08	0.23	0.05	54	0.83^**
Sucrose	0.07	0.77	0.38	0.70	0.22	58	0.96^**
TSS	1.94	5.60	3.18	3.65	0.73	23	0.94^**
TC	1.71	18.41	5.68	16.69	3.88	68	0.87^**
Total cyanide	29.80	934.40	228.70	904.60	213.60	93	0.83^**
Free cyanide	5.78	183.66	64.68	177.88	53.41	82	0.87^**
Ashes	1.35	3.42	2.21	2.06	0.51	23	0.96
pH	5.77	6.78	6.36	1.01	0.21	3	0.94^**
Crude protein	0.18	2.27	0.88	2.08	0.48	54	0.90^**
Moisture	59.18	79.22	67.67	20.04	5.20	8	0.96
Starch	19.79	34.07	27.26	14.28	3.74	14	0.97

Accessions	Moisture (%)	Ashes (%)	TSS (%)	TTA (%)	pH	Total cyanide (mg kg^-1)	Free cyanide (mg kg^-1)
Bitter cassava
CPATU 016	63.83	1.99	3.40	1.83	6.21	202.07	70.86
CPATU 507	65.73	2.04	4.27	1.71	6.58	324.03	88.36
CPATU 348	64.44	2.29	3.18	2.44	6.39	227.29	45.88
CPATU 461	72.19	2.28	3.73	2.40	6.23	238.21	56.28
CPATU 160	60.70	2.33	2.77	3.07	6.49	311.63	73.78
CPATU 140	62.68	1.57	3.28	2.37	6.41	123.78	47.51
CPATU 462	72.64	2.14	3.87	1.72	6.23	259.45	97.35
CPATU 026	64.42	3.42	3.84	3.25	6.13	224.18	80.60
CPATU 466	68.62	2.37	3.67	2.41	5.89	226.03	78.56
CPATU 516	65.20	1.75	3.45	2.08	6.38	89.44	75.23
CPATU 513	67.19	2.08	3.87	2.22	6.36	934.37	150.48
CPATU 475	68.78	2.07	3.80	2.29	5.77	85.70	36.18
CPATU 509	64.62	1.66	3.73	3.22	6.30	222.88	43.80
CPATU 458	68.31	2.27	3.87	2.26	6.43	548.94	91.63
CPATU 463	65.79	1.82	3.01	2.52	6.17	234.58	62.13
CPATU 141	66.49	1.69	2.93	2.69	6.31	207.52	66.68
CPATU 514	60.18	1.54	3.73	2.01	6.54	496.34	37.93
CPATU 190	65.57	1.36	3.67	1.76	6.64	453.35	183.66
CPATU 465	71.18	2.45	3.33	2.08	5.85	288.74	70.97
CPATU 375	69.78	2.82	4.00	1.76	6.39	93.43	36.18
CPATU 515	64.00	2.81	4.13	3.26	6.07	539.79	144.31
CPATU 229	62.89	1.51	3.80	2.62	6.50	315.02	66.58
CPATU 530	60.18	1.47	4.26	2.20	6.36	828.47	182.67
CPATU 193	66.70	3.25	5.60	2.47	6.45	535.72	146.99
CPATU 327	66.69	1.86	3.07	1.82	5.95	431.07	176.87
CPATU 092	64.01	1.74	2.93	2.28	6.33	123.27	50.92
CPATU 404	62.91	1.92	2.73	1.91	6.71	101.13	53.58
CPATU 499	60.07	1.87	2.53	1.84	6.35	179.65	88.40
CPATU 500	68.63	2.44	2.53	2.22	6.23	402.61	146.37
CPATU 219	59.18	1.65	3.40	1.70	6.50	479.22	168.82
Sweet cassava
CPATU 179 (S)	62.63	3.11	1.94	2.91	6.42	94.28	77.25
CPATU 280 (S)	74.63	2.84	2.53	1.76	6.78	40.20	15.68
CPATU 241 (S)	72.53	2.82	2.93	2.43	6.49	45.45	14.42
CPATU 271 (S)	74.90	2.14	2.48	2.44	6.47	51.60	12.15
CPATU 019 (S)	73.70	2.59	2.82	2.48	6.69	49.24	10.38
CPATU 232 (S)	69.47	3.15	2.49	2.81	6.41	29.81	9.25
CPATU 309 (S)	75.52	2.36	2.92	2.59	6.44	45.87	9.65
CPATU 183 (S)	72.20	1.94	2.43	2.55	6.38	37.17	9.51
CPATU 070 (S)	70.57	2.07	2.45	2.24	6.60	32.74	7.73
CPATU 281 (S)	75.31	2.71	2.44	2.38	6.44	53.67	9.89
CPATU 283 (S)	79.22	2.97	2.46	4.37	6.21	39.94	13.09
CPATU 274 (S)	72.31	2.04	2.48	2.39	6.44	51.35	5.78
CPATU 115 (S)	77.90	2.62	2.45	3.47	6.60	36.38	14.75
CPATU 195 (S)	61.41	1.98	2.01	2.77	6.40	48.06	7.12
CPATU 136 (S)	74.07	2.06	2.99	3.06	6.47	62.97	14.00
CPATU 034 (S)	62.27	2.01	2.07	2.88	6.42	75.65	25.23

Accessions	TC (µg g^-1)	Crude protein (%)	Glucose (%)	Fructose (%)	Sucrose (%)	Starch (%)
Bitter cassava
CPATU 016	18.41	0.46	0.19	0.07	0.76	25.20
CPATU 507	14.09	0.64	0.24	0.07	0.51	26.32
CPATU 348	11.34	0.89	0.21	0.05	0.77	28.00
CPATU 461	11.24	1.19	0.24	0.07	0.74	24.63
CPATU 160	10.88	0.86	0.18	0.03	0.26	31.40
CPATU 140	9.44	0.80	0.26	0.07	0.30	24.07
CPATU 462	8.48	1.30	0.38	0.10	0.47	31.77
CPATU 026	8.48	0.63	0.24	0.05	0.63	27.74
CPATU 466	7.71	1.28	0.32	0.14	0.62	30.08
CPATU 516	7.39	0.55	0.28	0.18	0.43	31.12
CPATU 513	7.17	0.83	0.30	0.08	0.44	29.43
CPATU 475	6.00	1.10	0.34	0.26	0.53	25.76
CPATU 509	6.00	2.01	0.16	0.06	0.62	33.09
CPATU 458	5.65	2.27	0.22	0.04	0.48	30.00
CPATU 463	5.41	0.63	0.30	0.12	0.41	24.91
CPATU 141	5.01	1.08	0.11	0.07	0.61	26.61
CPATU 514	3.92	1.00	0.22	0.09	0.49	29.56
CPATU 190	3.84	1.94	0.17	0.12	0.45	27.48
CPATU 465	2.97	0.91	0.35	0.20	0.34	28.86
CPATU 375	1.71	1.82	0.23	0.08	0.39	34.07
CPATU 515	n.d.	0.83	0.26	0.10	0.78	26.22
CPATU 229	n.d.	1.10	0.20	0.05	0.38	32.32
CPATU 530	n.d.	1.09	0.19	0.04	0.46	25.76
CPATU 193	n.d.	1.83	0.17	0.05	0.62	28.02
CPATU 327	n.d.	0.70	0.19	0.06	0.64	33.00
CPATU 092	n.d.	1.36	0.12	0.09	0.39	30.00
CPATU 404	n.d.	0.73	0.12	0.06	0,30	27.73
CPATU 499	n.d.	0.55	0.10	0.03	0.29	32.53
CPATU 500	n.d.	1.09	0.19	0.08	0.77	30.84
CPATU 219	n.d.	0.65	0.17	0.04	0.47	32.25
Sweet cassava
CPATU 179 (S)	4.38	0.46	0.08	0.07	0.14	21.19
CPATU 280 (S)	3.87	0.45	0.12	0.13	0.12	28.81
CPATU 241 (S)	3.42	0.55	0.04	0.06	0.09	22.09
CPATU 271 (S)	3.26	0.82	0.05	0.04	0.11	21.53
CPATU 019 (S)	3.03	0.27	0.04	0.06	0.11	19.79
CPATU 232 (S)	2.95	0.18	0.05	0.06	0.08	20.41
CPATU 309 (S)	2.82	0.46	0.12	0.11	0.16	24.07
CPATU 183 (S)	2.78	0.53	0.05	0.05	0.09	24.34
CPATU 070 (S)	2.63	0.45	0.09	0.09	0.10	26.33
CPATU 281 (S)	2.62	0.44	0.11	0.12	0.17	24.00
CPATU 283 (S)	2.61	0.36	0.12	0.11	0.15	23.79
CPATU 274 (S)	2.51	0.48	0.11	0.06	0.16	27.34
CPATU 115 (S)	2.50	0.53	0.05	0.06	0.11	22.38
CPATU 195 (S)	2.30	1.10	0.09	0.05	0.17	21.82
CPATU 136 (S)	2.08	0.64	0.12	0.10	0.14	28.02
CPATU 034 (S)	n.d.	0.92	0.09	0.11	0.28	29.71

Traits¹	TTA	Glucose	Fructose	Sucrose	TSS	TC	Free cyanide	Ashes	pH	Crude protein	Moisture	Starch
Glucose	-0.33
Fructose	-0.15	0.40^**
Sucrose	-0.23	0.70^**	0.06
TSS	-0.31	0.75^**	0.02	0.70^**
TC	-0.04	0.40^**	0.14	0.22	0.24
Free cyanide	-0.40^**	0.57^**	-0.09	0.70^**	0.63^**	0.04
Ashes	0.40^**	-0.11	0.15	-0.20	-0.18	0.06	-0.22
pH	-0.10	-0.53^**	-0.25	-0.52^**	-0.26	-0.14	-0.28	-0.09
Crude protein	-0.14	0.47^**	-0.04	0.60^**	0.60^**	-0.01	0.45^**	-0.40^**	-0.23
Moisture	0.13	-0.10	0.35	-0.40^**	-0.22	0.05	-0.46^**	0.52^**	0.05	-0.32
Starch	-0.40^**	0.46^**	0.01	0.50^**	0.42^**	-0.13	0.51^**	-0.35	-0.15	0.52^**	-0.35
Total cyanide	-0.33	0.65^**	-0.14	0.80^**	0.73^**	0.07	0.90^**	-0.32	-0.23	0.61**	-0.50^**	0.52^**

Traits¹	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3	PC 4	PC 5	PC 6	PC 7	PC 8	PC 9	PC 10	PC 11	PC 12	PC 13
TTA	-0.19	-0.17	-0.52	-0.05	-0.26	0.51	0.24	-0.24	0.4	-0.14	-0.13	0.1	-0.09
Glucose	0.35	-0.36	0.13	0.04	0.02	-0.07	-0.01	-0.22	0.22	0.29	0.3	-0.22	-0.67
Fructose	0.04	-0.51	0.38	-0.31	-0.01	-0.15	0.23	-0.36	-0.06	-0.44	-0.2	-0.01	0.25
Sucrose	0.38	-0.13	-0.15	0.2	0.09	0.14	-0.14	0.32	0.21	-0.25	-0.6	-0.4	-0.16
TSS	0.35	-0.08	-0.22	0.03	0.45	0.07	0.11	-0.29	-0.04	0.48	-0.4	0.32	0.15
TC	0.08	-0.25	-0.13	0.81	0.15	0.13	0.02	0.06	0.17	0.22	0.2	0.21	0.25
Free cyanide	0.36	0.16	-0.23	-0.09	-0.18	-0.37	0.05	0.14	0.03	-0.41	0.08	0.6	-0.23
Ashe	-0.18	-0.3	-0.53	-0.18	0.15	-0.23	-0.57	-0.23	-0.24	-0.16	0.21	-0.11	0.08
pH	-0.19	0.49	0.07	0.15	0.46	-0.1	-0.02	-0.38	0.19	-0.4	0.22	-0.16	-0.28
Crude protein	0.29	0.07	-0.06	-0.24	0.44	0.55	0.16	0.06	-0.36	-0.23	0.39	-0.01	0.01
Moisture	-0.25	-0.31	-0.07	-0.22	0.5	-0.14	0.08	0.6	0.38	-0.04	-0.07	0.01	-0.08
Starch	0.3	0.11	0.22	-0.28	0.02	0.26	-0.64	-0.03	0.48	-0.03	-0.04	0.05	0.21
Total cyanide	0.36	0.18	-0.29	-0.02	-0.02	-0.3	0.3	-0.01	0.32	-0.04	0.23	-0.5	0.42

Eigenvalues	4.8	2.07	1.29	1.13	0.87	0.81	0.55	0.39	0.38	0.24	0.23	0.11	0.09
Accumulated eigenvalues	4.8	6.87	8.16	9.29	10.16	10.97	11.52	11.91	12.25	12.53	12.76	12.87	12.96
Variance	0.37	0.15	0.10	0.09	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01
Accumulated variance	0.37	0.52	0.62	0.71	0.78	0.84	0.89	0.92	0.94	0.96	0.98	0.99	1.0

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