O’Neil et al. (2015O'Neil C, Krauss M, Bettale J, Kessels A, Costantinou E, Dunagan W, et al. Medications and patient characteristics associated with falling in the hospital. J Patient Safety. 2015;1.) |
US |
228 fallers/ 678 control; NA |
61.5 |
4.5 months |
Case control |
Underweight, history of falls, fall was the reason for admission, weak gait, assistive device, person assistance, incontinence, syncope, dizziness and confusion. |
Anxiolytics |
lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam (as antiepileptics) |
UA: S MA: NS |
UA: OR: 2.65 (CI:1.88-3.73); MA: NI |
Antidepressants |
amitriptyline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, desipramine, phenylpiperazine |
UA: S UA for antidepressant phenylpiperazines: S |
UA: OR: 1.37 (CI: 0.98-1.90), |
Antiepileptics |
Phenytoin (hydantoins) |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 4.93 (CI:2.27-10.70), M A: OR: 3.25 (CI: 1.33-7.95) |
Centrally-acting Antiadrenergic agents |
clonidine and methyldopa |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 1.89 (CI:1.01-3.52) MA: NI |
Antipropulsives |
loperamide |
UA:S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.31 (CI: 1.02-5.48) MA: NI |
Insulin and analogues |
insulin |
UA: NS MA: NI |
UA:NI MA: OR: 1.46 (CI: 1.01-2.13) |
Tapper et al. (2015Tapper E, Risech-Neyman Y, Sengupta N. Psychoactive medications increase the risk of falls and fall-related injuries in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(9):1670-1675.) |
US |
55 fallers/ 1749 controls; Cirrhotic |
55 |
3.5 years |
Retrospective Cohort |
Score MELD (hepatic disease), hepatic encephalopathy and length of stay. |
Anxiolytics |
diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, zolpidem, chlordiazepoxide and zolpidem |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: ORa: 6.59 (CI: 3.76 -11.59) MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine and haloperidol. |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: ORa:3.72 (CI:1.9-7.06) MA: NI |
Hayakawa et al. (2014Hayakawa T, Hashimoto S, Kanda H, Hirano N, Kurihara Y, Kawashima T, et al. Risk factors of falls in inpatients and their practical use in identifying high-risk persons at admission: Fukushima Medical University Hospital cohort study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005385-e005385.) |
Japan |
230 fallers/ 9240 controls; NA |
60.5 |
2 months |
Prospective Cohort |
History of falls, cognitive dysfunction, wheelchair use, needs help to move, rehabilitation and need help with activities of daily life . |
Antipropulsives |
Antipropulsives NE |
UA: S MA: NS |
UA: N MA NI |
Psychotropics¹ |
Psychptropics NE* |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: N MA: OR 3.64 (men) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
hypnotics NE |
UA: S A; S |
UA: N MA: ; OR 1.65 (women) |
Dauphinot et al. (2014Dauphinot V, Faure R, Omrani S, Goutelle S, Bourguignon L, Krolak-Salmon P, et al. Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative drugs, risk of falls, and mortality. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):565-570.) |
France |
21 fallers/ 317 controls; Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative Drugs |
85.33 +- 6.68 |
11.6 months |
Prospective Cohort |
Dementia and Parkinson disease. |
Opioids |
tramadol |
UA with increased DDD: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.59; (CI: 1.05-6.35) MA: NI |
Anxiolytics |
alprazolam e oxazepam |
UA with increased DDD for alprazolam and oxazepam: S UA with increased DDD for meprobamate (without BZD): S MA: NI |
UA with increased DDD for alprazolam and oxazepam: OR: 2.59 (CI: 1.05-6.35) UA with increased DDD for meprobamate (without BZD): OR: 2.59 (CI: 1.05-6.35) MA: NI |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
zopiclone e zolpidem |
UA with increased DDD: S MA: NI |
UA with increased DDD: OR: 2.59 (CI: 1.05-6.35) MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
olanzapine. risperidone. amisulpiride. tiaprida.ciamemazine |
UA with increased DDD: S MA: NI |
UA with increased DDD: OR: 2.59 (CI: 1.05-6.35) MA: NI |
Antiepileptics |
Phenobarbital |
UA with increased DDD: S MA: NI |
UA with increased DDD: OR: 2.59 (CI: 1.05-6.35) MA: NI |
Costa-Dias et al. (2014Costa-Dias M, Oliveira A, Martins T, Araújo F, Santos A, Moreira C et al. Medication fall risk in old hospitalized patients: A retrospective study. Nurse Edu Today. 2014;34(2):171-176.) |
Portugal |
214 falls (193 fallers); Elderly |
75 |
3.5 years |
Retrospective Cohort |
Age, oncologic patient, neurodegenerative disease, male gender, chronic and palliative inpatient wards |
Antiepileptics |
Antiepileptics (clonazepam 19%) |
UA for fall CNS meds: S UA for recurrent fall with valproic acid: S UA for recurrent fall with levetiracetam: S MA: NI |
UA for fall CNS meds: OR 7.14 (CI:NI) UA for recurrent fall with valproic acid: OR 3.33 (CI: 1.39-5.4) UA for recurrent fall with levetiracetam: OR 5.67 (CI: 1.91-13.53) MA: NI |
Costa-Dias et al. (2014Costa-Dias M, Oliveira A, Martins T, Araújo F, Santos A, Moreira C et al. Medication fall risk in old hospitalized patients: A retrospective study. Nurse Edu Today. 2014;34(2):171-176.) |
Portugal |
214 falls (193 fallers); Elderly |
75 |
3.5 years |
Retrospective Cohort |
Age, oncologic patient, neurodegenerative disease, male gender, chronic and palliative inpatient wards |
Antiepileptics |
Antiepileptics (clonazepam 19%) |
UA for fall - psychotropic meds: S UA for recurrent fall: S MA:NI |
UA for fall - psychotropic meds: OR 8.68 (CI:NI) UA for recurrent fall: OR: 2.74 (CI: 1.36-43.29) MA: NI |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Hypnotics and sedatives NE |
UA for fall - psychotropic meds: S UA for recurrent fall: S MA: NI |
UA for fall - psychotropic meds: OR 8.68 (CI: NI) UA for recurrent fall: OR: 2.74 (CI 1.36-43.29) MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
Antipsychotics (haloperidol 53%) |
UA for falls: S UA for recurrent falls: S UA for recurrent fall with haloperidol: NI UA for recurrent fall with clozapine: NI MA: NI |
UA for falls: OR: 7.27 UA for recurrent falls: OR: 5.08 (CI: 2.24-10.84) UA for recurrent fall with haloperidol: OR: 3.32 (IC 2.62-10.50) UA for recurrent fall with clozapine: OR: 7.67 (CI:1.81-8.74) MA: NI |
Antidepressants |
Antidepressants NE |
UA for fall: S UA for recurrent falls: S UA for recurrent fall with trazadone: NI MA: NI |
UA for fall: OR: 6.34 (CI: NI) UA for recurrent falls: OR:4.93 (CI: NI) UA for recurrent fall with trazadone OR:5.25(CI: NI) MA: NI |
Opioids |
Opioids (tramadol 40%) |
UA for falls: S UA for recurrent falls: S UA for recurrent fall with tramadol: S MA:NI |
UA for falls:OR: 7.14(CI: NI) UA for recurrent falls: OR:3.97 (CI 1.36-43.29) UA for recurrent fall with tramadol: OR:3.10 (CI: NI) MA: NI |
Diuretics² |
Diuretics (furosemide 59%) |
UA for recurrent falls: S MA:NI |
UA for recurrent falls: OR 2.37 (CI: NI) MA:NI |
Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin |
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor inhibitors (captopril 30%) |
UA for recurrent falls: S MA: NI |
UA for recurrent falls: OR 7.67 (CI: NI) MA:NI |
Blood glucose lowering drugs. excluding insulin |
Oral Antidiabetic drugs (metformin 15%) |
UA for recurrent falls: S UA for recurrent fall with metformin: S UA for recurrent fall with gliclazide: S MA:NI |
UA for recurrent falls: OR: 2.54 (CI 1.21-5.34) UA for recurrent fall with metformin: OR 2.82 (CI: 1.27-6.20) UA for recurrent fall with gliclazide: OR: 5.36 (CI 2.07-13.90) MA:NI |
Kolla et al. (2013Kolla B, Lovely J, Mansukhani M, Morgenthaler T. Zolpidem is independently associated with increased risk of inpatient falls. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(1):1-6.) |
US |
151 falls; NA |
56.84 +- 17,24 |
12 months |
Retrospective Cohort |
Insomnia, Delirium, age, Charlson index ,Hendrich’s fall risk score and zolpidem dose. |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
zolpidem |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: OR: 4.37 (CI: 3.33 -5.74) MA: OR: 6,39 (CI: 3.34-5.76) |
Pierce et al. (2013Pierce JR, Shirley M, Johnson EF, Kang H. Narcotic administration and fall-related injury in the hospital: Implications for patient safety programs and providers. Int J Risk Safety Med. 2013;25(4):229-234.) |
US |
251 fallers; NA |
NM |
12 months |
Retrospective Cohort |
Pre-fall confusion. Other not evaluated. |
Opioids |
Opioids NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: OR: 5,12 (CI: 1.96-13.41) MA: OR: 5.38 (CI: 2.07-13.98) |
Obayashi et al. (2013Obayashi K, Araki T, Nakamura K, Kurabayashi M, Nojima Y, Hara K, et al. Risk of falling and hypnotic drugs: retrospective study of inpatients. Drugs in R D. 2013;13(2):159-164.) |
Japan |
116 fallers / 3.683 control ; NA |
64.7 ± 19.5 |
3 months |
Case control |
Age. Others not evaluated. |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Zolpiclone, brotizolam, estazolam |
UA: NI MA for hypnotics: S MA for zopiclone: NS MA for brotizolam: S MA for estazolam: NS |
UA: NI MA for hypnotics: OR: 2.17 (CI: 1.44-3.28) MA for zopiclone: OR: 3.773 (CI: 1.36-10.4); MA for brotizolam: OR: 2.43 (1.61- 3.68) MA for estazolam: OR: 4.027 (1.35-12.1) |
Antiepileptics |
Antiepileptics NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR 5.06 (CI: 2.70-9.46) |
Anti-dementia drugs |
Anti-Alzheimer NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 3.08 (CI:1.63-5.84) |
Anti-Parkinson drugs² |
Anti-Parkinson drugs NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 5.06 (CI:1.58-16.24) |
Diabetic drugs ² |
Diabetic drugs NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 5.06 (CI:1.58-16.24) |
Drugs for Cardiovascular system² |
Antihypertensives NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 2.24 (CI: 1.41-3.56) |
Antiarrhythmic drugs class I and III |
Antiarrhythmic drugs class I and III NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
MA: p=0.005; OR: 2.82 (CI:1.36-5.86) |
Lamis et al. (2012Lamis R, Kramer J, Hale L, Zackula R, Berg G. Fall risk associated with inpatient medications. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2012;69(21):1888-1894.) |
US |
96 fallers/ 96 control; NA |
70 +- 13,9 |
12 months |
Case control |
Not mentioned or evaluated |
Other Analgesics e Antipyretics |
Analgesics e Antipyretics NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Antiepileptics |
Antiepileptics NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Antidepressants |
Antidepressants NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Antipsychotics |
Antipsychotics NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Anxiolytics |
Anxiolytics NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Hypnotics and sedatives NE |
UA for CNS meds: S MA for CNS meds: S |
UA for CNS meds: NI MA: OR:1.4 (CI: 1.09-1.71) |
Chang et al. (2011Chang C, Chen M, Tsai C, Ho L, Hsieh H, Chau Y, et al. Medical conditions and medications as risk factors of falls in inpatient older people: a case-control study. Int J Geriat Psych. 2011;26(6):602-607.) |
Taiwan |
165 fallers/ 165 controls; Elderly |
76.2 |
12 months |
Case control |
Oncologic patients. Others not evaluated. |
Anxiolytics |
Benzodiazepines NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: OR: 2.26 (CI:1.21-4.23) MA: OR: 2.63 (CI:1.55-4.46) |
Chang et al. (2011Chang C, Chen M, Tsai C, Ho L, Hsieh H, Chau Y, et al. Medical conditions and medications as risk factors of falls in inpatient older people: a case-control study. Int J Geriat Psych. 2011;26(6):602-607.) |
Taiwan |
165 fallers/ 165 controls; Elderly |
76.2 |
12 months |
Case control |
Oncologic patients. Others not evaluated. |
Opioids |
Opioids NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 2.13 (CI:1.16-3.94) |
Antihistamines for systemic use |
Antihistamines NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 3.00 (CI:1.19-7.56) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
zolpidem |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 2.38 (CI: 1.04-5.43) |
Cashin, Yang (2011Cashin R, Yang M. Medications prescribed and occurrence of falls in general medicine inpatients. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64(5):321-326.) |
Canada |
151 falls; NA |
73.5 |
12 months |
Cross sectional study |
Not mentioned or evaluated |
Anxiolytics |
Alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam. Clonazepam, clorazepate. Diazepam,flurazepam. Lorazepam,midazolam, nitrazepam,oxazepam, temazepam,triazolam |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Bun, Serby, Friedmann (2011Bun S, Serby M, Friedmann P. Psychotropic medication use, hyponatremia, and falls in an inpatient population. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(3):395-397.) |
US |
15 fallers/ 233 control; Psychiatric population with hyponatemia |
55,8 |
12 months |
Case control |
Age and hyponatermia. Others not evaluated. |
Antipsychotics |
Antipsychotics NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 3.85 (CI: 1.17 -12.73) MA: NI |
Shuto et al. (2010Shuto H, Imakyure O, Matsumoto J, Egawa T, Jiang Y, Hirakawa M, et al. Medication use as a risk factor for inpatient falls in an acute care hospital: a case-crossover study. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69(5):535-542.) |
Japan |
349 fallers |
71.5± 14.8 |
2,5 years |
Case-crossover |
Not mentioned or evaluated |
Antihypertensives |
amlodipine, atenolol , benidipine ,betaxolol, bisoprolol, candesartan, captopril, carvedilol, clonidina , diltiazem, doxazosin, efonidipine, enalapril, imidapril losartan, etoprolol, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nisoldipine, perindopril, prazosin, propranolol, temocapril, valsartan, verapamil |
UA: NI MA: S MA for candersartan: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 8.42 (CI: 3.12-22.72) MA for candersartan: OR: 13.92 (CI: 1.71 - 113.69) |
Anti-Parkinson drugs² |
amantadine, biperiden, cabergoline, droxidope, levodopa, pergolid), pramipexole,selegiline, tiapride, trihexifenidil |
UA: NI MA: S MA for biperiden: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 4,18 (CI: 1.75 -10.02) MA for biperiden: OR: 4.34 (IC: 1.57 - 11.99) |
Anxiolytics |
alprazolam, bromazepam, clotiazepam,cloxazolam, diazepam, etil loflazepate, etizolam, lorazepam, tandospirona |
UA: NI MA: S MA for etizolam: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 3.25 (IC: 1.62 - 6.50) MA for etizolam: OR: 6.83 (IC: 1.92 - 24.26) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
brotizolam, flunitrazepam, lormetazepam),midazolam, nitrazepam, quazepam, rilmazafone, triazolam, zolpidem, zopiclone |
UA: NI MA: S MA for zopiclone: S |
UA: NI MA:;OR:2.44 (CI: 1.32 - 4.51) MA for zopiclone: OR: 4.20 (CI: 1.55 - 11.40) |
Mamun, Lim (2009Mamun K, Lim J. Association between falls and high-risk medication use in hospitalized Asian elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2009;9(3):276-281.) |
Singapore |
298 fallers/ 298 control; Asian elderly |
75.8 |
12 months |
Case control |
Normal mental state on admission, length of stay, Morse scale, history of falls, walking independently and number of medications |
Anxiolytics |
benzodiazepines and anxiolytics |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Cough supressant |
Cough preparations NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Antithrombotic agents |
Anti-platelet agents NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Vasodilators used for treating heart-related diseases |
Nitrates |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Calcium channel blockers² |
Calcium channel blockers |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Opioids |
Weak opioids |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Diuretics² |
Diuretics NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Mamun, Lim (2009Mamun K, Lim J. Association between falls and high-risk medication use in hospitalized Asian elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2009;9(3):276-281.) |
Singapore |
298 fallers/ 298 control; Asian elderly |
75.8 |
12 months |
Case control |
Normal mental state on admission, length of stay, Morse scale, history of falls, walking independently and number of medications |
Lipid- modifying agents. plain |
Lipid -regulating drugs NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Beta-blocking Agents |
Beta-blockers |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Alpha and beta adrenoreceptor agonist |
Alpha-agonist |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Corticosteroids for systemic use |
Steroides |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Tanaka et al. (2008Tanaka M, Suemaru K, Ikegawa Y,Tabuchini N, Araki H. Relationship between the risk of falling and drugs in an academic hospital. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008;128(9):1355-1361.) |
Japan |
65 fallers/ 4084 control; NA |
68.1±13.1 |
7 months |
Case control |
Age >70 years . Other non-specified conditions. |
Anxiolytics |
Anxiolytics NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: OR: 3.35 (CI: 1.83-5.82) MA: OR: 2.36 (CI: 1.24-4.28) |
Anti-Parkinson drugs |
Anti-Parkinson drugs NE |
UA: NI MA: S |
UA: OR: 5.7 (CI: 1.71 -14.80) MA: OR: 5.04 (CI: 1.44-13.43) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Hypnotics and sedatives NE |
UA: S MA: NS |
UA: OR:2.12 (CI: 1.25-3.52) MA: NI |
Opioids |
Opioids NE |
UA: NI MA: NS |
UA: OR: 3.08. (CI: 1.06 -7.11) MA: NI |
Diuretics² |
Diuretics NE |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.39 (CI: 1.42- 3.95) MA: NI |
Angalakuditi, Gomes, Coley (2007Angalakuditi M, Gomes J, Coley K. Impact of drug use and comorbidities on in-hospital falls in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(10):1638-1643.) |
US |
635 fallers/ 1270 control; With chronic kidney disease |
68 ± 15 |
5.5 years |
Case control |
Dementia, diabetes and pneumonia. |
Antiepileptics |
Anticonvulsant NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 1.52 (CI: 1.13-2.03) |
Antidepressants |
Antidepressants NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 1.65 (CI: 1.32-2.08) |
Anxiolytics |
Benzodiazepines NE |
UA:S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 0.69 (CI: 0.55- 0.86) |
Vassalo et al. (2006) |
UK |
825 falls; Confused patients |
81.9 |
17 months |
Case control |
Confused patients. Others not evaluated. |
Anxiolytics |
Benzodiazepines NE |
UA for falls on tranquilizers (benzodiazepines and antipsychotics): S UA for recurrent falls in confused: S MA: NI |
UA for falls on tranquilizers (benzodiazepines and antipsychotics): OR: 0.63 (CI: 047-0.82) UA for recurrent falls in confused: NI MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
Antipsychotics NE |
UA for falls on tranquilizers (benzodiazepines and antipsychotics): S UA for recurrent falls in confused: S MA: NI |
UA for falls on tranquilizers (benzodiazepines and antipsychotics): OR: 0.63 (CI: 047-0.82) UA for recurrent falls in confused: NI MA: NI |
Walker (2005Walker P. Medication use as a risk factor for falls among hospitalized elderly patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005;62(23):2495-2499.) |
US |
62 fallers/ 62 control; NA |
74.54 ± 6.03 |
12 months |
Case control |
Mean ± S.D. no. medications received within 24 hr preceding fall and Dementia. |
Other Analgesics e Antipyretics |
Aspirin 85 e 325 (77%). aspirin+celecoxibe. aspirin+ibuprofen, celecoxib, ibuprofen, ketorolac, indometacin |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 10.02 (2.6-38.58) MA: NI |
Opioids |
Opioids NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA:OR: 0.33 (IC: 0.11-0.96) MA: NI |
Walker (2005Walker P. Medication use as a risk factor for falls among hospitalized elderly patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005;62(23):2495-2499.) |
US |
62 fallers/ 62 control; NA |
74.54 ± 6.03 |
12 months |
Case control |
Mean ± S.D. no. medications received within 24 hr preceding fall and Dementia. |
Urological drugs |
Oxybutynin and tolterodine |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Blood glucose lowering drugs, excluding insulin |
glimepiride, glipizide, insulin, rosiglitazone |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Antiepileptics |
carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazine, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate. |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Antihistamines for systemic use |
cyclizine, fexofenadine |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Drugs for alimentary tract and metabolism² |
dolasetron, metoclopramide, omeprazole, ondansetron, ranitidine |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Drugs for Cardiovascular system² |
Amlodipine, diltiazem, nitrates |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: S MA: NI |
UA for other medication that can produce sedation or postural hypotension: OR: 13.85 (IC:3.6-52.83) MA: NI |
Krauss et al. (2005Krauss M, Evanoff B, Hitcho E, Ngugi K, Dunagan W, Fischer I, et al. A case-control study of patient, medication, and care-related risk factors for inpatient falls. J Gen Internal Med. 2005;20(2):116-122.) |
US |
98 fallers/ 318 controls; NA |
ND (50-69 years - 37.8%)and >=70 (38.8%) |
6 weeks |
Case control |
Age>50 years, gait/balance deficit or lower extremity, incontinence, diabetes, fallen in the past 6 months, depression, impaired memory, confused, and care-related factors (assistance, patient-to-nurse ration) |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Hypnotics and sedatives NE |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.1 (CI: 1.2 - 3.7) MA: OR: 4.3 (CI: 1.6 - 11.5) |
Antiarrhythmics class I and III |
Antiarrhythmics class I and III NE |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.1 (CI :1.2 - 3.7) MA: NI |
Diabetic drugs² |
Diabetic drugs NE |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: OR: 2.1 (CI: 1.2 - 3.5) MA: OR: 3.2 (CI: 1.3 - 7.9) |
Other Analgesics e Antipyretics |
Non-narcotic analgesics - NE |
UA: NI MA: NI |
UA: OR:2.0 (CI:0.9 - 3.3) MA: NI |
Vassalo et al. (2004) |
UK |
136 fallers/ 463 control ; With unsafe-safe gait |
81.9 |
12 months |
Prospective Cohort |
Unsafe gait, previous fall and confusion . |
Anxiolytics |
Tranquilizers NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: OR: 1.73 (CI:1.08-2.75) MA: NI |
Frels (2002Frels C. Iatrogenic causes of falls in hospitalised elderly patients: a case-control study. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78(922):487-489.) |
UK |
181 fallers/ 181 controls; Elderly |
73.3 |
4 months |
Case control |
Stroke, previous fall, disoriented in time/place or person and needs maximum assistance. |
Anxiolytics |
Benzodiazepines NE |
UA: S MA: S |
UA: NI MA: OR: 2.3 (CI:1.4-3.7) |
Diuretics² |
Diuretics NE |
UA: S MA: NS |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Mendelson (1996Mendelson WB. The use of sedative/hypnotic medication and its correlation with falling down in the hospital. Sleep. 1996;19(9):968-701.) |
US |
253 falls/ 84 control; NA |
57.4±1.3 |
12 months |
Case control |
Not mentioned or evaluated. |
Antidepressants |
Amitriptyline.clomipramine, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, nortriptyline and sertraline |
UA for antidepressants: S UA for Nortriptyline: S UA for sertraline: S MA: NI |
UA: NI UA for Nortriptyline: NI UA for sertraline: NI MA: NI |
Hypnotics and sedatives |
Chloral hydrate, temazepam andtriazolam |
UA for hypnotics: S UA for temazepam:S MA: NI |
UA for hypnotics: NI UA for temazepam:NI MA: NI |
Anxiolytics |
Alprozolam,chlordiazepoxide, Chlorazepate, diazepam e lorazepam |
UA for benzodiazepines: S UA for alprozolam. diazepam and lorazepam: S MA: NI |
UA for benzodiazepines: NI UA for alprozolam. diazepam and lorazepam: NI MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
Clorpromazine, droperidol. Haloperidol,prochlorperazinam, Tioridazinam,tiotixene and trifluoerazine |
UA for general: S UA for haloperidol and prochlorperazine: S |
UA for general: NI UA for haloperidol and prochlorperazine: NI |
Aisen, Deluca, Lawlor (1992Aisen P, Deluca T, Lawlor B. Falls among geropsychiatry inpatients are associated with prn medications for agitation. Int J Geriat Psych. 1992;7(10):709-712.) |
UK |
33 falls (17 fallers)/ 30 control; Geropsychiatry inpatients |
75.3±7 |
12 months |
Case control |
Length of stay, dementia, history of falls and assistance required |
Anxiolytics |
Benzodiazepines NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |
Antipsychotics |
Neuroleptics NE |
UA: S MA: NI |
UA: NI MA: NI |