TABLE I
Identified metabolites in the livers from different groups with log
2(FC) and p-values
a Multiplicity: singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartets (q), multiplets (m).
b Color coded according to the log2(FC), red represents increased and blue represents decreased concentrations in glyphosate exposed groups. Color bar
p-values corrected by BH (Benjamini Hochberg) methods were calculated based on a parametric Student’s t-test or a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (dependent on the conformity to normal distribution). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
TABLE II
Identified metabolites in the kidney from different groups with log
2(FC) and p-values
a Multiplicity: singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartets (q), multiplets (m).
b Color coded according to the log2(FC), red represents increased and blue represents decreased concentrations in glyphosate exposed groups. Color bar
p-values corrected by BH (Benjamini Hochberg) methods were calculated based on a parametric Student’s t-test or a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (dependent on the conformity to normal distribution). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
TABLE III
Different level of metabolites: In liver the level of the metabolites, alanine, succinate, glutamate, lactose and fumarate were aberrated significantly. Alanine (Leij-Halfwerk et al., 2000Leij-Halfwerk S, Dagnelie PC, van den Berg JWO, Wattimena JDL, Hordijk-Luijk CH, Wilson JP. Weight loss and elevated gluconeogenesis from alanine in lung cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):583-589.; Tessem et al., 2008Tessem MB, Swanson MG, Keshari KR, Albers MJ, Joun D, Tabatabai ZL, et al. Evaluation of lactate and alanine as metabolic biomarkers of prostate cancer using 1H HR-MAS spectroscopy of biopsy tissues. Magnetic Resonance Med. 2008;60(3):510-516.), succinate (Yang, Pollard, 2013Yang M, Pollard PJ. Succinate: a new epigenetic hacker. Cancer Cell. 2013;23(6):709-711.), glutamate (Fazzari et al., 2015Fazzari J, Lin H, Murphy C, Ungard R, Singh G. Inhibitors of glutamate release from breast cancer cells; new targets for cancer-induced bone-pain. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8380.; Willard, Koochekpour, 2013Willard SS, Koochekpour S. Glutamate signaling in benign and malignant disorders: current status, future perspectives, and therapeutic implications. Int J Biol Sci. 2013;9(7):728.) are related to the cancer progression. Conversely, lactose (Goodman et al., 2002Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung K-H, McDuffie K, Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, et al. Association of dairy products, lactose, and calcium with the risk of ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(2):148-157.) and fumarate play a pivotal role in the inhibition of cancer progression. However, in kidney, the level of succinate and lactate (Bonuccelli et al., 2010Bonuccelli G, Tsirigos A, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pavlides S, Pestell RG, Chiavarina B, et al. Ketones and lactate "fuel" tumor growth and metastasis: Evidence that epithelial cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(17):3506-3514.)were notably reduced, besides this the level of 3-Hydroxybutyrate (Bonuccelli et al.,2010) was augmented remarkably, which takes part a major role in tumor progression