Evaluation of community pharmacists’ involvement in public health activities in Nigeria

Osemene, Kanayo Patrick; Erhun, Wilson Oyekigho

doi:10.1590/s2175-97902018000317447

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 54 (03) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000317447 copy

Evaluation of community pharmacists’ involvement in public health activities in Nigeria

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The aims of the study were to identify the types, determine the extent of community pharmacists’ involvement, and evaluate the factors influencing their participation in public health activities in Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 130 registered community pharmacies. Pretested questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data. Response rate was 94.9%. The study identified 31 types of public health activities which community pharmacists participated in. Their extent of involvement was highest in patient counseling (4.93 ± 0.25), personal hygiene (4.90 ± 0.37), maintenance of normal blood pressure (4.88 ± 0.32), and techniques for using vagina pessaries (4.85 ± 0.38). Lowest areas of involvement were elimination of smokeless tobacco use (2.27 ± 1.56), use of seat belts when driving (2.03 ± 1.46), and the need to live in a safe neighborhood (1.42 ± 0.53). Inadequate training (96%), lack of pharmacists’ time (94.6%), inadequate personnel (92.3%), lack of patients’ time (88.5%), lack of profit (85.4%), inadequate space in the pharmacy (82.3%) and inadequate patients’ information (69.9%) significantly influenced their participation. The study concluded that community pharmacists would participate more in public health activities if the identified barriers are reduced.

Keywords:
Community pharmacists; Pharmacists; Counseling; Public Health; Nigeria

Demographic Characteristics	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male	112	86.2
Female	18	13.8
Total	130	100
Age (years)
18-34	90	69.2
35-51	27	20.8
52-68	13	10.0
>69	0	0
Total	130	100
Status in Work Place
Pharmacist (Staff)	102	78.5
Pharmacist(Owner)	28	21.5
Total	130	100
Qualification in Pharmacy
B. Pharm	124	95.4
Pharm D	2	1.5
MPharm	4	3.1
Total	130	100
Experience as practitioners (years)
≤ 10	101	77.7
> 10	29	22.3
Total	130	100
Location of Pharmacy
Rural	10	7.7
Suburban	48	36.9
Urban	72	55.4
Total	130	100

No	PERSONAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR ITEMS	Yes	No
1	Take prescription drugs as prescribed	130	Nil
2	Always use condoms if one has multiple sex partners	130	Nil
3	Eliminate cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoking	126	4
4	Eliminate smokeless tobacco use	50	80
5	Always use seat belts when driving or riding in a car	45	85
6	Take over-the-counter drugs as directed	130	Nil
7	Maintain normal blood pressure	130	Nil
8	Balance the food one eats with physical activity to improve weight	130	Nil
9	Be knowledgeable about drug contents and side effects	130	Nil
10	Maintain normal blood cholesterol level	130	Nil
11	If one drinks alcoholic beverages, do in moderation	130	Nil
12	Choose a diet with plenty of grain products vegetables, and fruits	130	Nil
13	Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol	110	20
14	Eat a variety of foods	130	Nil
15	Have an annual physical examination for preventive screenings	92	38
16	Maintain ideal weight	130	Nil
17	Avoid undue stress	130	Nil
18	Choose a diet moderate in salt and sodium	130	Nil
19	Choose a diet moderate in sugars	130	Nil
20	Engage in aerobic activity three or more times a week	130	Nil
21	Live in a safe neighborhood	130	Nil
22	Regularly practice relaxation techniques	130	Nil
23	Engage in strength training of moderate intensity at least twice a week	126	4
24	Educate patients about family planning	130	Nil
25	Educate patients about sexually transmitted disease	130	Nil
26	Personal hygiene	130	Nil
27	Techniques for using vagina pessaries	130	Nil
28	Techniques for using aerosols/inhalers (Asthmatic patients)	130	Nil
29	Environmental sanitation (Fumigation etc)	130	Nil
30	Need for water therapy	130	Nil
31	Use of insecticide treated nets	130	Nil

No	Public Health Activities	Never 1	Rare 2	Sometimes 3	Often 4	Very often 5	Median	Mean	Std Dev.
No	Public Health Activities	Never 1	Rare 2	Sometimes 3	Often 4	Very often 5	Median	Mean	Std Dev.
	CORE PHARMACY ACTIVITIES
1	Take prescription drugs as prescribed	0	0	0	9	121	5.0	4.93	0.25
2	Maintain normal blood pressure	0	0	0	15	115	5.0	4.88	0.32
3	Techniques for using vagina pessaries	0	0	1	18	111	5.0	4.85	0.38
4	Take over-the-counter drugs as directed	0	0	5	21	104	5.0	4.76	0.51
5	Be knowledgeable about drug contents and side effects	0	0	2	30	98	5.0	4.73	0.48
6	Techniques for using aerosols/inhalers (Asthmatic patients)	0	0	33	18	79	5.0	4.35	0.86
	SEXUALITY EDUCATION
7	Educate patients about sexually transmitted disease	0	0	6	23	101	5.0	4.73	0.54
8	Always use condoms if one has multiple sex partners	0	0	9	51	70	5.0	4.47	0.63
9	Educate patients about family planning	0	0	2	87	41	5.0	4.30	0.49
	HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
10	Personal hygiene	0	0	3	7	120	5.0	4.90	0.37
11	Choose a diet with plenty of grain products, vegetables, and fruits	0	0	12	8	110	5.0	4.75	0.61
12	Use of insecticide treated nets	0	0	12	10	108	5.0	4.73	0.62
13	Water therapy	0	0	2	30	98	5.0	4.73	0.48
14	If one drinks alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation	0	0	10	19	101	5.0	4.70	0.61
15	Balance the food one eats with physical activity to maintain or improve weight	0	0	7	34	89	5.0	4.63	0.59
16	Environmental sanitation (Fumigation etc)	0	0	20	9	101	5.0	4.62	0.74
17	Choose a diet moderate in sugars	0	0	12	36	82	5.0	4.54	0.66
18	Maintain normal blood cholesterol level	0	0	9	51	70	5.0	4.47	0.63
19	Eliminate cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoking	0	4	11	39	76	5.0	4.45	0.78
20	Regularly practice relaxation techniques	0	0	1	73	56	5.0	4.42	0.55
21	Engage in aerobic activity three or more times a week	0	0	16	63	51	4.0	4.27	0.67
22	Eat a variety of foods	0	0	15	65	50	4.0	4.27	0.66
23	Choose a diet moderate in salt and sodium	0	0	28	47	55	4.0	4.21	0.77
24	Maintain ideal weight	0	0	47	31	52	4.0	4.04	0.89
25	Avoid undue stress	0	0	61	26	43	4.0	3.86	0.88
26	Engage in strength training of moderate intensity at least twice a week	2	2	43	49	34	4.0	3.85	0.88
27	Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol	2	18	40	15	55	4.0	3.79	1.18
28	Have an annual physical examination for preventive screenings	26	12	78	6	8	3.0	2.68	1.04
29	Eliminate smokeless tobacco use	70	10	15	15	20	1.0	2.27	1.56
30	Always use seat belts when driving or riding in a car	81	4	20	10	15	1.0	2.03	1.46
31	Live in a safe neighborhood	77	51	2	0	0	1.0	1.42	0.53

No.	Variables	No influence 1	Little influence 2	Moderate influence 3	High influence 4	Very high influence 5	Median	Mean
1	Lack of pharmacists’ time	0	1	6	20	103	5.0	4.73
2	Lack of patients’ time	0	5	10	19	96	5.0	4.59
3	Lack of training	0	1	4	46	79	5.0	4.56
4	Lack of space in the pharmacy	1	2	20	43	64	4.0	4.28
5	Lack of Patients’ trust	20	68	11	13	18	2.0	2.55
6	Lack of personnel	1	1	8	19	101	5.0	4.68
7	Gender bias	86	40	2	1	1	1.0	1.39
8	Lack of profit	1	1	17	22	89	5.0	4.51
9	Lack of funds	24	30	40	9	27	3.0	2.88
10	Level of information	1	1	38	23	67	5.0	4.19

S/N	Parameters	Coeff.	SE	Z-Score	P>\|Z\|	[95% Conf. Interval]
1	Lack of pharm. time	-15.59	3.198	-7.99	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	0.20383	0.9814
2	Lack of patients’ time	-13.13	3.184	-10.72	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-2.2867	0.4914
3	Lack of training	-10.68	4.395	-11.72	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-1.4544	0.0951
4	Lack of space	-11.24	3.118	-12.05	0.000^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-0.4721	-0.0179
5	Lack of Patients trust	16.32	3.375	10.85	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-0.4175	1.0559
6	Lack of personnel	-12.03	3.244	-10.12	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-0.4495	0.5068
7	Gender bias	15.33	2.339	0.96	0.450	-0.9904	0.3395
8	Lack of profit	-14.40	5.472	-12.97	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	0.4784	2.3299
9	Lack of funds	-13.42	4.243	-11.74	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-0.8998	0.0523
10	Level of information	12.22	4.444	10.48	0.001^* * Significant level P< 0.001.	-1.08562	0.6554

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: Kanayo Patrick Osemene. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Tel: +234(08) 37161268. osemenekanayo@gmail.com