Article |
Flexion (NSBa or NSAr) |
Anterior length (N-S) |
Posterior length (S-Ba or S-Ar) |
Conclusion |
Dhopatkar et al.1919 Dhoptkar A, Bhatia S, Rock P. An investigation into the relationship between the cranial base angle and malocclusion. Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Oct;72(5):456-63.
(2002) |
NSBa: non-significant / NSAr: more significant for Class II div 1 malocclusion than for Class I malocclusion. No difference was observed in the latter |
N-S: greater for Class II div 1 and 2 than in Class I malocclusion Class I and Class II malocclusions no significant |
S-Ba: greater in Class II div 1 and 2; than in Class I Class I and Class III malocclusions no significant S-Ar was not studied |
The skull base angle itself has no key influence on the development of malocclusions |
Wilhelm et al.1515 Wilhelm BM, Beck FM, Lidral AC, Vig KWL. A comparison of cranial base growth in Class I and Class II skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001 Apr;119(4):401-5.
(2001) |
NSBa: not so obtuse in patients with Class II malocclusion, flexion decreases from 1 month to 2 years and 14 years. NSAr was not studied |
N-S: no difference was found between Class I and Class II malocclusions |
S-Ba: no difference between malocclusions S-Ar was not used |
Growth in skull base is similar to that in Class I and Class II malocclusions |
Mouakeh2121 Mouakeh M. Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001 June;119(6):640-9.
(2001) |
NSBa was not studied; NSAr was smaller in Class III than in normal occlusion |
N-S smaller in Class III than in normal occlusion |
S-Ba was not studied S-Ar smaller in Class III than in normal occlusion |
Flexion, anterior and posterior lengths are significantly smaller in Class III malocclusions |
Alexander et al.2222 Alexander AEZ, McNamara JA, Franchi L, Baccetti T. Semi longitudinal cephalometric study of craniofacial growth in untreated Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009 June;135(6):701-14.
(2009) |
No measurement proposed was used |
N-S increased yearly in all age groups studied, 1 mm in boys and less than 1 mm in girls |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar not studied |
No measurement proposed was used |
Ishii et al.2323 Ishii N, Deguchi T, Hunt N. Craniofacial morphology of Japanese girls with Class II division 1 malocclusion. J Orthod. 2001 Sept;28(3):211-5.
(2001) |
NSBa was not studied NSAr: not significant between age groups for Class II div 1 malocclusion Not evaluated for Class I malocclusion. |
N-S smaller in Japanese young permanent dentition with Class II div I malocclusion than in those with normal occlusion |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar: not significant between age groups for Class I div 1 malocclusion Not evaluated between Class II div 1 malocclusion and Class I malocclusion |
Class II div 1 malocclusion had an increase in facial angle in association with a shortened mandibular ramus, compared to Class I malocclusion |
Polat, Kaya11 Polat OO, Kaya B. Changes in cranial base morphology in difference malocclusions. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2007 Nov;10(4):216-21.
(2007) |
NSBa not significant NSAr not significant |
N-S not significant |
SBa not different S-Ar not significant |
No difference was found in angle and dimensions of the skull base for Class I, II and III malocclusions |
Singh et al.2424 Singh GD, McNamara JA Jr, Lozanoff S. Morphometry of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion. J Dent Res. 1997 Feb;76(2):694-703.
(1997) |
NSBa was more acute in Class III at 8 to 9 yrs old NSAr was not different between Class I and Class III malocclusions at 5-11 yrs old despite tending to be acute |
N-S smaller in Class III than Class I malocclusions at 8 and 9 yrs old |
S-Ba: no difference between age groups S-Ar not studied |
Skull base angle tending to be more acute in Class III malocclusion than in normal occlusion |
Johannsdottir et al.2525 Johannsdottir B, Thordarson A, Magnusson TE. Craniofacial morphology in 6-year-old Icelandic children. Eur J Orthod. 1999 June;21(3):283-90.
(1999) |
NSBa not significant between men and women, being more obtuse in Class II than in Class I malocclusions NSAr not significant between men and women, being more obtuse in Class II than in Class I malocclusions |
N-S was greater in Class II than in Class I malocclusion, dimorphism; SN smaller in women; SN was significant |
S-Ba and S-Ar smaller in women |
Dimorphism was found at the skull base at 6 yrs old in Class II malocclusion |
Rothstein, Yoon-Tarlie1616 Rothstein T, Yoon-Tarlie C. Dental and facial skeletal characteristics and growth of males and females with Class II, division 1 malocclusion between the ages of 10 and 14 (revisited)-Part I: characteristics of size form, and position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000 Mar;117(3):320-32.
(2000) |
NSBa greater in Class II div 1 malocclusion for girls at 10, 12, 14 yrs old (no difference); and boys at 10, 12, 14 yrs old. NSAr not studied |
N-S was significantly greater in Class II div 1 malocclusions for girls at 10, 12, 14 yrs old and for boys at 14 yrs old compared to Caucasians with normal occlusion |
S-Ba: no significant difference found in girls Significant difference was found in boys at 10 and 12 yrs old only S-Ar not studied |
Anterior base is more protrusive in Class II malocclusions, with length being excessive at the skull base, maxillary and frontal sinuses increased (may contribute to Class II malocclusion increase) Skull base flexion does not contribute to the retruded positioning of the mandible |
Ishii et al.2626 Ishii N, Deguchi T, Hunt NP. Morphological diferences in the craniofacial structure between Japanese and Caucasian girls with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Eur J Orthod. 2002 Feb;24(1):61-7.
(2002) |
NSBa not studied NSAr smaller in Japanese than in Caucasian women despite the lack of significant difference |
N-S was significantly smaller in Japanese than in Caucasian women with Class II div 1 malocclusions |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar: no significant difference |
Caucasian women have a more significantly longer anterior skull base |
Kapoor et al.2727 Kapoor S, Kapoor DN, Jaiswal JN. Cephalometric evaluation of Class II malocclusion in transitional dentition. J Indian Soc Pedo Dent. 2001 Dec;19(4):127-33.
(2001) |
NSBa not studied NSAr: no significant gender difference was found despite being smaller in women. More acute for distal malocclusions |
N-S not studied |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar not studied |
NSAr is one of the factors indicating a Class II pattern in association with a distal mandibular positioning and skull base rotation |
Singh et al.2828 Singh GD, McNamara JA Jr, Lozanoff S. Craniofacial heterogeneity of prepubertal Korean and European-American subjects with Class III malocclusions: procrustes, EDMA, and cephalometric analyses. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998 Jan;13(3):227-40.
(1998) |
NSBa and NSAr are more acute in European/American individuals than in Korean ones with Class III malocclusion |
N-S greater in European/American individuals |
S-Ba and S-Ar greater in European/American individuals |
For European/American individuals with Class III malocclusions, the craniofacial morphology is affected by an orthocephalization of the skull base, exacerbated by prominent mandible and symphysis morphology |
Zeng et al.2929 Zeng XL, Forsberg CM, Aronson SL. Craniofacial morphology in Chinese and Swedish children with Angle Class I and Class II occlusal relations. Australian Orthod J. 1998 Oct;15(3):168-76.
(1998) |
NSBa: no significant difference was found between Swedish and Chinese individuals with Class I and Class II malocclusions NSAr not studied. |
N-S greater in Chinese individuals with Class II malocclusions than in Swedish ones, despite being smaller in Chinese individuals with Class I malocclusion, compared to the Swedish ones S-Ar not studied |
S-Ba greater in Chinese individuals with Class II malocclusions than in Swedish ones No significant difference was found in Class I malocclusion regarding both ethnic groups S-Ar not studied |
Anterior and posterior lengths of the skull base were greater in Chinese than in Swedish individuals |
Lau, Hagg3030 Lau JWP, Hagg U. Cephalometric morphology of Chinese with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Br Dental J. 1999 Feb;186(4):188-90.
(1999) |
NSBa not studied NSAr: no significant gender difference in Chinese individuals with Class II div 1; however, this angle was smaller when Class II div 1 malocclusion was compared to normal occlusion |
S-N not studied |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar not studied |
No dimorphism was found between Chinese individuals with Class II div 1 malocclusion Skull base angle is more acute in Chinese individuals with Class II div 1 malocclusion than in those with normal occlusion |
Chang et al.3131 Chang HP, Hsieh SH, Tseng YC, Chou TM. Cranial-base morphology in children with Class III malocclusion. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Apr;21(4):159-65.
(2005) |
NSBa not significant NSAr: more acute in Chinese individuals with Class III malocclusion |
N-S smaller in Class III malocclusion than in normal occlusion |
S-Ba smaller in Class III malocclusion, but with no significant difference S-Ar smaller in Class III malocclusion than in normal occlusion |
The decreased flexion and length in Class III malocclusion may be related to the aetiology of this type of malocclusion |
Yoon, Chung3737 Yoon SS, Chung CH. Comparison of craniofacial growth of untreated Class I and Class II girls from ages 9 to 18 years: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Feb;147(2):190-6.
(2015) |
NSAr ( Saddle angle) not significant |
N-S not significant |
S-Ba not studied S-Ar not studied |
In general, the Class I and Class II groups showed similar skeletal growth |