Orthodontics and Genetics

Genetics has been suggested as an explanation for the etiology of malocclusions, although some questions, due to the perception that genetic inheritance is tied to a monogenic or Mendelian form of inheritance.

Objective:

This paper describes the inheritance of malocclusions, highlighting the areas of knowledge where research has explored mechanisms that explain deviations in patterns of craniofacial growth.

Conclusion:

Malocclusions have a complex or multifactorial pattern of inheritance, where more than one gene is involved in the development of the phenotype. There is also the possibility that the environment influences malocclusions.

Keywords:
Genetics; Myosins; Stature; Malocclusion; Genomics

Authorship

Alexandre R. Vieira

Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh/PA, EUA).University of PittsburghUSAPittsburgh, PA, USADepartment of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh/PA, EUA).

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-6881

Contact address:
Alexandre R. Vieira University of Pittsburgh - 335 Sutherland Dr. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 E-mail: arv11@pitt.edu

Conception or design of the study; Data acquisition, analysis or interpretation; Writing the article; Critical revision of the article; Final approval of the article; Obtained funding; Overall responsibility: ARV.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (3)

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Figure 1
Profile view of Carlos V of Spain and Germany at 17 years of age. His family included 13 lineages of European royalty and 409 documented individuals,³³33 Wolff G, Wienker TF, Sander H. On the genetics of mandibular prognathism: analysis of large European noble families. J Med Genet. 1993;30(2):112-6. with 321 with mandibular prognathism varying from mild to severe. Analyses of this family suggested that mandibular prognathism has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, and cases that did not fit well may be due to consanguinity. In some cases, the prognathism escaped a generation and penetrance was estimated at 0.88.

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Figure 2
Frequency of ACTN3 R577X genotypes in track and field Olympic athletes that are sprinters versus long distance runners.²³23 Yang N, MacArthur DG, Gulbin JP, Hahn AG, Beggs AH, Easteal S, et al. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627-31. The XX genotype is more common in long distance runners. The frequency of X is also more common in Class II individuals and less common in individuals with deep bite.²⁴24 Zebrick B, Teeramongkolgul T, Nicot R, Horton MJ, Raoul G, Ferri J, et al. ACTN3 R577X genotypes associate with Class II and deepbite malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014 Nov;146(5):603-11.

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Figure 3
Asymmetries studied by Chung et al.²⁹29 Chung K, Richards T, Nicot R, Vieira AR, Cruz CV, Rauol G, et al. ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 Nov;152(5):631-45.: A) asymmetry of the body of the mandible, B) asymmetry of the ramus of the mandible, C) atypical asymmetry, and (D) C-shaped asymmetry.

Figure 1 Profile view of Carlos V of Spain and Germany at 17 years of age. His family included 13 lineages of European royalty and 409 documented individuals,³³33 Wolff G, Wienker TF, Sander H. On the genetics of mandibular prognathism: analysis of large European noble families. J Med Genet. 1993;30(2):112-6. with 321 with mandibular prognathism varying from mild to severe. Analyses of this family suggested that mandibular prognathism has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, and cases that did not fit well may be due to consanguinity. In some cases, the prognathism escaped a generation and penetrance was estimated at 0.88.

Figure 2 Frequency of ACTN3 R577X genotypes in track and field Olympic athletes that are sprinters versus long distance runners.²³23 Yang N, MacArthur DG, Gulbin JP, Hahn AG, Beggs AH, Easteal S, et al. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627-31. The XX genotype is more common in long distance runners. The frequency of X is also more common in Class II individuals and less common in individuals with deep bite.²⁴24 Zebrick B, Teeramongkolgul T, Nicot R, Horton MJ, Raoul G, Ferri J, et al. ACTN3 R577X genotypes associate with Class II and deepbite malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014 Nov;146(5):603-11.

Figure 3 Asymmetries studied by Chung et al.²⁹29 Chung K, Richards T, Nicot R, Vieira AR, Cruz CV, Rauol G, et al. ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 Nov;152(5):631-45.: A) asymmetry of the body of the mandible, B) asymmetry of the ramus of the mandible, C) atypical asymmetry, and (D) C-shaped asymmetry.

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[1] Contact address:
Alexandre R. Vieira University of Pittsburgh - 335 Sutherland Dr. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 E-mail: arv11@pitt.edu