Genetic Diversity and Structure of <i>Calophyllum brasiliense</i> Along the Santa Catarina Coast

Silva, Fernando André Loch Santos da; Montagna, Tiago; Lauterjung, Miguel Busarello; Bittencourt, Ricardo; Reis, Maurício Sedrez dos

doi:10.1590/2179-8087.080717

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Original Article, Conservation of Nature • Floresta Ambient. 26 (2) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.080717 copy

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Calophyllum brasiliense Along the Santa Catarina Coast

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Population genetics studies can provide knowledge in support of conservation efforts for plant populations. We studied the genetic diversity and structure in nine populations of Calophyllum brasiliense from Santa Catarina state, Brazil, aiming to establish conservation strategies. Allozymic markers were used to genotype about 50 individuals from each population. Moderate genetic diversity (mean = 0.135) and high fixation indexes (mean = 0.259) were estimated. Genetic divergence was significant, equal to 0.140, and a Bayesian analysis found two different genetic groupings. The results show clear signs of risk of diversity loss, basically related to restrictions of effective size. As conservation efforts, we suggested the use of C. brasiliense in restoration programs and for wood production. We also suggested the protection of its associated fauna and the development of more protected areas. Finally, populations 430, 640, 642 and 913 were indicated as priorities for conservation, based on their genetic indexes.

Keywords:
conservation; effective size; olandi; quaternary coastal plains

Locus	Allele	391	430	523	642	640	811	913	1031	1074	All
6PGDH-1	1	0.971	0.981	0.962	NE	1	0.981	0.419	0.99	0.962	0.934
6PGDH-1	2	0.029	0.019	0.038	NE	0	0.019	0.581	0.01	0.038	0.066
6PGDH-2	1	0.048	0.115	0.009	NE	0.333	0.096	0.984	0.188	0.03	0.185
	2	0.952	0.865	0.991	NE	0.667	0.904	0.016	0.813	0.97	0.812
	3	0	0.019	0	NE	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
DIA-1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
DIA-2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
DIA-3	1	0	0	0	0	0.058	0	0	0	0	0.006
	2	0.865	0.824	0.925	1	0.913	1	1	1	1	0.948
	3	0.135	0.176	0.075	0	0.029	0	0	0	0	0.046
GOT	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
IDH	1	0	0	0.047	0	0	0	0	0	0.019	0.007
IDH	2	1	1	0.953	1	1	1	1	1	0.981	0.993
ME	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
MDH-1	1	0.077	0.147	0.269	0.167	0.102	0.329	0.135	0.208	0.16	0.173
	2	0.038	0.118	0.038	0.069	0.046	0	0.115	0.047	0.06	0.06
	3	0.885	0.735	0.692	0.765	0.852	0.671	0.75	0.745	0.78	0.766
MDH-2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
PGI-2	1	0.788	0.683	0.698	0.88	0.676	0.873	0.935	0.877	0.863	0.805
	2	0.192	0.317	0.302	0.12	0.287	0.127	0.043	0.123	0.137	0.187
	3	0.019	0	0	0	0.037	0	0.022	0	0	0.009
PGM	1	0	0	0.023	0.133	0.113	0.365	0.302	0.031	0.054	0.112
	2	0.442	0.547	0.398	0.337	0.226	0	0.417	0.5	0.489	0.373
	3	0.558	0.453	0.58	0.531	0.66	0.635	0.281	0.469	0.457	0.515
PO-2	1	0.01	0.01	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
	2	0.99	0.95	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0.994
	3	0	0.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.004
SKDH	1	0.721	0.721	0.761	0.806	1	0.814	0.73	0.802	1	0.82
	2	0.279	0.269	0.239	0.153	0	0.186	0.24	0.151	0	0.167
	3	0	0.01	0	0.041	0	0	0.03	0.047	0	0.013

Population	$n$	${\hat{N}}_{e}$	$\hat{P}$	$\hat{k}$	$\hat{A}$	${\hat{A}}_{r}$	${\hat{A}}_{e x}$	${\hat{H}}_{E}$	${\hat{H}}_{O}$	$\hat{f}$
391	52	42	0.57	24	1.71	5	0	0.133	0.102	0.238^* * p < 0.05.
430	52	42	0.57	26	1.86	5	2	0.175	0.136	0.226*
523	52	42	0.57	24	1.71	5	0	0.149	0.112	0.246*
642	51	35	0.43	21	1.58	1	0	0.127	0.072	0.437*
640	54	38	0.36	23	1.64	3	1	0.132	0.080	0.392*
811	51	41	0.43	20	1.43	1	0	0.119	0.091	0.234*
913	48	40	0.43	24	1.71	4	0	0.153	0.123	0.197*
1031	51	43	0.43	23	1.64	4	0	0.130	0.105	0.193*
1074	51	44	0.43	22	1.57	3	0	0.095	0.079	0.168*
Average	51	41	0.47	23	1.65	-	-	0.135	0.100	0.259
All	454	335	0.64	30	2.14	-	-	0.153	0.099	0.354

Study	Pop.	$\hat{A}$	${\hat{H}}_{E}$	${\hat{H}}_{O}$	$\hat{f}$
Hamrick & Godt (1989)Hamrick JL, Godt MJW. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Soltis D, Soltis P, editors. Isozymes in plant biology. Portland: Dioscorides Press; 1989.ϯ	115	1.79↑	0.149↑	NE	NE
Kawaguici & Kageyama (2001)Kawaguici CB, Kageyama PY. Diversidade genética de três grupos de indivíduos (adultos, jovens e plântulas) de Calophyllum brasiliense em uma população de mata de galeria. Scientia Forestalis 2001;(59): 131-143.ϯϯ	1	1.64↓	0.223↑	0.141↑	0.372↑
Botrel et al. (2006)Botrel MCG, Souza AM, Carvalho D, Pinto SIC, Moura MCO, Estopa RA. Caracterização genética de Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. em duas populações de mata ciliar. Revista Árvore 2006; 30(5): 821-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622006000500016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622006... ^ϯϯ	2	1.75↑	0.131↓	0.119↑	0.091↓
	2	1.5↓	0.112↓	0.111↑	0.008↓
Souza et al. (2007)Souza AM, Carvalho D, Vieira FA, Nascimento LH, Lima DC. Estrutura genética espacial de populações naturais de Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. em mata de galeria. Cerne 2007; 13(3): 239-247. ^ϯϯ	2	2.00↑	0.430↑	0.444↑	-0.031↓
	2	2.00↑	0.438↑	0.492↑	-0.125↓
Reis et al. (2009)Reis CAF, Souza AM, Mendonça EG, Gonçalvez FR, Melo RMG, Carvalho D. Diversidade e estrutura genética espacial de Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae) em uma floresta paludosa. Revista Árvore 2009; 33(2): 265-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622009000200008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622009... ^ϯϯ	1	2.00↑	0.419↑	0.488↑	-0.166↓
Present study	9	1.65	0.135	0.100	0.259

Population	$n$	${\hat{N}}_{e}$	n/ ${\hat{N}}_{e}$	${\hat{N}}_{e}$ = 25	${\hat{N}}_{e}$ = 50	${\hat{N}}_{e}$ = 500
391	52	42	1.24	31	62	619
430	52	42	1.23	31	61	613
523	52	42	1.25	31	62	623
642	51	35	1.44	36	72	719
640	54	38	1.39	35	70	696
811	51	41	1.23	31	62	617
913	48	40	1.20	30	60	599
1031	51	43	1.19	30	60	597
1074	51	44	1.17	29	58	584

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[1] Maurício Sedrez dos ReisNúcleo de Pesquisas em Florestas Tropicais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88034-200, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil e-mail: msedrez@gmail.com