Formation of Macroaggregates and Organic Carbon in Cocoa Agroforestry Systems

Suárez, Leonardo Rodríguez; Audor, Leidy Carolina Ule; Salazar, Juan Carlos Suárez

doi:10.1590/2179-8087.031218

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Original Article, Silviculture • Floresta Ambient. 26 (3) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.031218 copy

Formation of Macroaggregates and Organic Carbon in Cocoa Agroforestry Systems

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyze the biological contribution to macroaggregate formation under cocoa agroforestry systems, as well as to evaluate the potential of macroaggregates to store carbon. The variation of the populations of macrofauna and the relationship with the morphology of aggregates was monitored in five agroforestry systems associated with cocoa established from different land uses, taking as reference the forest and pasture. Some cacao agroforestry systems favored the presence of macrofauna functional groups similar to the forest (p < 0.05). According to the principal component analysis, the effect of land use on macroaggregate formation is highly significant (p < 0.001) and explained 55% of the total variance. The macrofauna and macroaggregates showed significant covariation (RV = 0.22, p-value = 0.001). Biogenic macroaggregates contained more carbon when they came from agroforestry systems.

Keywords:
soil macrofauna; functional groups; co-inertia analysis

Soil use	Description
Forest	A natural system without any anthropic intervention.
AFS 1	It was established from the stubble of 15 years. In the cleaning process, trees of the species Guamo (Inga edulis Mart.), Capirona (Capirona decorticans Spruce), Aceituno (Vitex klugii Moldenke) and Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) were preserved, a product of natural regeneration.
AFS 2	It was established from the stubble of 15 years. In the process of cleaning, trees of the species Guamo (Inga edulis Mart.), Laurel (Ocotea longifolia Kunth) and Chingale (Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D.Don.) were preserved, a product of natural regeneration.
AFS 3	It was established on the stubble of 7 years, eliminating all the coverage of the trees.
AFS 4	It was established from the stubble of 7 years. In the process of cleaning, trees of the species Chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) were preserved.
AFS 5	The system was established from a degraded pasture with 8 years of use.
Pasture	The conventional system was composed of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria humidicola grasses.

Variable	Unit	Forest	AFS1	AFS2	AFS3	AFS4	AFS5	Pasture
Clay	%	29.1±1.1^b	39.9±3.6^a	34.3±2.5^b	27.4±1.5^b	39.8±1.0^a	30.5±2.10^b	33.2±1.5^b
Sand	%	55.9±2.9^a	41.1±3.2^b	55.2±2.3^a	55.8±1.8^a	41.3±1.5^b	58.8±3.80^a	41.9±2.1^b
Silt	%	14.9±2.1^b	18.9±2.5^b	10.5±1.6^c	16.9±0.7^b	18.9±1.0^b	10.6±2.50^c	24.9±1.2^a
BD	g/cm3	1.3±0.1^a	1.3±0.1^b	1.2±0.1^c	1.2±0.1^c	1.2±0.1^c	1.3±0.10^c	1.4±0.1^a
PD	g/cm3	2.5±0.1^a	2.4±0.1^b	2.4±0.1^b	2.4±0.1^b	2.4±0.1^b	2.4±0.10^b	2.4±0.1^b
SM	%	31.4±1.4^c	33.5±0.7^c	38.6±1.0^b	30.9±0.9^c	41.5±0.8^a	36.5±1.10^b	25.5±0.6^d
TP	%	45.4±0.7^b	45.5±0.6^b	50.1±1.0^b	49.5±1.1^a	51.0±1.0^a	47.0±0.70^b	43.1±0.9^c
PR	Mpa	1.9±0.1^b	1.7±0.1^c	1.7±0.1^a	1.2±0.1^d	1.6±0.1^c	2.2±0.10^a	1.7±0.1^c
pH		5.1±0.1^a	4.7±0.1^c	4.9±0.1^b	5.0±0.1^b	4.6±0.1^c	5.1±0.1^b	4.8±0.1^b
OC	%	1.3±0.2^a	1.7±0.1^a	1.6±0.1^a	1.5±0.2^a	1.3±0.1^a	1.7±0.1^a	1.1±0.2^b
OM	%	2.6±0.4^a	2.9±0.1^a	2.7±0.3^a	2.6±0.4^a	2.3±0.1^a	2.9±0.1^a	1.8±0.3^b
N	%	0.1±0.1^a	0.2±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^b
EA	meq/100g	1.3±0.1^d	4.8±0.1^b	3.0±0.4^c	4.6±0.4^b	5.8±0.1^a	2.7±0.1^c	6.4±0.1^a
Al	cmol(-)/kg	0.3±0.1^d	2.7±0.1^b	1.8±0.3^c	3.1±0.2^b	3.1±0.1^b	1.4±0.1^c	4.5±0.1^a
CEC	cmol(-)/kg	16.8±2.7^c	22.3±2.1^b	22.8±2.0^b	25.7±2.2^b	31.9±0.8^a	27.2±2.4^b	27.2±1.1^b
P	mg/kg	6.6±0.5^b	7.6±0.8^b	7.0±0.6	7.4±1.9^b	4.6±0.3^c	10.9±0.5^a	9.7±0.2^a
Ca	meq/100g	1.5±0.2	1.1±0.2	1.3±0.5	1.4±0.2	0.9±0.1	1.1±0.1	1.2±0.1
K	meq/100g	0.1±0.1^b	0.2±0.1^b	0.1±0.1^b	0.2±0.1^b	0.3±0.1^a	0.2±0.1^b	0.3±0.1^a
Mg	meq/100g	0.8±0.1^b	0.8±0.1^b	0.5±0.1^c	1.0±0.1^a	0.5±0.1^c	0.7±0.1^b	0.8±0.1^b
Na	meq/100g	0.1±0.1^b	0.6±0.2^a	0.1±0.1^b	0.7±0.1^a	0.1±0.1^b	0.3±0.1^b	0.2±0.1^b

Functional Group	Forest	AFS1	AFS2	AFS3	AFS4	AFS5	Pasture
Geophage/Bioturbator
Hymenoptera	693.3±197^a	157.3±90^b	106.7±53^b	184±106^b	42.7±22^b	93.3±27^b	258.7±104^b
Isoptera	2237.3±514	2701.3±815	3133.3±1020	2149.3±939	2080±1118	1826.7±522	-
Oligochaeta	85.3±17^c	261.3±54^b	157.3±49^bc	170.7±28^bc	90.7±41^c	488±105^a	450.7±71^a
Detritivore/Decomposer
Blattodea	34.7±19^a	2.7±3 ^a	16±10 ^a	-	-	-	8±5 ^a
Coleoptera	98.7±3^a	21.3±8^b	53.3±23^ab	18.7±10^b	18.7±8^b	29.3±11^b	104±27ª
Collembola	56±21^a	5.3±5^b	2.7±3^b	5.3±3^b	5.3±5^b	-	-
Diplura	58.7±24^a	-	-	-	-	-	-
Diplopoda	144±22^a	16±13^c	8±4^c	8±5^c	5.3±5^c	56±18^b	-
Isopoda	93.3±21^ab	53.3±23^bc	138.7±51^a	5.3±3^c	10.7±5^c	40±21^bc	5.30±5c
Symphyla	13.3±10	18.7±10	24±12	5.3±5	2.7±3	16±6	50.70±26
Phytophagous/Plague
Gastropoda	2.7±3^b	2.7±3^b	18.7±10^a	2.7±3^b	-	-	-
Hemiptera	18.7±5^a	2.7±3^b	13.3±8^ab	2.7±3^b	2.7±3^b	-	2.70±3^b
L. Lepidoptera	-	-	-	2.7±3	2.7±3	2.7±3	-
Predator/Parasite
Araneae	165.3±24^a	34.7±16^b	24±4^b	8±5^b	26.7±11^b	13.3±6^b	16.00±6^b
Chilopoda	56±5^a	-	29.3±15^b	5.3±3^c	2.7±3^c	-	-
Mantodea	-	2.7±3	-	-	-	-	-
Nematodo	-	5.3±5	24±13	-	5.3±3	5.3±5	-
Pseudoscorpionida	50.7±16^a	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total density	3808±604	3285±797	3749±1007	2568±933	2296±1121	2570±513	896±95
Richness	12.8±0.5ª	7±0.9^c	9.6±1^b	6±0.4^cd	5.6± 0.6^cd	6.8±0.4^cd	5.1±1^d

Land uses	Bio_Macro		Phys_Macro		Root_Macro		Non_Macro
Forest	16.0±4.0	^bB	18.7±2.9	^bcdB	12.5±2.8	^bB	52.3±5.4	^abA
AFS1	41.7±4.9	^aA	21.4±4.7	^bcdB	2.8±1.1	^cC	34.0±5.5	^cdeA
AFS2	38.8±5.6	^aA	9.9±1.3	^dB	6.6±1.6	^bcBC	44.3±4.2	^bcA
AFS3	43.1±6.9	^aA	22.6±5.1	^bcB	3.6±1.6	^cC	30.5±4.8	^deAB
AFS4	24.3±3.2	^bB	31.0±6.0	^abAB	8.5±2.5	^bcC	36.1±3.8	^cdA
AFS5	20.3±2.9	^bB	14.5±2.8	^cdBC	7.3±1.2	^bcCD	57.8±5.5	^aA
Pasture	12.3±2.1	^bC	40.6±5.7	^aA	25.5±3.4	^aB	21.5±2.1	^eBC
Mean	28.1±2.4	^B	22.7±2.1	^C	9.6±1.4	^D	39.5±2.4	^A

Variable	Unit	Bio_Macro		Root_Macro		Phys_Macro		Non_Macro
Clay	%	-0.095	^ns	-0.08	^ns	0.15	^ns	0.03	^ns
Sand	%	0.175	^ns	-0.13	^ns	-0.45	**	0.29	^ns
Silt	%	-0.168	^ns	0.27	^ns	0.52	**	-0.44	**
BD	g/cm³	-0.313	*	0.37	^*	0.21	^ns	-0.08	^ns
PD	g/cm³	-0.038	^ns	-0.06	^ns	0.02	^ns	0.05	^ns
SM	%	0.114	^ns	-0.43	^**	-0.31	*	0.4	**
TP	%	0.298	^ns	-0.41	**	-0.22	^ns	0.12	^ns
PR	Mpa	-0.462	**	0.28	^ns	-0.26	^ns	0.53	**
pH		-0.224	^ns	0.08	^ns	-0.36	*	0.49	**
OC	%	-0.019	^ns	-0.16	^ns	-0.2	^ns	0.28	^ns
OM	%	-0.019	^ns	-0.16	^ns	-0.19	^ns	0.28	^ns
N	%	0.004	^ns	-0.17	^ns	-0.19	^ns	0.25	^ns
EA	meq/100g	0.091	^ns	0.2	^ns	0.57	**	-0.69	**
Al	cmol(-)/kg	0.09	^ns	0.25	^ns	0.54	**	-0.69	**
CEC	cmol(-)/kg	-0.011	^ns	0.04	^ns	0.41	**	-0.36	**
P	mg/kg	-0.368	*	0.3	^ns	0.12	^ns	0.11	^ns
Ca	meq/100g	-0.04	^ns	0.08	^ns	-0.06	^ns	0.05	^ns
K	meq/100g	-0.249	^ns	0.48	*	0.34	*	-0.31	*
Mg	meq/100g	0.16	^ns	0.06	^ns	-0.07	^ns	-0.13	^ns
Na	meq/100g	0.346	*	-0.3	*	0.07	^ns	-0.24	^ns

Land uses	Bio_Macro		Phys_Macro		Root_Macro		Non_Macro
Forest	2.7±0.1	^cB	2.0±0.1	^abC	2.9±0.2	^bcdAB	3.22±0.1	^abA
AFS1	2.8±0.1	^bcA	1.0±0.1	^dB	2.8±0.2	^cdA	2.57±0.1	^dA
AFS2	2.3±0.1	^dBC	2.1±0.1	^bcC	2.6±0.2	^dAB	2.83±0.1	^cdA
AFS3	3.4±0.1	^aA	2.1±0.1	^abcB	3.3±0.2	^abcA	3.33±0.1	^aA
AFS4	3.3±0.2	^aAB	1.9±0.1	^cdC	3.6±0.1	^aA	3.15±0.2	^abB
AFS5	3.1±0.2	^abA	2.5±0.2	^aB	3.4±0.1	^abA	2.99±0.1	^bcA
Pasture	2.6±0.1	^cB	2.2±0.2	^abC	3.1±0.1	^abcA	2.83±0.1	^cdAB
Mean	2.89±0.06	^B	2.09±0.05	^C	3.1±0.07	^A	2.99±0.05	^AB

Instituto de Florestas da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Tel.: (21) 2682 0558 | (21) 3787-4033 - Seropédica - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: floram@ufrrj.br

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[1] Leonardo Rodríguez SuárezUniversidad de la Amazonia, Calle 17 Diagonal 17 con Carrera 3F, Barrio Porvenir, Florencia, ZIP code 180001-180009, Caquetá, Colombia e-mail: l.rodriguezsuarez@outlook.com