Water quality in four reservoirs of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil

Pires, Denise Amazonas; Tucci, Andrea; Carvalho, Maria do Carmo; Lamparelli, Marta Condé

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X4914

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Articles • Acta Limnol. Bras. 27 (4) • Oct-Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X4914 copy

Water quality in four reservoirs of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil

Qualidade das águas de quatro reservatórios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Aim: This paper describes some limnological variables of four reservoirs with different trophic status (Billings, Guarapiranga, Jundiaí and Paiva Castro) of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to characterize the water quality in these reservoirs.

Methods

Water sampling occurred between October 2011 and September 2012, on subsurface, at the pelagic compartment. Physical and chemical characteristics of water were evaluated, and the Trophic State Index (TSI) was calculated. Multivariate Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to ordinate sampling sites and periods in relation to environmental data.

Results

Two reservoirs were classified as eutrophic (Billings and Guarapiranga), one as mesotrophic (Jundiaí) and one as oligotrophic (Paiva Castro). The highest concentrations of total phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a were recorded in the eutrophic reservoirs. The lowest values of dissolved oxygen concentration were registered at Guarapiranga reservoir. Residence time in Paiva Castro reservoir was very low (one day); on the other hand, the highest value was recorded in Billings reservoir: 428 days.

Keywords:
eutrophication; limnology; nitrogen; phosphorus; reservoir

	Billings	Guarapiranga	Jundiaí	Paiva Castro
Sampling site	Summit Control	Parelheiros river mouth	Middle of the reservoir	Middle of the reservoir
Sampling site coordinates	23°49’S 46°31’W	23°45’S 46°43’W	23°38’S 46°11’W	23°20’S 46°39’W
Construction year	1927	1909	1992	1973
Medium depth (m)	15.0	3.5	6.0	13.0
Drainage area (km²)	560	640	111	314
Volume (m³)	1.2 × 10⁹	1.94 × 10⁸	6.0 × 10⁷	7.0 × 10⁶
Surface area (km²)	127	33	17.5	5.1
Residence Time during studied period (days)	428	105	63	1
Mean volume during studied period (%)	64.88	68.65	60.48	47.55
Mean water supply intake (m³/s)	2	14	15	32
Water Supply System	Guarapiranga	Guarapiranga	Alto Tietê	Cantareira

Variables	Methods
Water Temperature	Multiparameter sonde YSI 6600 V2
Electrical Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxigen
Water Transparency	Secchi Disk
Nitrate (mg NO³–N.L^–1)	Ionic Chromatography (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg NH₃-N.L^–1)	Automatic Spectrophotometry with isocyanuric acid (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg N.L^–1)	Automatic Spectrophotometry with isocyanuric acid (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Total Phosphorus (mg P.L^–1)	Automatic Spectrophotometry with ammonium molybdate and ascorbic acid (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Chlorophyll a (mg.L^–1)	Spectrophotometry with acetone extraction (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Alcalinity (mg CaCO³.L^–1)	Potenciometry with combined eletrodus (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)
Turbidity (UNT)	Turbidimetry (APHA, 2005AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION – APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2005.)

	Billings		Guarapiranga		Jundiaí		Paiva Castro
	Mean Values	Standard Deviation	Mean Values	Standard Deviation	Mean Values	Standard Deviation	Mean Values	Standard Deviation
Water Temperature	22.23	2.79	21.94	3.08	22.56	3.00	23.25	2.91
Electrical Conductivity (µS.cm^–1)	151.83	7.36	167.50	41.72	22.56	3.00	36.17	1.60
pH	8.35	0.68	7.11	0.27	7.21	0.55	7.38	0.49
Dissolved Oxygen (mg.L^–1)	8.53	1.54	4.98	1.49	8.00	0.73	8.16	0.56
Transparency (m)	0.92	0.33	0.85	0.21	1.19	0.36	1.43	0.16
Nitrate (mg.L^–1)	0.23	0.05	0.42	0.16	0.15	0.05	0.17	0.05
Ammoniacal N (mg.L^–1)	0.19	0.10	1.10	0.83	< 0.10	-	0.12	0.04
Total Kjeldahl N (mg.L^–1)	1.05	0.31	1.99	1.11	0.60	0.12	0.62	0.15
Total P (mg.L^–1)	0.32	0.65	0.14	0.11	0.04	0.02	<0.007	-
Chlorophyll a (µg.L^–1)	40.48	15.88	29.31	21.10	20.25	6.18	4.15	1.64
Alcalinity (mg.L^–1)	38.77	4.73	45.92	16.23	10.11	2.41	12.27	2.06
Turbidity (UNT)	11.6	7.3	4.9	3.1	3.1	1.1	3.2	1.3
TSI (annual average)	63.31	-	61.87	-	58.48	-	50.7	-

	Principal Components
Limnological Variable	Axis 1	Axis 2
Conductivity	–0.920	–0.156
pH	–0.042	–0.894
Total Phosphorus	–0.868	0.014
Water Temperature	0.103	–0.473
Transparency	0.719	0.171
Turbidity	–0.194	–0.680
Alcalinity	–0.943	–0.162
Dissolved Oxygen	0.593	–0.620
Nitrate	–0.536	0.433
Amoniacal Nitrogen	–0.862	0.238
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen	–0.912	0.036
Chlorophyll a	–0.726	–0.560
Total	50.49%	19.37%

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