Using palynological evidence from royal jelly to mediate the spread of <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i> in Brazil

Luz, Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da; Guimarães-Cestaro, Lubiane; Serrão, José Eduardo; Message, Dejair; Martins, Marta Fonseca; Alves, Maria Luisa Teles Marques Florêncio; Seijo-Coello, María Carmen; Teixeira, Érica Weinstein

doi:10.1590/2236-8906-45/2018

Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz ⁸8Corresponding author: cyluz@yahoo.com

Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia, Avenida Miguel Stéfano, 3.687, 04301-902 São Paulo, SP, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-155X

Lubiane Guimarães-Cestaro

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Pós-gradução em Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brasil

José Eduardo Serrão

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Geral, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brasil

Dejair Message

Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Departamento de Ciências Animais, 59625-900 Mossoró, RN, Brasil

Marta Fonseca Martins

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

Maria Luisa Teles Marques Florêncio Alves

Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Polo Regional Vale do Paraíba, 12400-970 Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brasil

María Carmen Seijo-Coello

Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal e Ciências do Solo, Ourense, Espanha

Érica Weinstein Teixeira

Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Polo Regional Vale do Paraíba, 12400-970 Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brasil

8Corresponding author: cyluz@yahoo.com

Samples	GR1	GR2	GR3	GR4	GR5	GR8	GR9	GR10
Pollen types/codes
Gymnospermae
Cupressaceae/Cupre	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Larix (Pinaceae)/Larix	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Angiospermae monocotiledons
Allium (Amaryllidaceae)/Alliu	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iridaceae/Irida	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Lilium (Liliaceae)/Lili	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Monocotiledon rugulate/Monrug	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0
Monocotiledon 2/Mon2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Monocotiledon reticulate/Monret	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Monocotiledon rugulate 2/Monrug2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Poaceae/Poa	1.35	0	2.44	1.35	0.75	0	0	0
Zea mays (Poaceae)/Zea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.93	0
Angiospermae eudicotiledons
Sambucus (Adoxaceae)/Sam	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae/Amar	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0.97
Apium (Apiaceae)/Apium	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	0	0
Daucus (Apiaceae)/Dauc	2.70	5.88	2.44	1.35	0.75	0	10.52	0.97
Pleurospermum (Apiaceae)/Pleur	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilex (Aquifoliaceae)/Ilex	2.70	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ambrosia (Asteraceae)/Ambro	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0
Artemisia (Asteraceae)/Arte	0	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0
Asteraceae 1/Aster1	1.35	5.88	0	0	0	5	2.78	0
Asteraceae 2/Aster2	2.70	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Asteraceae 3/Aster3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.93	2.91
Asteraceae 4/Aster4	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0.31	0
Asteraceae 5/Aster5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Cirsium-Carduus (Asteraceae)/Cardu	1.35	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0
Senecio (Asteraceae)/Sene	2.70	0	0	1.35	0	0	0	0
Taraxacum (Asteraceae)/Tarax	1.35	5.88	0	1.35	0.75	5	1.54	0.97
Betula (Betulaceae)/Betu	1.35	0	0	0	0	2.5	1.54	0.97
Brassicaceae/Brassi	1.35	17.64 (S)	7.32	32.43 (S)	1.50	0	1.24	0.97
Myosotis (Boraginaceae)/Myos	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	1.24	0
Caryophylaceae 1/Caryo	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0.31	0
Melandrium (Caryophyllaceae)/Mela	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Cistus (Cistaceae)/Cistus	1.35	0	7.32	0	1.50	0	0.93	0
Helianthemum (Cistaceae)/Helia	0	0	0	1.35	0	2.5	0.31	1.94
Nyssa (Cornaceae)/Nyssa	1.35	0	0	0	4.51	0	1.24	1.94
Euphorbiaceae/Eupho	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0.97
Cassia (Fabaceae)/Cassia	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cytisus (Fabaceae)/Cytis	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae)/Mimpu	0	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0
Robinia (Fabaceae)/Robi	0	0	19.51 (S)	0	0	0	0	0
Fabaceae1/Faba1	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Fabaceae 2/Faba2	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fabaceae 3/Faba3	0	0	7.32	0	0	0	0	0
Fabaceae 4/Faba4	0	0	0	1.35	0	0	0	0
Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae)/Lotus	0	0	2.44	16.21 (S)	0.75	0	0	0
Trifolium (Fabaceae)/Trifo	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	0	0
Trifoliumincarnatum (Fabaceae)/Trifoin	0	0	0	0	0.75	0	1.86	0.97
Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae)/Trifopra	0	0	2.44	6.75	0	0	0	0
Trifolium repens (Fabaceae)/Triforep	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.55	0
Vicia faba (Fabaceae)/Vicia	0	0	0	9.46	0	0	0	0
Castanea (Fagaceae)/Casta	52.70 (P)	29.41 (S)	4.87	4.05	57.14 (P)	45 (P)	41.79 (S)	64.07 (P)
Quercus (Fagaceae)/Quercus	0	0	0	2.70	0	0	4.02	0.97
Hypecoum (Fumariaceae)/Hypec	0	0	0	0	0.75	0	0	0
Gentianaceae/Genti	0	0	7.32	0	0	0	0	0
Lamiaceae/Lami	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Salvia (Lamiaceae)/Salvia	0	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0
Vitex (Lamiaceae)/Vitex	0	0	0	8.11	0	0	0	0
Tilia (Malvaceae)/Tilia	1.35	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Meliaceae1/Meli1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Meliaceae 2/Meli2	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Meliaceae 3/Meli3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Ligustrum (Oleaceae)/Ligus	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.47	0
Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae)/Fago	0	0	0	6.75	0	0	0	0
Rumex (Polygonaceae)/Rumex	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Veronica (Plantaginaceae)/Vero	2.70	0	0	0	0.75	12.5	7.74	3.88
Primulaceae/Prim	0	5.88	0	0	0	0	0	0
Caltha (Ranunculaceae)/Caltha	0	0	0	0	0.75	0	0	0
Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae)/Thali	1.35	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Prunus (Rosaceae)/Prunus	1.35	0	4.87	1.35	1.50	0	0	0
Rubus (Rosaceae)/Rubus	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.78	0
Borreria (Rubiaceae)/Borr	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salix (Salicaceae)/Salix	0	0	0	1.35	4.51	0	0.31	0.97
Acer negundo (Sapindaceae)/Acneg	0	0	4.87	0	1.50	0	1.24	0.97
Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae)/Saxi	0	0	2.44	0	0	0	0	0
Solanaceae/Sola	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Solanum (Solanaceae)/Solu	1.35	0	2.44	1.35	0	0	0	0
Ulmus (Ulmaceae)/Ulmus	1.35	0	2.44	1.35	0	0	0	0
Parthenocissus (Vitaceae)/Parth	4.05	0	2.44	0	18.79 (S)	5	2.47	7.76
Non Identified 1/NI1	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non Identified 5/NI5	1.35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non Identified 7/NI7	0	0	0	0	0.75	0	0.31	0
Non Identified 12/NI12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Non Identified 13/NI13	0	0	0	0	1.50	0	0	0
Non Identified 14/NI14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.97
Non Identified 15/NI15	0	0	0	0	0.75	0	0	0
Non Identified 16/NI16	0	0	0	0	0	2.5	0	0
Non Identified 19/NI19	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Non Identified 20/NI20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0
Non Identified 21/NI21	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.16	0
Non Identified 22/NI22	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Non Identified 23/NI23	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Non Identified 24/NI24	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.31	0
Non Identified 25/NI25	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.94
Non Identified 27/NI27	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.62	0

Pollen types	Life form	English and Portuguese vernacular names (when available)	Geographical origin and economical use of the correspondent plants	Presence on samples	Ocurrence in Brazil
Gymnospermae
Cupressaceae	tree	cypress, cedar, etc/cipreste, cedro, etc	Native in the temperate regions with milder temperatures of both hemispheres. They are valuable for timber, production of gums or resins and with ornamental value.	GR9	Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks.
Larix (Pinaceae)	tree	larches/alerce, larício, lariço or larice	Native conifer of most of the Northern Hemisphere, Eurasia and North America, inhabited the cooler temperate climate, from the lowlands to high mountains. It is one of the dominant plants in the immense boreal forests of Russia, Canada and Scandinavia.	GR3	Exotic. None is native to Brazil.
Angiospermae monocotiledons
Allium (Amaryllidaceae)	herb	onion, garlic, leek, etc/cebola, alho, alho-poró, etc	Are annual or biennial bulbous plants that grow in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. except for a few species growing in Chile, Brazil or in tropical Africa. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes.	GR1	Few native species in Brazil.
Lilium (Liliaceae)	herb	lily/lírio	Native of the northern hemisphere with occurrences in Europe, Asia, North America and South America. More than half of the species are found in China and Japan. Cultivated worldwide for ornamental value.	GR10	Exotic. Lilium formosanum A. Wallace is an exotic naturalized and Lilium longiflorum Thunb. is cultivated in Brazil.
Zea mays (Poaceae)	herb	corn/milho	Native to Central America where it was domesticated for thousands of years.	GR9	Exotic. It is one of the largest plantations in the world, together with wheat and rice, also in Brazil.
Angiospermae eudicotiledons
Sambucus (Adoxaceae)	tree, shub	elder/sabugueiro	Native in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, with highest significance in the Northern Hemisphere. Cultivated worldwide for medicinal purposes.	GR1	Only S. australis Cham. & Schltdl. is native in Brazil. S. nigra L. is an exotic naturalized.
Apium (Apiaceae)	herb	celery/aipo, salsão, etc	Subcosmopolita distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and Australia.	GR2	Two species are exotic naturalized and several species cultivated for food purposes in Brazil.
Daucus (Apiaceae)	herb	carrot, coriander, etc/cenoura, coentro, etc	Daucus carota is native to North America, Asia, Australia and Europe, Coriandrum sativum, is native to Africa, Asia and Europe.	GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10	Exotic. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil.
Ilex (Aquifoliaceae)	tree, shrub, climber	holly, maté/azevinho, erva mate	Distributed in all temperate and subtropical regions of the world.	GR1	Several native species in Brazil.
Ambrosia (Asteraceae)	herb	ragweed/ambrósia	Distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, especially in North America where the origin and genus diversity center are in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.	GR8	Few native species in Brazil.
Artemisia (Asteraceae)	herb, shrub	mugwort, common wormwood/artemisia	They grow in temperate climates in both hemispheres, usually in arid habitats or semi-arid.	GR8	Only Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte is an exotic naturalized in Brazil.
Cirsium/Carduus (Asteraceae)	herb	thistle/cardo	Native to Eurasia and North Africa, with about 60 species in North America.	GR1, GR8	Several species have been introduced worldwide for its ornamental value, also in Brazil.
Senecio (Asteraceae)	herb, shrub	Ragworts, groundsels /tasneira, tasna, erva-de-São-Tiago	Worldwide distribution.	GR1, GR4	Several native species in Brazil.
Taraxacum (Asteraceae)	herb	dandelion/dente-de-leão	Weeds of fields in Eurasia and North America.	GR1, GR2, GR4, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10	Exotic. None is native to Brazil. Cultivated worldwide for its medicinal properties and ornamental value, also in Brazil.
Betula (Betulaceae)	tree, shrub	birch/bétula	Characteristic of temperate climate and has distribution as much in Asia as in Europe and North America.	GR1, GR8, GR9, GR10	Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks.
Brassicaceae	herb, shrub, climber	broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, etc/brócolis, repolho, couve-flor, couve, etc	Native to the northern coast of the Mediterranean and Asia, having expanded later throughout Europe, as well as other continents.	GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10	Few native species and several naturalized species in Brazil. Cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil.
Myosotis (Boraginaceae)	herb	forget-me-nots/não-me-esqueças	Restricted to Eurasia and New Zealand. One or two European species, especially Myosotis sylvatica, were introduced in most temperate regions of Europe, Asia and the Americas. Very popular in gardens.	GR2, GR9	Exotic. None is native to Brazil, but can be found sporadically as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks.
Cistus (Cistaceae)	shrub	rockrose, laudanum/estevas, ládano	Native of the Mediterranean, from the Canary Islands, off the coast of Morocco to the Middle East coast.	GR1, GR3, GR5, GR9	Exotic. Cultivated worldwide as ornamental plant, medicinal properties and to obtaining Labdanum, an aromatic resin used in perfumery and in homeopathy.
Helianthemum (Cistaceae)	herb, shrub	rockrose, /estevas, rosa-da-pedra	Widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean where it is the greatest diversity. They are distributed in America, Europe, and North Africa to Asia Minor and Central Asia.	GR4, GR8, GR9, GR10	Only Helianthemum brasiliense (Lam.) Pers. is native in Brazil. Cultivated worldwide as ornamental plant in gardens.
Nyssa (Cornaceae)	tree	tupelo/tupelo	It occurs spontaneously in North and Central America, from Mexico to Canada. Other species of Nyssa occur naturally in Southeast Asia, from China to the southwest of the Himalayas.	GR1, GR5, GR9, GR10	No species of Nyssa occurs spontaneously in Europe or in Brazil.
Cassia (Fabaceae)	tree	canafistula, golden rain tree, cassia/canafístula, canudo de pito, cássia	Pantropical distribution. The fruits are used in food.	GR1	Several native species in Brazil. The plant has ornamental value and also used in ayurvedic medicine.
Cytisus (Fabaceae)	shrub	booms/chamiça, giesteira	Native in open areas (typically brushwood and heathland) of Europe, western Asia and North Africa.	GR3	Exotic. None is native to Brazil.
Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae)	shrub	sleepy plant, shy plant, sensitive plant, touch-me-not /dormideira, malícia, sensitiva	Tropical origin. It is a native species of Central and South America. Nowadays is invasive, with pantropical distribution, occurring in Africa, North America, Asia and Australia.	GR8	Native.
Robinia (Fabaceae)	tree, shrub	locusts/falsa acácia	Endemic of North America and northern Mexico. Robinia pseudoacacia was introduced in the seventeenth century in Europe for ornamental and medicinal purposes and for soil stabilization, becoming invasive in sunny locations and disturbed areas of Iberian countries, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Cyprus. It has also become invasive in Asia (Israel, Turkey), South Africa, South America (Argentina), Australia and New Zealand. It is a cultivated species in China.	GR3	Only Robiniaferruginea Kunth is native in Brazil.
Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae)	herb	bird’s-foot trefoil/cornichão	Native of temperate grassland in Eurasia and North Africa.	GR3, GR4, GR5	Exotic. Used as a forage legume in southern Brazil.
Trifoliumincarnatum (Fabaceae)	herb	crimson clover, italian clover /trevo-encarnado erva-do-amor, trevo-vermelho	Native to southwestern Europe, but widely used as fodder for cattle in various parts of the world, primarily in North America and Australia.	GR5, GR9, GR10	Exotic. Cultivated for livestock feed in southern Brazil.
Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae)	herb	red clover/trevo vermelho	Native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Widely used as fodder for cattle in various parts of the world.	GR3, GR4	Exotic. Cultivated for livestock feed in southern Brazil.
Trifolium repens (Fabaceae)	herb	white clover/trevo branco	Natural distribution in Europe, North Africa and West Asia. It was introduced in most temperate regions as fodder production plant and as to enhancin natural and semi natural pasture lands, being common nowadays in most of North America and New Zealand.	GR9	In Brazil there is the native T. argentinense Speg. whose pollen is similar.
Vicia faba (Fabaceae)	herb	broad bean, fava bean, bell bean, horse bean /fava, feijão-fava, fava cavalinha	The origin of this vegetable is undetermined, but has been cultivated in the Middle East in the last 8000 years before spreading to Western Europe. Great importance in Europe, particularly in Italy.	GR4	Exotic. In Brazil it is rarely cultivated.
Castanea (Fagaceae)	tree	chestnut/castanheira	Native to temperate Northern Hemisphere region (North America, Asia and Europe), but it is cultivated in many parts of the world.	GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10	Exotic. In Brazil it is rarely cultivated.
Quercus (Fagaceae)	tree	oak/carvalho	Native to Northern Hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species distributed from colder temperate regions to the tropical latitudes of Eurasia and the Americas.	GR4, GR9, GR10	Exotic. In Brazil, the cultivation is restricted to Paraná State, for the “shitake” production.
Hypecoum (Fumariaceae)	herb		Native to the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Africa.	GR5	Exotic.
Salvia (Lamiaceae)	herb, shrub	common sage, mint/sálvia, menta	Distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas, with three distinct regions of diversity: Central and South America, Central Asia and the Mediterranean and East Asia.	GR8	Several native species in Brazil. Some species are used as a condiment, medicinal herb and as ornamental plants worldwide, also in Brazil.
Vitex (Lamiaceae)	tree, shrub	chastetree/árvore da castidade, pau de angola	They are native to the tropics and subtropics, with some species in temperate Eurasia.	GR4	Several native species in Brazil.
Tilia (Malvaceae)	tree	lime trees, linden/tília	Native to Northern Hemisphere, naturally occurring in temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. It is used for ornamental purposes and for infusions and medicine. It is pollinated by insects. Its greatest use is in beekeeping because it provides unifloral honey of excellent quality.	GR1, GR3	Exotic.
Ligustrum (Oleaceae)	tree, shub	privet/ligustro	Native to Europe, North Africa, Asia and Australia. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive. Its pollen produces respiratory allergies.	GR9	Three species are exotic naturalized and cultivated for ornamental purposes in Brazil.
Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae)	herb	buckwheat/trigo sarraceno, trigo-mourisco	Native to Central Asia and Northern Europe.	GR4	Exotic. Cultivated worldwide for human and animal consumption, and as an ornamental plant. Its cultivation is restricted to the southern of Brazil.
Rumex (Polygonaceae)	herb	docks, common sorrel/labaça, cata-cruz, regalo-da-horta	Common in the northern hemisphere where often become weeds.	GR1	Few native species in Brazil. Several species have been introduced almost everywhere to be edible, providing tannin and by its purgative qualities.
Veronica (Plantaginaceae)	herb	speedwell, bird’s eye, gypsyweed/verônica-dos-campos, morrião-da-água, verônica-da-pérsia	Cosmopolitan dispersion, although the largest concentration is in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely used in land cover and medicine as an expectorant.	GR1, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10	Few species are exotic naturalized in southeastern and southern of Brazil.
Caltha (Ranunculaceae)	herb	marsh-marigold, kingcup/calta, malmequer dos brejos	Occurs in moist environments in temperate and cold regions of both northern and southern hemispheres. Used in homeopathic medicines.	GR5	Exotic
Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae)	herb	meadow-rue/ruibarbo-dos-pobres, taliestro	Native to temperate regions.	GR1, GR3	Exotic
Prunus (Rosaceae)	tree, shrub	plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, etc/ameixeiras, cerejeiras, pessegueiros, damasqueiros, etc	By all temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.	GR1, GR3, GR4, GR5	Few native species in Brazil. Many species are cultivated worldwide for food purposes and ornamental value, also in Brazil.
Rubus (Rosaceae)	herb, shrub, climber	raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, etc/ framboesa, amora, mirtilo, etc	Native to the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. Use for consumption and for medicinal properties.	GR9	Few native species in Brazil. Many species are cultivated worldwide for food purposes, also in Brazil.
Borreria (Rubiaceae)	herb, shrub	false buttonweed/vassourinha, vassourinha de botão, etc	In tropical and subtropical regions. His greatest diversity is found in the Americas, followed by Africa, Australia and Asia.	GR1	Several native species in Brazil.
Salix (Salicaceae)	herb, shrub, tree	willows/salgueiro, chorão	Mainly inhabit moist soils of the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The trees are grown in various parts of the world: Australia, were considered invasive weed pests; in China, it has been grown in order to protect agricultural areas, serving as a barrier to the desert winds. Its bark is used in the manufacture of wicker and the production of aspirin.	GR4, GR5, GR9, GR10	Only two native species in Brazil. Salix babylonica L. was introduced as ornamental plant in the southern States of Brazil.
Acer negundo (Sapindaceae)	tree	box elder, boxelder maple, ash-leaved maple, maple ash /bôrdo	North and Central America, occurring naturally from Canada to Guatemala. It was introduced in Europe, China and Australia, becoming invasive. In Australia is listed as a pest.	GR3, GR5, GR9, GR10	Exotic.
Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae)	herb	saxifrages, rockfoils/coroa do rei, manto dourado, saxífraga	They are typical inhabitants of the Arctic-alpine ecosystems and subarctic in glacial habitat, and are almost never found outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia and North Africa). Used worldwide as an ornamental plant and with medicinal purpose.	GR3	Exotic.
Solanum (Solanaceae)	herb, shrub	potato, aubergine, pepper, tomato/batata, berinjela, pimenta, tomate	Cultivated in various parts of the world.	GR1, GR3, GR4	Several native species in Brazil. Several species are cultivated worldwide to food purposes, also in Brazil.
Ulmus (Ulmaceae)	tree	elms/olmo	Constitute natural forests in temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, but with tropical distribution in Indonesia. It is cropped for various purposes: its wood is used in carpentry and furniture in the shipbuilding industry; in Australasia is used with ornamental purposes, both in parks and in bonsai; its foliage are widely used in animal feed in Asia; as a source of biomass in Europe and for medicinal purposes.	GR1, GR3, GR4	Exotic.
Parthenocissus (Vitaceae)	climber	virginia creeper, five-finger, thicket creeper, grape ivy/hera	Native to the Himalayas, East Asia and North America. Often used as ornamental plants in Europe and elsewhere, including in the tropics.	GR1, GR3, GR5, GR8, GR9, GR10	Exotic. Few species are cultivated worldwide to ornamental purposes, also in Brazil.

Variables/samples	(Principal components)
	Axis 1	Axis 2
GR1	-0.2926	-0.2179
GR2	-0.1359	-0.0942
GR3	-0.0685	-0.3167
GR4	-0.1162	-0.6241
GR5	-0.4369	-0.3575
GR8	-0.2479	-0.0338
GR9	-0.6814	0.5587
GR10	-0.4013	-0.1131

[1] 8Corresponding author: cyluz@yahoo.com

Brasil

Brasil

Using palynological evidence from royal jelly to mediate the spread of Paenibacillus larvae in Brazil

Usando evidências palinológicas em geléia real para intervir na disseminação de Paenibacillus larvae no Brasil

ABSTRACT