Gaugler et al.28
|
Ascertained whether resilience influences transitions from dementia caregiving, such as institutionalization, care recipient death, or loss to follow-up. |
n = 1,979 AD or similar disorder. |
Longitudinal, 3 years, randomized |
Demographic questionnaire, ZBI, ADL e IADL. |
High baseline resilience (low burden, high care demands) was associated with less frequent institutionalization and loss to follow-up, as well as with more frequent care recipient mortality. |
Wilks & Croom18
|
Examined whether social support functioned as a protective factor and improved resilience among AD caregivers. |
n = 229 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, PSS, PSSS and RS. |
Stress negatively influenced and accounted for most variations in resilience. Social support positively influenced resilience, and caregivers with high family support had the highest probability of greater resilience. |
Clay et al.29
|
Compared resilience between African Americans and whites. |
n = 166 AD |
Longitudinal, 5 years |
Demographic questionnaire, CES-D, SSQSR and SES. |
The resilience of African American caregivers, as demonstrated by their fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction, was partially explained by their higher levels of satisfaction with social support. |
O’Rourke et al.4
|
Assessed whether psychological resilience predicts the relative absence of depressive symptoms one year later. |
n = 105 AD |
Longitudinal, 1 year |
Demographic questionnaire, DRS, CES-D and FRS. |
Baseline resilience (control and challenge) and change in challenge over time contributed significantly to prediction of depressive symptoms one year later. |
Fitzpatrick et al.13
|
Explored the association between resilience and marital satisfaction in caregivers of spouses with dementia. |
n = 30 90% AD 10% other types of dementia |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, GDS, MSQFOP, RS, SE and SCB. |
Spouses perceived greater caregiver burden and reported less marital satisfaction. An inverse association was found with age: older caregivers reported more marital satisfaction. Resiliency, sex, and stage of cognitive impairment were not associated with marital satisfaction. |
Lavretsky et al.7
|
Examined the potential of an antidepressant drug, escitalopram. |
n = 40 AD |
Randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded |
HRSD, CD-RISC, RMBPC, SERS, HARS, MMSE, CRFPC, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and ZBI. |
Depression was less severe and remission rate was greater with drug than with placebo. Measures of anxiety, resilience, burden and distress improved when escitalopram was used. |
Wilks et al.12
|
Assessed impact of aggression of patient with Alzheimer on caregiver coping strategies and caregiver resilience. |
n = 419 AD |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, RMBPC; CITS and RS. |
Task-focused coping was positively associated with resilience, and aggression negatively predicted caregiver resilience. |
Garces et al.14
|
Factors associated with resilience of caregivers of elderly people with AD. |
n = 6 AD |
Observational descriptive case study |
Demographic questionnaire, SRQ, ZBI and RS. |
Although some reported fatigue and overload, most had a high tendency to resilience. There was a significant association between resilience and age. |
Gaiole et al.3
|
Described demographic and health variables of caregivers of elderly people with AD and associated care provided with resilience. |
n = 101 AD |
Exploratory and descriptive study |
Demographic questionnaire, BDI and RS. |
Degree of kinship, medical treatment, use of medication, tiredness, prostration, discouragement and caregivers’ mental health had significant associations with resilience. |
Contador et al.6
|
Investigated the predictors of burden for caregivers of people with dementia. Assessed the moderating role of generalized expectancies of control (GEC) between caregiver stress and burden. |
n = 130 53 – AD 37 – VD 40 – MD |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, BEEGC, ZBI, GADS. |
Family caregivers with high expectancies of self-efficacy and contingency were less vulnerable to stress. |
Fernández-Lansac et al.2
|
Analyzed factors associated with resilience among caregivers of patients with dementia. |
n = 53 40 – AD 9 – VD 4 – MD |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, GDS, IADL, RMBPC, ZBI, CSS, SSQSR, NEO-FFI (NyE scales), SE, RSES, Questionnaire COPE, BDI, HAD-A and CD-RISCK. |
Resilience was associated with poor emotional and physical status. High resilience scores were significantly correlated to burden, neuroticism and extraversion, self-efficacy, self-esteem and less use of emotion-focused coping strategies. |
Bekhet1
|
Examined mediating and moderating effects of positive cognitions on association between caregiver burden and resourcefulness. |
n = 80 AD |
Descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, ZBI DCS and Resourcefulness Scale. |
Positive cognitions mediated but did not moderate effects on association between caregiver burden and resourcefulness. |
Sun10
|
Investigated caregiving stressors and coping strategies. |
n = 18 15 – AD 3 – VD |
Descriptive and cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire and qualitative interview. |
Stressors were role strains, family conflicts and pressure from social environment. Yet, caregivers demonstrated resilience by drawing on their coping resources from several sources, such as personal experience, family, technology and information, religion and governmental support. |
Bull5
|
Described strategies that family caregivers use to help them continue to provide care, and described these family caregivers’ resilience and psychological distress. |
n = 18 Does not specify type of dementia. |
Descriptive and cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire, RS, SDQ. |
Caregivers used four strategies to sustain self: drawing on past life experiences, nourishing self, relying on spirituality and seeking information about dementia |
Shuter et al.24
|
Explored key positive and negative factors that have an impact on grief resolution and health outcomes of caregivers. |
n = 13 Does not specify type of dementia. |
Descriptive and cross-sectional |
Demographic questionnaire and qualitative interview. |
Psychological resilience and satisfaction with caregiving were protective against negative outcomes, whereas unresolved grief was a risk factor. |