| Atassi et al.44. Atassi N, Cook A, Pineda C, Yerramilli-Rao P, Pulley D, Cudkowicz M. Depression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12:109-12.
|
Cross-sectional study. 127 people with ALS. ADI-12. |
The mean ADI-12 score was 20.3±5.7; 45 (35%) patients had depression and 82 (65%) did not; 29% had mild depression and 6% severe depression; men were more likely to have depression than women (p = 0.01). |
| Chen et al.55. Chen D, Guo X, Zheng Z, Wei Q, Song W, Cao B, et al. Depression and anxiety in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: correlations between the distress of patients and caregivers. Muscle Nerve. 2015;51:353-7.
|
Cross-sectional study. 93 people with ALS and 93 caregivers. DSM-IV, Hamilton Rating Scale for depression and anxiety. |
Fifty-three patients diagnosed with depression (mild = 33; major = 20); 23 caregivers with depression (mild = 18; major = 5). Depression and anxiety in patients and caregivers were closely associated with each other; depression and anxiety disorders are more common in Chinese patients with ALS (57 and 67% respectively) than in their caregivers (24 and 36% respectively). |
| Chio et al.66. Chio A, Vignola A, Mastro E, Giudici AD, Iazzolino B, Calvo A, et al. Neurobehavioral symptoms in ALS are negatively related to caregivers' burden and quality of life. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1298-303.
|
Cross-sectional study. 70 pairs of ALS patients and their caregivers. ZDS. |
ZDS = 42.1±9.6; nine (12.9%) patients had mild depression and six (8.6%) had moderate depression; ZDS average = 39.1±7.6; eight (11.4%) caregivers had mild depression. |
| Cuddy et al.77. Cuddy M, Papps BJ, Thambisetty M, Leigh PN, Goldstein LH. Processing and memory for emotional and neutral material in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2012;13:592-8.
|
Cross-sectional study. 19 patients with ALS and 19 healthy controls. HADSd, ELQ. |
There was no significant difference in ELQ scores (z score = -0.5, p = 0.62). People with ALS had higher HADSd scores than controls, but this difference was not significant and mean scores for both groups were in the normal range; there was no association between HADSd scores and emotional processing in either group. |
| Ferentinos et al.88. Ferentinos P, Paparrigopoulos T, Rentzos M, Zouvelou V, Alexakis T, Evdokimidis I. Prevalence of major depression in ALS: comparison of a semi-structured interview and four self-report measures. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12:297-302.
|
Cross-sectional study. 37 patients with ALS. SCID-IV, HADS, ADI-12, CES-D, BDI. |
Fourteen (37.8%) patients had major depressive disorder according to the SCID-IV. All four depression severity scores were highly correlated with each other (r > 0.6), except for the ADI-BDI correlation (0.423). Major depressive episodes: eight (21.6%) SCID-IV; six (16.7%) with HADSd ≥ 11. 6 (16.2%) with ADI ≥ 29; nine (25%) with CES-D ≥ 24; nine (24.3%) with a BDI-I score ≥ 17. |
| Huey et al.99. Huey ED, Koppel J, Armstrong N, Grafman J, Floeter MK. A pilot study of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in PLS and ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010;11:293-7.
|
Cross-sectional study. 13 patients with ALS and 19 with PLS. SCID. |
Depressive disorders were the most commonly observed psychiatric disorders in ALS; prevalence = 46%. |
| Jelsone-Swain et al.1010. Jelsone-Swain L, Persad C, Votruba KL, Weisenbach SL, Johnson T, Gruis KL, et al. The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Disease State, and Cognition in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Psychol. 2012;3:542.
|
Cross-sectional study. 22 patients with ALS and 17 healthy people. GDS, BDI. |
Mean GDS scores were higher in patients with ALS 2.32±1.97 than in healthy controls 1.07±1.16, but the scores did not reach the threshold for depression. |
| Jakobsson Larsson et al.1111. Jakobsson Larsson B, Nordin K, Askmark H, Nygren I. Coping strategies among patients with newly diagnosed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Nurs. 2014;23:3148-55.
|
Prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study. 33 patients with ALS. HADS. |
Fifteen patients scored 8 or more on HADSa at time point 1 and five at time point 2. Four patients scored 8 or more on HADSd at time point 1 and six at time point 2. There were no changes in mean anxiety and depression scores from time point 1 to time point 2. |
| Lillo et al.1212. Lillo P, Mioshi E, Zoing MC, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. How common are behavioural changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12:45-51.
|
Cross-sectional study. 92 patients and 81 caregivers. DASS. |
More than 70% of the ALS patients did not reach the threshold for depression, but 21% had moderate to very severe depression; 18.5% of patients had moderate to severe anxiety. |
| Lulé et al.1313. Lulé D, Pauli S, Altintas E, Singer U, Merk T, Uttner I, et al. Emotional adjustment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Neurol. 2012;259:334-41.
|
Cross-sectional study. 30 patients with ALS; 29 people with cancer; 29 healthy controls. BDI. |
There was a significant difference between groups for depression: ALS group = 12.90±4.92; cancer patients = 12.10±8.39; controls = 6.24±4.02; F = 10.51, df = 87, p < 0.01. There was also a significant difference between ALS and controls (df = 57, p < 0.01). Both groups of patients had mild to moderate depression. |
| Lulé et al.1414. Lulé D, Ehlich B, Lang D, Sorg S, Heimrath J, Küber A, et al. Quality of life in fatal disease: the flawed judgement of the social environment. J Neurol. 2013;260:2836-43.
|
Cross-sectional study. 89 ALS patients, 188 healthy people and 86 primary caregivers. ADI-12. |
Mean depression scores were significantly different between groups (ANOVA df = 439, F = 72.71, p < 0.001). Patients' depression increased slightly with speed of disease progression (Pearson correlation r = 0.28, p = 0.02). |
| Marconi et al.1515. Marconi A, Meloni G, Fossati F, Lunetta C, Bastianello S, Melazzini M, et al. Aggressiveness, sexuality, and obsessiveness in late stages of ALS patients and their effects on caregivers. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2012;13:452-8.
|
Cross-sectional study. 10 ALS patients and 10 caregivers. DSM-IV, SCID II, HADS. |
There was a high level of anxiety in patients (11.2±2.1) and caregivers (11.7±2.0). Patients' scores indicated borderline depression (10.4±2.5) and caregivers' scores were equivalent to significant depression (11.1±1.5). |
| Montel et al.1616. Montel S, Albertini L, Desnuelle C, Spitz E. Evolution of quality of life, mental health, and coping strategies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study. J Palliat Med. 2012;15:1181-4.
|
Cohort study. 30 people with ALS. DSM-IV-TR. |
Only 27% of the sample suffered from psychological distress at T1; there was no significant correlation between disease severity and psychological suffering. |
| Oh et al.33. Oh H, Sin MK, Schepp KG, Choi-Kwon S. Depressive symptoms and functional impairment among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in South Korea. Rehabil Nurs. 2012;37:136-44.
|
Cross-sectional study. 62 ALS patients. BDI. |
Mean BDI score: 24.5±12.88; 54.8% had depressive symptoms. |
| Olsson et al.1717. Olsson AG, Markhede I, Strang S, Persson LI. Differences in quality of life modalities give rise to needs of individual support in patients with ALS and their next of kin. Palliat Support Care. 2010;8:75-82.
|
Cross-sectional study. 35 patients with ALS and 35 relatives. HADS. |
There was no change over time in the HADS, but the average anxiety was slightly increased in the first two visits; for depression, the scale was normal for the caregivers who were partners. |
| Olsson Ozanne et al.1818. Olsson Ozanne AG, Strang S, Persson LI. Quality of life, anxiety and depression in ALS patients and their next of kin. J Clin Nurs. 2010;20:283-91.
|
Descriptive study. 35 ALS patients paired with family members. HADS. |
There were no differences in HADS scores between patients and their families; patients and relatives had poorer ratings on HADS than the general population. |
| Pizzimenti et al.22. Pizzimenti A, Aragona M, Onesti E, Inghilleri M. Depression, pain and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:115-9.
|
Cross-sectional study. 36 patients. SDS. |
SDS score: 50 or above, depression (one patient); average of the SDS scores: 35.6±8.1. Sixteen patients self-reported severe depressive symptoms, but remained in the not-depressed range. |
| Taylor et al.1919. Taylor L, Wicks P, Leigh PN, Goldstein LH. Prevalence of depression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1047-53.
|
Cross-sectional study. 51 ALS patients and 39 with PLS or progressive muscular atrophy. BDI-II, MDI, HADS. |
Scores for the ALS group were as follows: 15:59 (7.84) on the BDI-II; 13:07 (7.62) on the MDI; and 6.61 (3.96) on the HADSd. There were no differences between ALS and non-ALS groups in scores for MDI (F1,77 = 0.511, P = 0.477), HADSd (F1,77 = 1.369, P = 0.246) or BDI-II (F1,77 = 00:14, P = 0.95). The χ22. Pizzimenti A, Aragona M, Onesti E, Inghilleri M. Depression, pain and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:115-9. test revealed no relationships between groups and depression ratings for any of the instruments. |
