Positive self-perception of diet: a population-based study in the far south of Brazil

Machado, Karla Pereira; Vaz, Juliana dos Santos; Mendoza-Sassi, Raúl Andrés

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Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 28 (3) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742019000300005 copy

Positive self-perception of diet: a population-based study in the far south of Brazil^* * Article derived from the Master’s Degree thesis entitled ‘Self-perception of healthy eating, associated factors and comparison with eating habits among individuals aged 18 or over in an urban area in the far south of Brazil’, defended by Karla Pereira Machado at the Federal University of Rio Grande Public Health Postgraduate, in 2017.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

to analyze prevalence of positive self-perception of diet and association with sociodemographic and behavioral factors, morbidity, self-perception of health and weight, and body weight care, in the city of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, in 2016.

Methods:

this was a cross-sectional study conducted with adults and elderly people resident in the city of Rio Grande using 13 indicators of healthy eating and positive self-perception of diet (outcome); Poisson regression was used.

Results:

the sample consisted of 1,243 individuals, 72.4% of whom reported positive self-perception of diet; indicators such as weekly consumption of greens or vegetables (PR=133 - 95%CI 1.22;1.45) and fruit (PR=1.35 - 95%CI 1.22;1.48) were positively associated with the outcome; no significant difference was found between sexes.

Conclusion:

positive self-perception of diet is associated with healthy eating indicators among adults and the elderly and can be useful in epidemiological surveys.

Keywords:
Food Consumption; Self Report; Health Surveys; Cross-Sectional Studies

Variables	Overall sample
Variables	N	%
Sex
Male	542	43.6
Female	701	56.4
Age (in years)
20-29	226	18.2
30-39	225	18.1
40-49	240	19.3
50-59	237	19.1
≥60	315	25.3
Race/skin color (n=1,241)
White	1,301	83.1
Black/brown/yellow/indigenous	210	16.9
Marital status
Married	476	38.3
Single	545	43.8
Divorced/separated/widowed	222	17.9
Schooling (in years of study) (n=1,241)
0-4	190	15.3
5-8	343	27.6
9-11	367	29.6
≥12	341	27.5
Income in quartiles (n=1,123)
1^st quartile (poorest)	284	25.3
2^nd quartile	306	27.2
3^rd quartile	255	22.7
4^th quartile (wealthiest)	278	24.8
Tobacco smoking
No	1,003	81.5
Yes	230	18.5
Alcoholic beverage consumption (n=1,242)
No	896	72.1
Yes	346	27.9
Physical activity in leisure time^a (n=1,233)
Insufficiently active	956	77.5
Sufficiently active	277	22.5
Body mass index (BMI) (n=1,189)
Underweight	14	1.2
Normal weight	431	36.2
Overweight	458	38.5
Obese	286	24.1
Diabetes (self-reported) (n=1,239)
No	1,149	92.7
Yes	90	7.3
Hypertension (self-reported) (n=1,242)
No	879	70.8
Yes	363	29.2
Depression^b (n=1,238)
No	893	72.1
Yes	345	27.9
Self-perception of healthy eating habits (n=1,240)
Negative	342	27.6
Positive	898	72.4
Food insecurity^c (n=1,224)
Food security	802	65.5
Mild food insecurity	330	27.0
Moderate/severe food insecurity	92	7.5
Self-perception of health
Excellent/very good	263	21.2
Good	560	45.0
Regular/poor	420	33.8
Self-perception of body weight (n=1,242)
Normal	123	9.9
Very thin/thin/slightly thin	563	45.3
Very fat/fat/slightly fat	556	44.8
Body weight care
No	973	78.3
Yes	270	21.7
Total	1,243	100.0

Variables	Prevalence of positive self-perception of diet (n=898) N (%)	Crude Analysis		Adjusted Analysis
Variables		PR^a (95%CI^b)	p^c	PR^a (95%CI^b)	p^c
1^st level					p^c
Sex			0.297		0.071
Male	400 (73.9)	1.00		1.00
Female	498 (71.2)	0.97 (0.90;1.03)		0.94 (0.88;1.00)
Age (in years)			<0.001		<0.001
20-29	142 (62.8)	1.00		1.00
30-39	140 (62.2)	0.98 (0.84;1.14)		0.93 (0.80;1.08)
40-49	163 (67.9)	1.08 (0.93;1.25)		1.06 (0.92;1.22)
50-59	190 (80.2)	1.26 (1.12;1.44)		1.23 (1.09;1.39)
≥60	263 (84.3)	1.33 (1.17;1.51)		1.28 (1.13;1.44)
Race/skin color (n=896)			0.594		0.249
White	739 (71.9)	1.00		1.00
Black/brown/yellow/indigenous	157 (74.8)	1.03 (0.93;1.14)		1.05 (0.95;1.16)
Marital status			0.028		0.641
Married	360 (75.8)	1.00		1.00
Single	367 (67.6)	0.90 (0.82;0.98)		0.99 (0.89;1.09)
Divorced/separated/widowed	171 (77.0)	1.01 (0.93;1.11)		0.96 (0.87;1.05)
Schooling (in years of study) (n=897)			0.081^d		0.395^d
0-4	144 (76.6)	1.00		1.00
5-8	257 (74.9)	0.98 (0.88;1.10)		0.99 (0.88; 1.11)
9-11	260 (71.0)	0.93 (0.82;1.06)		0.96 (0.83;1.11)
≥12	236 (69.2)	0.92 (0.81;1.03)		0.95 (0.82;1.11)
Income in quartiles (median; P25/P75 in BRL )^e (n=810)			0.002^d		0.017^d
1^st quartile - poorest (BRL 293.3 to BRL 520.0)	183 (64.4)	1.00		1.00
2^nd quartile (BRL 750.0 to BRL 905.5)	219 (72.3)	1.13 (1.01;1.25)		1.09 (0.98;1.22)
3^rd quartile (BRL 1,166.7 to BRL 1,500.0)	187 (73.3)	1.14 (1.01;1.28)		1.07 (0.95;1.20)
4^th quartile - wealthiest (BRL 2,200.0 to BRL 4,400.0)	221 (79.5)	1.24 (1.10;1.40)		1.17 (1.04;1.32)
2^nd level
Current tobacco smoking			0.205		0.398
No	740 (73.2)	1.00		1.00
Yes	158 (69.0)	0.94 (0.86;1.04)		0.95 (0.84;1.07)
Alcoholic beverage consumption (n=897)			0.564		0.927
No	643 (71.0)	1.00		1.00
Yes	254 (73.6)	1.03 (0.95;1.11)		1.00 (0.91;1.09)
Physical activity in leisure time^f (n=893)			<0.001		<0.001
Insufficiently active	667 (69.8)	1.00		1.00
Sufficiently active	226 (81.6)	0.86 (0.80;0.92)		1.17 (1.08;1.26)
Body mass index (BMI) (n=854)			0.009^d		0.015^d
Underweight	11 (78.6)	1.00		1.00
Normal weight	325 (75.6)	0.96 (0.74;1.25)		0.90 (0.69;1.17)
Overweight	329 (71.8)	0.91 (0.71;1.17)		0.86 (0.67;1.10)
Obese	189 (66.1)	0.85 (0.65;1.09)		0.80 (0.62;1.05)
3^rd level
Diabetes (self-reported) (n=895)	0.972		0.761		0.071
No	829 (72.3)	1.00		1.00
Yes	66 (73.3)	1.00 (0.88;1.14)		0.98 (0.84;1.14)
Hypertension (self-reported)	0.791		0.094		<0.001
No	637 (72.6)	1.00		1.00
Yes	261 (72.1)	0.99 (0.92;1.07)		0.93 (0.85;1.01)
Depression^g (n=896)	<0.001		<0.001		0.249
No	697 (78.1)	1.00		1.00
Yes	199 (57.7)	0.74 (0.68;0.81)		0.78 (0.81;0.95)
Food insecurity^h (n=884)	<0.001		0.006		0.641
Food security	604 (75.5)	1.00		1.00
Mild food insecurity	214 (64.9)	0.86 (0.80;092)		0.88 (0.81;0.95)
Moderate/severe food insecurity	66 (71.7)	0.95 (0.81;1.12)		1.01 (0.85;1.22)
4^th level
Self-perception of health	<0.001 d		0.001^d		0.398
Excellent/very good	210 (79.9)	1.00		1.00
Good	439 (78.4)	0.98 (0.91;1.06)		0.98 (0.89;1.07)
Regular/poor	249 (59.7)	0.74 (0.66;0.83)		0.75 (0.66;0.86)
Body weight care	<0.001		0.030		0.927
No	682 (70.3)	1.00		1.00
Yes	216 (80.0)	1.15 (1.07;1.23)		1.10 (1.01;1.21)
Self-perception of body weight (n=897)	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Normal weight	89 (73.0)	1.00		1.00
Thin (very thin/slightly thin/thin)	452 (80.4)	1.09 (0.97;1.23)		0.99 (0.88;1.14)
Fat (very fat/slightly fat/fat)	356 (64.1)	0.88 (0.77;1.00)		0.80 (0.69;0.95)

Variables	Positive self-perception of diet
Variables	PR^a	95%CI^b
Having breakfast
No	1.00	-
Yes	1.46	1.22;1.75
Having lunch
No	1.00	-
Yes	1.77	1.00;3.13
Having an afternoon snack or coffee
No	1.00	-
Yes	1.16	1.05;1.30
Having dinner
No	1.00	-
Yes	0.95	0.84;1.07
Having a snack or coffee before going to bed at night
No	1.00	-
Yes	1.19	1.11;1.27
Leguminous plant consumption^c
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.18	1.04;1.32
Greenery or vegetable consumption^c
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.33	1.22; 1.45
Fruit consumption^c
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.35	1.22;1.48
Fish consumption c (n=1,177)^e
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.15	1.04;1.26
Soda and artificial fruit juice consumption^d
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.15	1.06;1.24
Sweetened food consumption d (n=1,239)^e
Inadequate	1.00	-
Adequate	1.01	0.93;1.09
Adding more salt ^d
No	1.00	-
Yes	0.90	0.76;1.03
Habit of eating visible fat on red meat and/or eating chicken skin
No	1.00	-
Yes	0.85	0.77;0.93

Variables	Occurrence of positive self-perception of diet
Variables	Female (n=498) n (%)	Male (n=400) n (%)	p-value^a
Having breakfast	452 (73.6)	354 (78.7)	0.075
Having lunch	493 (71.8)	398 (74.3)	0.402
Having an afternoon snack or coffee	416 (72.5)	297 (77.8)	0.068
Having dinner	458 (70.7)	366 (73.9)	0.287
Having a snack or coffee before going to bed at night	145 (82.4)	131 (0.4)	0.443
Adequate consumption of leguminous plants^b	387 (73.6)	332 (76.5)	0.319
Adequate consumption of greenery or vegetables^b	360 (79.7)	248 (79.7)	1.000
Adequate consumption of fruit^b	358 (79.6)	254 (81.2)	0.549
Adequate consumption of fish^b	33 (82.5)	37 (82.2)	0.906
Adequate consumption of soda and artificial fruit juice^c	231 (66.0)	225 (69.7)	0.238
Adequate consumption of sweet foodstuffs^c	249 (71.5)	189 (73.4)	0.527
Does not add more salt to food	454 (71.2)	362 (75.7)	0.130
Does not eat eating visible fat on red meat and/or chicken skin	182 (63.4)	206 (68.2)	0.133

Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente - Ministério da Saúde do Brasil SRTVN Quadra 701, Via W5 Norte, Lote D, Edifício P0700, CEP: 70719-040, +55 61 3315-3464, Fax: +55 61 3315-3464 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: ress.svs@gmail.com

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[1] Correspondence:
Karla Pereira Machado - Rua General Osório, S/N, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Postcode: 96200-400. E-mail: karlamachadok@gmail.com