Genetic divergence between passion fruit hybrids and reciprocals based on seedling emergence and vigor

Characteristics related to seed quality have been rarely used in studies on the genetic diversity of passion fruit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity between progenies constituted by hybrids and reciprocals, based on seed emergence and vigor traits. On the 28th day, emergence percentage, emergence speed index, shoot length, root length and total length of seedling; dry weight, number of normal seedlings and 100-seed weight were evaluated in a completely randomized design experiment with 20 progenies (hybrids and reciprocals) and four replications (50 seeds). Genetic diversity was determined using the Tocher optimization clustering methods and the unweighted pair group method, based on the Mahalanobis distance, as well as evaluating the relative contribution of the traits to genetic divergence and the correlation network, according to the relations between groups of quality, length and mass variables. The most contributing variable to genetic divergence was the total length of seedlings, the reciprocal effect did not present a consistent pattern in the studied hybrid combinations.

Index terms:
Passiflora edulis Sims; cytoplasmic effects; biometry

Authorship

Renato Domiciano Silva Rosado

Departamento de Estática Aplicada e Biometria, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Estática Aplicada e Biometria, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

Luciana Domiciano Silva Rosado

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

João Paulo Gava Cremasco

Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79950-000 - Naviraí, MS, Brasil.Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do SulBrazilNaviraí, MS, BrazilInstituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79950-000 - Naviraí, MS, Brasil.

Carlos Eduardo Magalhães dos Santos ^**Corresponding author <carlos.magalhaes@ufv.br>

Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias

Cosme Damião Cruz

Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

*Corresponding author <carlos.magalhaes@ufv.br>

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (5)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
Dendrogram illustrating the analysis of 20 passion fruit progenies (10 hybrids and their 10 reciprocals) by unweighted pair group method obtained with the Mahalanobis generalized distance.

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Figure 2
Phenotypic correlation network of characteristics grouped in quality, length and mass in the evaluation of passion fruit emergence and vigor. The red and green lines represent negative and positive correlations, respectively. The width of the line is proportional to the intensity of the correlation. Consider Figures: A, C - correlation >0.3% and B, D - correlation >0.7% for hybrid and reciprocal, respectively; and E and F for the hybrid and reciprocal joint analysis for correlations >0.3% and >0.7%, respectively. Variables evaluated in the network: emergence (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length (TL), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry mass (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW).

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Table 1
Description of passion fruit progenies structured in hybrids and reciprocals according to cross, parentage and origin.

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Table 2
Summary of the analysis of variance for emergence percentage (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length of the seedling (TLS), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry matter (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW), in progenies (PROG) of passion fruit cultivated in hybrids and reciprocals.

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Table 3
Averages on emergence percentage (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length of the seedling (TLS), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry mass (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW), in hybrid passion fruit progenies (PROG) structured in hybrid and reciprocals.

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Tabela 4
Hybrid and reciprocal clustering of passion fruit by the Tocher optimization method, starting from the Mahalanobis generalized distances.

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Table 5
Relative contribution of variables, estimates of eigenvalues and percentages of accumulated variances (λ_j(%)) and eigenvectors (weighting coefficients) (λ_j) associated with each of the canonical variables.

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Figure 1 Dendrogram illustrating the analysis of 20 passion fruit progenies (10 hybrids and their 10 reciprocals) by unweighted pair group method obtained with the Mahalanobis generalized distance.

Figure 2 Phenotypic correlation network of characteristics grouped in quality, length and mass in the evaluation of passion fruit emergence and vigor. The red and green lines represent negative and positive correlations, respectively. The width of the line is proportional to the intensity of the correlation. Consider Figures: A, C - correlation >0.3% and B, D - correlation >0.7% for hybrid and reciprocal, respectively; and E and F for the hybrid and reciprocal joint analysis for correlations >0.3% and >0.7%, respectively. Variables evaluated in the network: emergence (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length (TL), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry mass (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW).

Table 1 Description of passion fruit progenies structured in hybrids and reciprocals according to cross, parentage and origin.

Progeny	Hybrid (♀x♂)	Progeny	Reciprocal (♀x♂)	Parentage	Parentage
1H	1-23-4(4)¹ x 1-21-3(4)¹	1R	1-21-3(4)¹ x 1-23-4(4)¹
2H	1-21-4(4)¹ x GA(3)²	2R	GA(3)² x 1-21-4(4)¹
3H	GA(4)² x RC(4)²	3R	RC(4)² x GA(4)²
4H	3-15-1(2)¹ x 3-20-1(3)¹	4R	3-20-1(3)¹ x 3-15-1(2)¹
5H	1-16-4(3)¹ x 3-1-4(2)¹	5R	3-1-4(2)¹ x 1-16-4(3)¹
6H	FB200(1)³ x RC(1)²	6R	RC(1)² x FB200(1)³
7H	3-20-1(3)¹ x 1-21-4(1)¹	7R	1-21-4(1)¹ x 3-20-1(3)¹
8H	3-1-4(2)¹ x 1-23-4(1)¹	8R	1-23-4(1)¹ x 3-1-4(2)¹
9H	GA(4)² x 3-1-4(2)¹	9R	3-1-4(2)¹ x GA(4)²
10H	RC(3)² x 3-1-4(3)¹	10R	3-1-4(3)¹ x RC(3)²

¹Coming from the UFV passion fruit genetic breeding program. ²Coming from Embrapa, GA - BRS Gigante Amarelo and RC - BRS Rubi do Cerrado. ³Coming from Viveiro Flora Brasil, FB200 - Yellow Master.

Table 2 Summary of the analysis of variance for emergence percentage (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length of the seedling (TLS), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry matter (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW), in progenies (PROG) of passion fruit cultivated in hybrids and reciprocals.

FV	GL	QM
FV	GL	EME	ESI	TLS	SL	PRL	SDM	NNS	TSW
PROG	19	0.217**	129.75**	1.795**	0.740**	0.761**	0.0001**	1.555**	0.00004**
Error	60	0.008	3.711	0.389	0.246	0.339	0.00001	0.112	0.00001
Average		1.26	18.90	10.33	4.75	5.58	0.063	7.12	0.097
VC(%)		6.88	10.19	6.03	10.4	10.4	6.12	4.70	0.15

**Significant by F test, at 1% probability. VC (%): variation coefficient.

Table 3 Averages on emergence percentage (EME), emergence speed index (ESI), total length of the seedling (TLS), shoot length (SL), primary root length (PRL), shoot dry mass (SDM), number of normal seedlings (NNS) and total seed weight (TSW), in hybrid passion fruit progenies (PROG) structured in hybrid and reciprocals.

PROG

Variáveis

EME

ESI

TLS

PRL

SDM

NNS

TSW

100.0 a

4.2 a

10.4 a

5.0 a

5.4 b

8.1 a

49.5 a

2.4 f

99.5 a

4.4 a

10.6 a

4.7 b

5.9 a

8.4 a

49.8 a

2.4 g

99.0 a

4.4 a

10.3 a

4.4 b

5.9 a

7.0 a

48.0 a

2.3 e

96.0 b

4.3 a

11.0 a

5.0 a

6.1 a

7.7 a

49.5 a

2.3 e

63.5 d

2.1 d

10.3 a

4.7 b

5.6 a

8.3 a

31.8 c

2.4 h

45.5 e

1.4 e

9.9 a

4.7 b

5.2 b

8.5 a

22.5 d

2.5 j

94.5 b

2.9 c

10.4 a

4.8 b

5.6 a

7.9 a

48.3 a

2.1 e

97.0 b

4.1 a

10.8 a

4.7 b

6.1 a

8.6 a

48.0 a

2.2 e

97.5 b

3.0 c

10.6 a

4.9 a

5.6 a

8.5 a

47.8 a

2.2 e

96.5 b

3.2 c

10.6 a

5.1 a

5.6 a

8.3 a

48.8 a

2.3 f

87.5 c

2.4 d

10.2 a

4.5 b

5.7 a

9.2 a

43.3 b

2.3 j

82.5 c

2.3 d

9.0 b

4.3 b

4.7 b

8.4 a

41.8 b

2.5 g

86.0 c

1.6 e

8.9 b

4.1 b

4.8 b

6.0 b

23.3 d

1.3 e

47.0 e

2.9 c

9.2 b

4.2 b

4.9 b

5.0 b

42.8 b

1.7 i

91.5 c

3.4 b

10.3 a

4.4 b

6.0 a

7.5 a

39.8 b

2.4 k

94.5 b

3.3 b

10.5 a

4.3 b

6.2 a

8.0 a

47.3 a

2.3 f

95.5 b

2.6 d

10.7 a

5.0 a

5.7 a

8.2 a

40.8 b

2.0 g

82.5 c

3.1 c

10.5 a

5.4 a

5.1 b

8.7 a

45.8 a

2.5 e

95.5 b

4.2 a

11.8 a

5.8 a

6.0 a

10.4 a

47.8 a

2.9 e

91.5 c

3.5 b

10.7 a

5.2 a

5.5 a

8.8 a

46.0 a

2.2 h

Averages followed by the same letter in the column belong to the same group, using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Tabela 4 Hybrid and reciprocal clustering of passion fruit by the Tocher optimization method, starting from the Mahalanobis generalized distances.

Groups

Progenies

10R

10H

Table 5 Relative contribution of variables, estimates of eigenvalues and percentages of accumulated variances (λ_j(%)) and eigenvectors (weighting coefficients) (λ_j) associated with each of the canonical variables.

Canonical variables	$λ_{j}$	$λ_{j}$ (%)	Weighting coefficients (Eigenvectors)
Canonical variables	$λ_{j}$	$λ_{j}$ (%)	EME	ESI	TLS	SL	PRL	SDM	NNS	TSW
1	67.22	67.22	1.59	-0.26	173.33	-173.6	-173.73	89.66	-0.25	1507.75
2	20.52	87.74	-3.51	0.61	40.76	-40.73	-39.58	61.08	0.48	506.82
3	8.34	96.08	16.40	-0.41	11.79	-11.75	-12.34	26.30	-0.55	73.75
4	1.65	97.73	-5.31	0.00	15.19	-13.77	-14.94	-152.99	1.87	292.77
5	1.00	98.73	-9.90	0.05	5.10	-5.84	-5.65	43.43	3.78	-99.02
6	0.55	99.29	-0.28	0.07	-61.51	61.97	60.21	18.76	-0.07	-19.88
7	0.38	99.67	-1.49	-0.04	68.56	-67.28	-67.97	187.10	0.42	-145.23
8	0.32	100	-0.47	-0.06	-132.3	132.69	133.04	65.48	0.37	-20.88
Relative contribution of the variables (%)			0.49	1.67	46.93	26.96	19.66	0.042	0.135	4.08

EME - germination percentage, ESI - emergence speed index, TLS - total length of seedling, SL - shoot length, PRL - primary root length, SDM - shoot dry mass, NNS - number of normal seedlings and TSW - total seed weight.

λ_{j}

λ_{j}

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Genetic divergence between passion fruit hybrids and reciprocals based on seedling emergence and vigor

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[1] *Corresponding author <carlos.magalhaes@ufv.br>