Cartmill et al.(22)
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USA |
50 parent-child dyads. Children aged 14 to 58 months with typical language development. |
Monitoring of parent-child interaction, every four months from 14 to 58 months of age. |
Quality of interaction: wide variation in the contextual cues offered to children by their parents. |
27 males, 23 females. |
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) applied at 54 months of age. |
The monitoring of children showed correlation between interaction quality and language skills in children at 54 months of age. |
Rowe et al.(23)
|
USA |
62 main caregiver-child dyads. Children aged 14 to 46. |
Child monitoring in the home environment, every four months from 14 to 46 month for assessment of vocabulary expansion |
Socioeconomic status proved to be a positive predictor of vocabulary expansion. |
Assessment of receptive vocabulary at 54 months of age. |
Vocabulary assessment at 30 months proved to be a predictor of lexical development. |
No correlation was found between gender and speed in vocabulary expansion. |
Bornstein and Putnick(24)
|
USA |
192 children aged 20 to 48 months: 87 females and 105 males. |
Child monitoring on spontaneous speech in the interaction with the mother. |
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Maternal report: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and Early Language Inventory. |
Wide individual variation was found at the 20 to 48-month age range. |
Language assessment: Scales of Expressive Language Comprehension and Wechsler Preschool. |
Stability in language development was maintained between independent assessments of socioeconomic factors, medical history, maternal intelligence and gender. |
Whitehouse et al.(19)
|
Australia |
1623 children distributed in two groups: with expressive language delay aged 2 years or less (n=142) and with typical language development (n=1245). |
Language Development Survey |
Delay in expressive vocabulary at 2 years of age proved to be a low efficiency predictor of behavioral and emotional disorders. |
The Child Behavior Checklist |
Pruden et al.(25)
|
USA |
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52 parent-child dyads. Children aged 14 to 46 months with typical language development 26 males and 26 females. |
Spatial transformation task. Subtest with blocks of the Primary Scale of Intelligence. |
Statistically significant differences between genders in the spatial transformation task. |
Spatial Analogy Test. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). |
Positive correlation between the spatial tasks: children who performed well on one task tended to perform well on the other tasks too. |
Monitoring of dyad interaction in daily routines. |
Positive correlation between the use of words with spatial meaning by parents and children. |
Razza et al.(21)
|
USA |
1046 children aged 3 to 5 years. |
Family environment evaluation: HOME protocol and socioeconomic level. |
Statistically significant correlation between sustained attention, receptive vocabulary, and environmental aspects (socioeconomic status and family environment). |
Maternal mental health rating. |
Child Rating: |
Children with higher scores in the family environment evaluation performed better in the receptive vocabulary assessment. |
Sustained Attention Scale, Spatial Analogy Test. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and school readiness. |
Zimmerman et al.(26)
|
USA |
275 families and their children aged 2 to 48 months (stage 1). |
12-hour period recording of children’s word count in routine situations, one day a month for 6 months in the sample of stage 1 and for 18 months in the sample of stage 2. |
On average, per day, the children heard 13,000 words spoken by adults and participated in 400 conversational turns. |
71 families and their children throughout 18 months (stage 2). |
Analysis of passages during adult-child interaction and exposure to television. |
Positive correlation was found between adult word count and child word count. Each 1000-word increase in the adult word count is associated with a 0.44 increase in the PLS-normed score. |
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Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition (PLS-4). |
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