Mota and Kuchenbecker (2017)(1515 Mota DM, Kuchenbecker IRS. Causalidade em farmacoepidemiologia e farmacovigilância: uma incursão teórica. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20(3):475-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700030010. PMid:29160439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720170...
); Brasil |
To demonstrate causal relationships between medications and adverse events, emphasizing the importance of Rothman's causality model. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Rothman model |
Hamra et al. (2015)(1616 Hamra GB, Jay S, Vahratian A. Model averaging for improving inference from causal diagrams. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(8):9391-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809391. PMid:26270672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph12080939...
); USA |
To verify the fitting sets with averaging technique on models obtaining causal estimates based on multiple models. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
ADG theory and multiple model calculation |
Araújo et al. (2014)(1717 Araújo LFSC, Dalgalarrondo P, Banzato CEM. On the notion of causality in medicine: addressing Austin Bradford Hill and John L. Mackie. Res Psiq Clín. 2014;41(2):56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-608300000...
); Brasil |
To review the probabilistic determinism, multi-causality from Hill and Mackie's perspective on causation. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Deterministic and probabilistic view of causality |
Lagnado et al.(1818 Lagnado DA, Gerstenberg T, Zultan R. Causal responsibility and counterfactuals. Cogn Sci. 2013;37(6):1036-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12054. PMid:23855451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12054...
) (2013); Inglaterra |
To emphasize the interrelations between causality, confractual, and attributions of responsibility, proposing a new model of judgment. |
Behavioral analytical |
Descriptive |
Causality and counterfactual theory |
Marshall and Galea (2015)(1919 Marshall BDL, Galea S. Formalizing the role of agent-based modeling in causal inference and epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(2):92-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu274. PMid:25480821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu274...
); USA |
To elucidate agent-based models that can be used to simulate confractual output in the presence of complexity to assess causal effects. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Counterfactual causality inference |
Petersen and van der Laan (2014)(2020 Petersen ML, van der Laan MJ. Causal models and learning from data: integrating causal modeling and statistical estimation. Epidemiology. 2014;25(3):418-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000078. PMid:24713881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000...
); USA |
To elucidate the usefulness of causal thinking, providing an accessible introduction to the flexible and powerful tools of the causal models. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality model |
Tuner et al. (2013)(2121 Turner DP, Smitherman TA, Martin VT, Penzien DB, Houle TT. Causality and headache triggers. Headache. 2013;53(4):628-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.12076. PMid:23534872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.12076...
); USA |
Explain the conditions necessary to obtain signs of mental contracture based on the Rubin Model. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Rubin Causality Model and Causality Inference |
Wang et al. (2013)(2222 Wang W, Suchitra N, Jeffrey AM. Estimation of causal mediation effects for a dichotomous outcome in multiple-mediator models using the mediation formula. Stat Med. 2013;32(24):4211-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5830. PMid:23650048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5830...
); USA |
To explain the correlations between multiple mediators using continuous latent variables for any mediators through a joint distribution model. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality mechanism of multiple mediators |
Plümper et al. (2010)(2323 Plümper T, Troeger VE, Neumayerc E. Case seletcion and causal inference in qualitative research [Internet]. Coventry: Universit of Warwick; 2010 [citado em 2019 Jan 9]. Disponível em: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vetroeger/publications/bjps_pluemper_troeger_neumayer.pdf
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/...
); Inglaterra |
To show the causal inference of qualitative research using Monte Carlo techniques to evaluate the performance of different techniques or case selection algorithms with larger samples. |
Statistical |
Applied qualitative analysis |
Monte Carlo technique and causality inference |
Petersen et al. (2006)(2424 Petersen ML, Sinisi SE, van der Laan MJ. Estimation of direct causal effects. Epidemiology. 2006;17(3):276-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000208475.99429.2d. PMid:16617276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000208...
); USA |
To verify the estimation of direct natural effects by implementing statistical software. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality mechanism and statistical software |
Rothman e Greenland (2005)(2525 Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Moderne epidemiology causation and causal inference in epidemiology. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(1):144-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.0592...
); USA |
To clarify the causality model and the principles of multi-causality for sufficient causes and components. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality Model and Principles of Multi-causality |
Hernán et al. (2004)(2626 Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology. 2004;15(5):615-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43. PMid:15308962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000135...
); USA |
To show how the structure of causal diagrams in statistics leads to adjusting selection biases and helps to differentiate them. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
ADGs Theory |
Olsen (2003)(2727 Olsen J. What characterises a useful concept of causation in epidemiology? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(2):86-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.2.86. PMid:12540681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.2.86...
); Dinamarca |
To discuss ways in which the cause is seen in epidemiology and evaluate the concept of causality. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Epidemiological view on causality |
Parascandola and Weed (2001)(22 Parascandola M, Wee DL. Causation in epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(12):905-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.12.905. PMid:11707485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.12.905...
); USA |
To review the epidemiological literature, seeking dominant patterns and definitions of chance. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality Theory |
Susser (2000)(2828 Susser M. The technological paradox of health inequality, and a probe with a practical tool. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(12):882-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.12.882. PMid:11076981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.12.882...
); USA |
To review multi-pronged approaches on the causality theory. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Multi-causality Theory |
Greenland (2000)(2929 Greenland S. Small-sample bias and corrections for conditional maximum-likelihood odds-ratio estimators. Biostatistics. 2000;1(1):113-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/1.1.113. PMid:12933529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/...
); USA |
To review the counterfactual approach to causality analysis in health sciences, connections to graphical and structural equation approaches, and longitudinal data analysis. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
Counterfactual analysis of causality |
Czeresnia et al. (1995)(3030 Czeresnia D, Fátima M, Albuquerque M. Models of causal inference: critical analysis of the use of statistics in epidemiology. Rev Saude Publica. 1995;29(5):415-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101995000500012. PMid:8731283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101995...
); Brasil |
To discuss the construction basis of the concept of risk by presenting Rubin's causality inference model developed within the scope of applied statistics. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
Rubin Model |
Cox (1992)(3131 Cox DR. Medical genetics. JAMA. 1992;268(3):368-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03490030080037. PMid:1613923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.0349...
); Inglaterra |
To review the latest statistical thinking on the topic from the point of view that there is certainly some sense in which causality is central to the scientist's efforts to understand the real world. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
A statistical view of causality theory |
Holland (1986)(33 Holland PW. Statistics and causal inference. J Am Stat Assoc. 1986;81(396):945-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986....
); USA |
To investigate the contributions that the statistical model can make about causality. |
Statistical |
Descriptive |
Statistical model |
Stehbens (1985)(3232 Stehbens WE. The concept of cause in disease. J Chronic Dis. 1985;38(11):947-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(85)90130-4. PMid:4055981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(85)9...
); Nova Zelândia |
To discuss the classification and determination of the roles of associated factors involved in the development of a disease and multi-causality. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality Theory |
Rothman (1976)(3333 Rothman KJ. Detecting cyclic variation. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(5):585-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112334. PMid:136191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals...
); USA |
To show a schema for interrelating causes that can provide a useful way of thinking about effect modification as a description of nature. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality theory and causality model |
Hill (1965)(3434 Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58(5):295-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003591576505800503. PMid:14283879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00359157650580...
); USA |
To analyze whether environment and disease aspects are causal or associative based on Hill's criteria. |
Epistemological |
Descriptive |
Causality Hill Criteria |