Yabunaka et al., 2011(3)
|
To evaluate the movement of the hyoid bone and the changes arising from aging
during deglutition in healthy patients using ultrasound. |
- 30 adults with no complaints or history of deglutition difficulties divided
into three groups: 20-39 years old (5 men and 5 women); 40-59 years old (5 men
and 5 women); 60-79 years old (5 men and 5 women). - Variable: trajectory of the
hyoid bone (slowly ascending phase, rapidly ascending phase, temporary pause
phase and resting position phase) during deglutition of 5 ml of water. |
- Mean duration of deglutition increased and peak elevation of the hyoid bone
decreased with advancing age. - US can be a quantitative method for clinically
evaluating hyoid bone movement during deglutition. |
Scarborough et al., 2010(2)
|
To explore the parameters of maximum displacement of the hyoid bone during
spontaneous deglutition in healthy preschool children using US. To observe
whether gender is associated with greater displacement of the hyoid bone. |
- 29 subjects (16 boys and 13 girls) with a mean age of 4 years and 2 months,
ranging from 3 years to 4 years and 10 months. - Variable: amount of hyoid bone
elevation when swallowing two food consistencies (puree and liquid) at three
different volumes (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 ml). |
- A significant gender effect was observed for all consistencies and volumes:
the mean hyoid bone movement was significantly greater in females. - The study
concluded that gender can influence the amount of hyoid bone elevation in
children. |
Galén & Jost-Brinkmann, 2010(14)
|
To investigate the possibility of using B-mode and M-mode US to differentiate
visceral and somatic deglutition. |
- 11 patients referred for orofacial myofunctional therapy (for anterior open
bite or excessive overjet and visceral deglutition pattern). - B-mode and M-mode
US was applied before and after myofunctional therapy. - Variable: the amplitude
and speed of the vertical movement of the tongue and total duration of
deglutition of saliva (at least 6 deglutition episodes from each participant). -
13 subjects with visceral deglutition pattern and normal occlusion comprised the
control group. |
- There was wide intraindividual variability in the variables studied, making
interindividual comparisons difficult. - The M-mode images determined the
amplitude and speed of the vertical movement of the tongue and the total
duration of deglutition. - The B-mode images did not identify characteristics
that could be designated as only visceral or physiological deglutition
movements. |
Tamburrini et al., 2010(5)
|
To determine the role of US in diagnosing dysphagia in patients with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). |
- 9 patients underwent simultaneous static and dynamic deglutition
examinations with US and videofluoroscopy (VDF), respectively: 5 presented with
classic ALS and 4 with bulbar ALS; 8 subjects were clinically dysphagic. -
Variable: mobility/function of the orofacial myofunctional organs during
deglutition, especially during the oropharyngeal phase. - 3 volumes of water (5,
10 and 15 ml) were offered. |
- Static phase: 5 patients had tongue atrophy. Abnormal bolus position was
observed in 6 patients with US and in 3 patients with VDF. Both techniques
identified the inability to maintain the bolus in the oral cavity in 4 patients.
- Dynamic phase: decreased tongue movement was observed in 5 patients with US
and in 2 patients with VDF. Disorganized movement of the tongue was observed in
3 patients with US and in 2 patients with VDF. - Multiple deglutitions were only
visualized with US. The presence of stasis was not observed with US, whereas it
was observed in 2 patients with VFS. - US of the tongue is complementary to VDF,
as it provides a precise description of the oral phase of deglutition. |
Geddes et al., 2009(6)
|
To develop a rough visualization of infants during breastfeeding using US and
to determine the accuracy of the US image of deglutition compared with
respiratory plethysmography in a cohort of infants. |
- 16 lactating women and their healthy infants participated in the study. The
infants were between 24 and 156 days of age (mean of 57 days) and were within
the normal parameters of growth for their age (mean of 4871 g). - US was used to
examine deglutition, and plethysmography was used to verify breathing. -
Variables: duration of deglutition and of deglutition apnea. To measure
breathing during deglutition, breast-feeding was recorded. |
- US is a noninvasive, accurate method for visualizing the movement of the
milk bolus during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition. - Deglutition apnea was
identified using US, and the results correlated well with the results of
respiratory inductive plethysmography. - The combined use of these techniques
has the potential to provide useful information in cases of breastfeeding
difficulties. |
Jadcherla et al., 2009(11)
|
To investigate the pharyngoglottal relationship during basal and adaptive
deglutition. |
- 12 healthy neonates who were orally fed without structural, chromosomal, or
neurological disturbances. - Simultaneous pharyngoesophageal manometry,
plethysmography, electromyography (submental) and glottal US were used. -
Variables: temporal changes in the kinetics of glottal closure (frequency,
response latency and duration) during spontaneous and adaptive pharyngeal
deglutition. |
- Glottal adduction during basal or adaptive deglutition occurs in any
respiratory phase, thus ensuring airway protection before and during
deglutition. - The duration of adduction of the pharyngeal-glottal closure
reflex suggests a state of glottal hypervigilance in preventing aspiration
during deglutition or during events of high gastroesophageal reflux. -
Investigation of the pharyngoglottal relationship using noninvasive methods may
be more acceptable for patients and is applicable to all ages. |
Huang et al., 2009(15)
|
To evaluate the reliability of US in stroke patients with or without
dysphagia. |
- 55 adults divided into 3 groups: 15 normal (control group); 20 with stroke
and without dysphagia (G1); 20 with stroke and with dysphagia (G2). - Variable:
distance between the hyoid bone and larynx during deglutition. - Participants
had to swallow 3 times with an interval of 1-2 minutes between each
deglutition. |
- The distance between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage was
significantly greater in normal subjects compared with stroke patients and even
greater compared with patients with stroke and dysphagia. - The distance between
the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage during deglutition was significantly
smaller in normal subjects than in the stroke group. - The hyoid-larynx
approximation was smaller in dysphagic patients with stroke than in stroke
patients without dysphagia. - The hyoid-larynx approximation can be
quantitatively and reliably evaluated by US using a simple clinical
setting. |
Welge-Lüssen et al., 2009(8)
|
To examine whether retronasal olfaction combined with simultaneous gustatory
stimuli affects deglutition differently than orthonasal olfaction. |
- 47 healthy, non-smoking adults. - US (transducer placed on the floor of the
mouth) of deglutition. - Variable: tongue movements (speed and frequency) during
deglutition and after the presentation of an olfactory stimulus and latency of
deglutition. A sweet taste was presented simultaneously with an essence of an
edible food (randomly presented either ortho- or retronasally) using a
computer-controlled olfactometer. |
- After retronasal stimulation, deglutition occurred significantly more
rapidly and more frequently compared with deglutition after orthonasal
stimulation. - These results show that an essence of edible food presented as
retronasal stimulation in combination with a congruent taste stimulus may
influence deglutition. |
Komori et al., 2008(12)
|
To evaluate a new method of bedside deglutition assessment that combined US
and videoendoscopy (VED) compared with videofluoroscopy (VDF) alone. |
- 8 healthy male volunteers aged 25-31 years with no deglutition disorders. -
Simultaneous combined videoendoscopy (VED), US of deglutition and
videofluoroscopy of deglutition (VDF). - Variable: laryngeal elevation
(beginning, peak and duration). |
- The beginning of laryngeal elevation was identified with VDF and US. - After
the beginning, the pharynx became invisible with VED. - The peak elevation of
the larynx was identified with VDF and US, and this moment was almost identical
in both examinations. - The distance and duration of peak laryngeal elevation,
measured with US and with VDF, were almost equal and were positively correlated.
- This study suggests that the combined technique (US + VED) can demonstrate the
deglutition function as efficiently as VDF. |
Peng et al., 2007(13)
|
To evaluate the movement of the tongue during deglutition using a system
assisted by M-mode US. |
- 55 individuals (30 females and 25 males) with a mean age of 22.7 years (8 to
50 years). - Variable: movement pattern and duration of the activity of the
dorsum of the tongue. Three deglutitions of saliva from each subject were
evaluated using M-mode US. The images obtained with US were video recorded and
evaluated. |
- The duration, amplitude and pattern of tongue movements during deglutition
varied considerably among individuals. - M-mode US provides valid information
about tongue movements without any side effects and is therefore a useful tool
in the diagnosis and research of tongue functions in orthodontics and
dentistry. |
Sonies et al., 2005(20)
|
To evaluate the deglutition function of patients with cystinosis, with special
attention to the effects of cysteamine treatment. |
- 101 patients with nephropathic cystinosis diagnosis. - Oropharyngeal US was
used. - Variables: movement of the tongue and of the hyoid bone during
deglutition, duration of the oropharyngeal phase of deglutition and movements of
the tongue and the hyoid bone needed to initiate and complete deglutition. |
- Oral motor dysfunction of deglutition in patients with cystinosis
progressively increases with age and is correlated with generalized muscular
dysfunction but not with the severity of disease in general. - Long-term therapy
of oral cysteamine seems to reduce the severity of oral motor dysfunction and
deglutition. - Deglutition dysfunction in patients with cystinosis presents a
risk of fatal aspiration and correlates with the presence of muscle
atrophy. |
Kuhl et al., 2003(16)
|
To noninvasively analyze the vertical movement of the larynx during
deglutition using US techniques in patients with dysphagia and in healthy
subjects. |
- 18 patients (mean age: 63 ± 8 years) with dysphagia caused by neurological
diseases. - Control group was composed of 42 healthy subjects (mean age 57 ± 19
years). - Deglutition US was used. - Variables: distance between the hyoid bone
and the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage during laryngeal elevation in
deglutition. |
- Healthy subjects: mean distance of 220 mm (± 30) at rest; the shortest
distance during deglutition of 5 or 10 ml of water was 85 mm (± 11),
representing a reduction of 61% (± 3) under physiological conditions. -
Neurogenic dysphagia patients: the mean relative elevation of the larynx was
reduced to only 42% (± 10). - US is a viable, noninvasive method for
investigating the elevation of the larynx during deglutition. - US allows direct
visualization of the larynx in patients with neurogenic dysphagia. |
Söder & Miller, 2002(17)
|
To determine the extent of intrapersonal variability in the duration of tongue
movement during deglutition. |
- 10 individuals diagnosed with neurogenic dysphagia. - 10 subjects without
disturbances and with no diagnosis of dysphagia (control group). - Deglutition
US was used. - Variable: total duration of movement of the tongue and the
duration of the oral transport phase during deglutition. The subjects were
instructed to swallow water and, after 10 seconds, to swallow saliva. The
investigation continued in this manner until at least 15 dry deglutitions were
recorded. |
- The results indicate considerable intrapersonal variability in both groups.
- There were no significant differences between groups. - US was a highly
suitable technique for the purpose of the study. |
Chi-Fishman & Sonies, 2002(9)
|
To investigate the movement of the hyoid bone during the deglutition of
different consistencies. |
- 31 healthy individuals (16 male, 15 female) divided into three age groups:
20-39 years, 40-59 years and 60-79 years. - Deglutition US was used. -
Variables: hyoid bone movement - duration of the movement, actions, maximum
amplitudes, total distances, and peak velocities - analyzed in relation to the
variance of viscosity, volume, age and gender. - 612 deglutitions were
studied. |
- The results showed that older individuals were slower to start deglutition
and also presented with higher maximum vertical amplitude, higher total vertical
distance and higher peak velocity compared with younger individuals. - Males had
higher values for most of the motion parameters. - The results illustrate the
importance of examining the relationships among the movement variables to better
understand the tasks and strategies of motor control. - The evidence also
illustrates the functional adaptation of the infrahyoid muscles and their
compensation in healthy elderly adults. |
Chi-Fishman & Sonies, 2002(10)
|
To examine the details of the relationships among the kinematic variables to
distinguish strategies of hyoid bone movement in discrete deglutition and in
fast sequential deglutition. |
- 30 healthy subjects divided into three age groups: 20-39 years, 40-59 years
and 60-79 years. - Variables: movement, movement duration and maximum amplitude
of the hyoid bone. - Changes in the position of the hyoid bone were recorded for
a total of 236 discrete deglutitions and 318 rapid sequential deglutitions. |
- Rapid sequential deglutitions differ significantly from discrete
deglutitions in relation to the movement of the hyoid bone. - When instructed to
swallow as quickly as possible, the subjects achieved the smallest movement
without increasing the peak speed. This finding suggests greater flexibility in
the functional range of movement of the hyoid bone. |
Kim & Kim, 2012(18)
|
To analyze the movement of the lateral wall of the pharynx using US. |
- 26 individuals with stroke and dysphagia and 15 healthy individuals. -
Individuals with stroke and dysphagia were divided into two groups (A and B)
based on videofluoroscopy swallow studies (VFSS). In Group A (n = 12), the
subjects presented with penetration or aspiration on the VFSS, while in Group B
(n = 14), there was no evidence of penetration or aspiration. - Variables:
movement of the lateral pharyngeal wall. The movement was assessed by B/M-mode
US. - Comparative analysis between the groups and the relationship between
movement parameters in the pharyngeal phase was performed. |
- The mean pharyngeal displacement in Groups A and B was significantly smaller
compared with that of healthy individuals. - The mean duration of pharyngeal
movement of Groups A and B was longer than that of healthy individuals. - The
mean displacement in Group A was significantly correlated with residue in the
vallecula, duration of the delay of pharynx movement and larynx elevation. |
Hsiao et al., Jan 2012(15)
|
To measure changes in tongue thickness of and hyoid bone displacement in
patients with stroke using US examination in the submental region. |
- 60 stroke patients (30 with exclusive alternative feeding and 30 with
regular oral intake). - 30 healthy subjects. Another 10 healthy subjects were
included to assess the reliability of the examination. - The subjects were
instructed to swallow 5 ml of water. During deglutition, videofluoroscopy and US
were performed in the mentonian region. The videofluoroscopy exam was
complementary to the US for evaluating the displacement of the hyoid bone. |
- The changes in tongue thickness and hyoid bone displacement were
significantly smaller in stroke patients with exclusive alternative feeding
compared with stroke patients with oral intake. - No significant changes were
observed between the control group and stroke patients with oral intake in
either the tongue thickness or the displacement of the hyoid bone. - US of the
submental region showed good reliability and correlated well with
videofluoroscopy. |