Hydrological responses in equatorial watersheds indicated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) – study case in Atrato River Basin (Colombia)

Betancur, Sebastián Balbín; Gastmans, Didier; Vásquez, Katherine Vásquez; Santarosa, Lucas Vituri; Santos, Vinícius dos; Kirchheim, Roberto Eduardo

doi:10.1590/2318-0331.252020190165

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Scientific/Technical Article • RBRH 25 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.252020190165 copy

Hydrological responses in equatorial watersheds indicated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) – study case in Atrato River Basin (Colombia)

Respostas hidrológicas em bacias hidrográficas equatoriais indicadas pela análise de componentes principais (PCA) – estudo de caso na Bacia do Rio Atrato (Colômbia)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The Atrato river basin is located in the Pacific fringe of Colombia, region with one of the highest precipitation rates in the world. The main purpose of this study is to determine the dominant processes in the hydrological responses along 17 sub-basins within the basin using principal component analysis. Watersheds located at the headwater presented a fast or medium response to the precipitation events, while higher flow homogeneity was observed in watersheds located at the lower portions of the basin. Three principal components were responsible for explaining 85.18% of the total variance. The component PC1 revealed the largest contributions for low flow behavior, being associated to precipitation, characteristic discharge values, compactness index, soil coverage and soil coarse textures. The component PC2 was assigned to the geological variables, fine and average texture soil and the average basin slope. Finally, the component PC3 has shown to be related to high flow patterns (maximum characteristic discharge values Q₅ and Q₁), igneous rocks and length of the basin. Highest specific discharge was associated to alluvial deposits and forest cover, whereas the slope was considered determinant for the run-off generation.

Keywords:
Atrato river basin; Flow duration curves; Principal component analysis; Colombia

Id	Sub-Basin	Area (A) [km2]	Perimeter (Pe) [km]	K index	Length of the basin (L.B) [km]	Average slope of the basin (A.B.S) [%]	Lithology [% area]			Cover land [% area]			Soil texture [% area]				Annual precipitation (P) [mm/year]
		Area (A) [km2]	Perimeter (Pe) [km]	K index	Length of the basin (L.B) [km]	Average slope of the basin (A.B.S) [%]	Basement (B)	Sediments (S)	Alluvial (Al)	Crops (C)	Forest (F)	Others (O.C)	Fine (F.T)	Average (A.T)	Coarse (C.T)	Other (O.T)
		Morphometric variables					Physiographic variables
1	Bellavista	15,560	703.0	1.6	157.1	20.0	15.9	63.9	20.3	14.0	82.0	4.0	9.3	75.4	12.6	2.7	5416.7
2	Tagachi	9,865	568.0	1.6	117.6	18.2	13.3	66.4	20.3	10.5	85.0	4.6	5.7	78.9	13.3	2.1	6254.0
3	San Antonio Padua	10,504	621.0	1.7	125.3	18.2	15.0	64.3	20.7	10.7	84.8	4.5	6.2	78.8	12.7	2.2	6149.8
4	Belen	5,426	517.0	2.0	78.1	18.8	14.5	73.2	12.3	14.1	82.1	3.8	3.9	83.0	11.6	1.5	6395.1
5	Quibdo-Automatica	4,777	462.0	1.9	74.8	19.4	16.5	73.2	10.3	13.3	83.1	3.7	3.2	86.7	8.6	1.4	6364.2
6	El Añil	714	128.0	1.4	43.3	40.2	16.6	71.6	11.8	64.6	34.7	0.7	35.5	63.9	0.0	0.7	2193.0
7	Mutata	3,331	345.0	1.7	90.8	40.1	41.9	54.0	4.1	46.7	51.8	1.5	20.3	78.1	1.1	0.5	2863.9
8	El Siete	208	66.0	1.3	17.8	40.9	15.4	84.6	0.0	37.1	62.2	0.7	0.0	99.9	0.0	0.1	3156.0
9	Bajira	78	43.0	1.4	17.2	1.6	0.0	0.0	100.0	88.4	10.8	0.8	37.7	62.1	0.0	0.2	4190.0
10	Pte Las Sanchez	226	72.0	1.4	20.0	41.4	14.2	85.8	0.0	38.4	60.8	0.8	0.0	99.9	0.0	0.1	3230.0
11	La Magdalena	631	129.0	1.5	33.1	35.2	28.8	68.7	2.5	28.4	70.3	1.3	0.0	97.1	2.9	0.0	2947.1
12	Aguasal	911	205.0	1.9	61.6	32.5	35.8	64.2	0.0	13.5	82.8	3.7	1.8	93.8	3.5	0.9	8404.7
13	Pte Certegui	262	77.0	1.3	23.2	6.7	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.3	96.3	3.4	1.0	98.0	0.0	1.0	6985.2
14	Dabeiba 2	1,968	221.0	1.4	60.6	44.8	21.8	73.9	4.3	62.3	37.3	0.4	18.2	81.4	0.0	0.4	2286.5
15	Gindrama	1,637	231.0	1.6	71.7	29.7	27.9	67.6	4.5	21.6	76.9	1.5	2.5	82.9	14.1	0.5	6259.4
16	Negua	422	135.0	1.9	47.1	21.9	30.3	64.2	5.5	5.7	92.7	1.7	4.9	90.0	4.6	0.6	6650.2
17	Arrayanes	9,865	568.0	1.4	117.6	18.2	28.8	68.7	2.5	0.3	96.3	3.4	0.0	97.1	2.9	0.0	4129.5

Sub-basin	Mann-Kendall		CUSUM Free Distribution		Rank-Sum
Sub-basin	Q	P	Q	P	Q	P
1	S (0.1)	NS	S (0.1)	S (0.1)	NS	S (0.05)
2	S (0.1)	NS	S (0.1)	S (0.1)	NS	NS
3	S (0.05)	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
4	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
5	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	S (0.05)
6	NS	NS	NS	NS	S (0.1)	NS
7	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
8	S (0.01)	S (0.01)	S (0.05)	S (0.01)	S (0.05)	S (0.01)
9	NS	NS	NS	S (0.1)	NS	NS
10	S (0.05)	NS	S (0.1)	NS	NS	NS
11	NS	NS	NS	NS	S (0.1)	NS
12	NS	NS	S (0.1)	NS	S (0.01)	S (0.05)
13	NS	S (0.01)	NS	S (0.01)	NS	S (0.01)
14	S (0.05)	NS	S (0.05)	NS	S (0.05)	NS
15	NS	NS	NS	S (0.1)	NS	NS
16	S (0.01)	NS	S (0.05)	NS	NS	NS
17	NS	S (0.05)	NS	S (0.1)	NS	NS

Sub-basin	Q₉₅	Q₉₀	Q₇₀	Q₅₀	Q₁₀	Q₅	Q₁	Q₉₀/Q₁₀	Q₉₀/Q₅₀
1	6.27	8.06	11.74	14.08	18.78	20.15	22.38	0.43	0.57
2	6.51	8.45	12.72	15.81	21.86	23.22	25.19	0.39	0.53
3	7.82	9.42	13.40	16.06	21.33	22.54	24.14	0.44	0.59
4	6.42	8.06	12.58	16.29	26.56	29.62	34.30	0.30	0.49
5	7.07	9.04	13.82	17.65	29.08	32.25	38.47	0.31	0.51
6	1.27	1.69	2.82	3.95	7.44	8.62	13.19	0.23	0.43
7	3.06	3.86	5.68	7.14	11.33	12.93	16.02	0.34	0.54
8	1.91	2.33	3.43	4.35	7.30	8.60	12.55	0.32	0.54
9	1.22	1.44	2.94	5.38	24.20	33.73	47.46	0.06	0.27
10	1.99	2.48	3.54	4.43	7.84	9.36	13.85	0.32	0.56
11	0.90	1.36	2.43	3.40	6.91	8.12	10.60	0.20	0.40
12	7.34	9.44	14.19	17.86	43.39	53.53	73.98	0.22	0.53
13	4.05	5.29	9.10	13.95	46.60	64.21	117.07	0.11	0.38
14	1.53	1.97	2.89	3.90	7.84	9.43	14.00	0.25	0.51
15	5.95	7.60	11.09	14.29	26.98	31.86	44.32	0.28	0.53
16	4.91	6.22	9.64	12.18	28.77	33.62	47.19	0.22	0.51
17	3.31	4.20	6.50	8.21	19.35	22.66	31.81	0.22	0.51

Type	Variable	PC1	PC2	PC3
Morphometric	K	0.74	0.05	0.24
	LB	0.59	0.26	0.69
	ABS	-0.53	-0.61	0.40
Hydrographic	P	0.93	0.06	-0.29
	Q₉₅	0.96	0.07	0.19
	Q₉₀	0.96	0.05	0.18
	Q₇₀	0.98	0.07	0.11
	Q₅₀	0.98	0.10	-0.01
	Q₁₀	0.75	0.12	-0.61
	Q₅	0.65	0.12	-0.72
	Q₁	0.50	0.03	-0.82
Physiographic	Crops (C)	-0.86	0.40	-0.03
	Forest (F)	0.85	-0.43	0.02
	Other cover (OC)	0.91	0.14	0.11
	Fine texture (FT)	-0.54	0.74	0.03
	Averange texture (AT)	0.13	-0.88	-0.30
	Coarse texture (CT)	0.74	0.19	0.49
	Other texture (OT)	0.73	0.30	0.38
	Basement (B)	0.07	-0.31	0.44
	Sediments (S)	0.15	-0.84	-0.04
	Alluvial (Al)	-0.17	0.91	-0.19
Eigen value		10.78	3.96	3.15
% explained variance		51.35	18.84	14.99
% cumulative variance		51.35	70.19	85.18

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[1] E-mails: sebastian.balbin@unesp.br (SBB), didier.gastmans@unesp.br (DG), kvasquezv@usp.br (KVV), lucas.santarosa@unesp.br (LVS), vinicius.santos16@unesp.br (VS), roberto.kirchheim@cprm.gov.br (REK)