Alvarez-Pedrerol and cols., 2009 (66. Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Guxens M, Mendez M, Canet Y, Martorell R, Espada M, et al. Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:423-9.) |
Spain |
Cohort |
239 pregnant and puerperal women |
1st e 3rd trimester GA: - |
Pregnant women with iodine deficiency were more likely to have children with low birth weight and SGA. However, the ones with excess of iodine of having children with significant increase of weight. |
Harun-Or-Rashid and cols., 2009 (77. Harun-Or-Rashid M, Khatun UF, Yoshida Y, Morita S, Chowdhury N, Sakamoto J. Iron and iodine deficiencies among under-2 children, adolescent girls, and pregnant women of Bangladesh: association with common diseases. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2009;71(1-2):39-49.) |
Bangladesh |
Cross-sectional |
355 adolescents, 263 pregnant women and 395 nursing |
2nd e 3rd trimester GA: ≤12 weeks (APG: 6.3 months) |
Of the pregnant women, 44.4% were anemic; 39.4% deficient in iodine, so they were more likely to have diarrhea/dysentery, pneumonia and ear infection. |
Bath and cols., 2013 (1010. Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet. 2013;6736(13):1-7.) |
England |
Longitudinal |
958 pregnant women with their respective children (8 and 9 years). |
1st trimester GA median: 13 weeks (IQR: 9-12) |
Pregnant women with light and moderate iodine deficiency were more likely to have children with lower verbal IQ, accuracy and reading comprehension. |
Ghassabian and cols., 2014 (11. Ghassabian A, Graaff JS, Peeters RP, Ross HA, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, et al. Maternal urinary iodine concentration in pregnancy and children's cognition: results from a population-based birth cohort in an iodine-sufficient area. BMJ Open. 2014;4:10-5.) |
Netherlands |
Cohort |
1,525 pregnant women and their respective children (6 years) |
2nd trimester GA mean: 13.3 (CI%: 6.0-17.9) |
Association between low UIC in gestation and sub-optimal non-verbal IQ of children. However, after adjustment, low maternal UIC was not associated with nonverbal IQ in children. |
Joshi and cols., 2014 (99. Joshi K, Nair S, Khade C, Rajan MG. Early gestation screening of pregnant women for iodine deficiency disorders and iron deficiency in urban centre in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2014;5(1):62-8.) |
India |
Cross-sectional |
5,256 pregnant women |
1st e 2nd trimester GA: <15 weeks |
Pregnant women with iodine deficiency also had iron deficiency (16.4%). As TSH, levels increased from 1st to 2nd trimester, FT4 decreases. |
Vidal and cols., 2014 (1111. Vidal ZE, Rufino SC, Tlaxcalteco EH, Trejo CH, Campos RM, Meza MN, et al. Oxidative Stress Increased in Pregnant Women with Iodine Deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;157:211-7.) |
Mexico |
Cross-sectional |
212 pregnant women |
1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester GA: - |
In pregnant women with low iodine deficiency in all trimesters, oxidative stress was higher, with reduction of total antioxidant status and SOD activity. |
Sahin and cols., 2014 (1212. Sahin SB, Ogullar S, Ural UM, Ilkkilic K, Metin Y, Ayaz T. Alterations of thyroid volume and nodular size during and after pregnancy in a severe iodine-deficient area. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81:762-8.) |
Turkey |
Longitudinal |
83 pregnant and puerperal women |
1st and 3rd trimester GA: - |
Multiparous pregnant women presented thyroid nodules (50%). Nodule volume increased during pregnancy, with the largest diameter detected in the 3rd trimester. |
Charoenratana and cols., 2016 (1313. Charoenratana C, Leelapat P, Traisrisilp K, Tongsong T. Maternal iodine insufficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12:680-7.) |
Thailand |
Longitudinal |
384 pregnant women in the 1st trimester, 325 in the 2nd and 221 in the 3rd
|
1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester GA: - |
Pregnant women with iodine deficiency had a higher risk for restriction of fetal growth, prematurity and low birth weight when compared to pregnant women with adequate iodine nutritional status. |
Cuellar-Rufino and cols., 2017 (88. Cuellar-Rufino S, Navarro-Meza M, García-Solis P, Xochihua-Rosas I, Arroyo-Helguera O. Iodine levels are associated with oxidative stress and antioxidant status in pregnant women with hypertensive disease. Nutr Hosp. 2017;34(3):661-6.) |
Mexico |
Case control |
57 pregnant women 20 cases e 37 control |
3rd trimester GA: - |
Pregnant women with iodine deficiency had hypertension (70%). Iodine deficiency during pregnancy was associated with lower SOD activity, lower total antioxidant status and higher oxidative stress. |
Xiao and cols., 2018 (22. Xiao Y, Sun H, Li C, Li Y, Peng S, Fan C, et al. Effect of Iodine Nutrition on Pregnancy Outcomes in an Iodine-Sufficient Area in China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018;182(2):231-7.) |
China |
Cohort |
1,569 pregnant women |
1st trimester GA: 4-12 weeks |
Pregnant women with light iodine deficiency were more likely to have gestational diabetes mellitus and had a higher prevalence of diabetes and placental abruption. Pregnant women with excess iodine were more likely to have a baby with higher birth weight. |
Torlinska and cols., 2018 (33. Torlinska B, Bath SC, Janjua A, Boelaert K, Chan S. Iodine Status during Pregnancy in a Region of Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency is not Associated with Adverse Obstetric Outcomes; Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutrients. 2018;291:1-13.) |
England |
Longitudinal |
3,140 pregnant women and 42 women with abortion or child loss up to 1 year |
1°, 2° e 3° trimester GA: - |
Pregnant women with iodine deficiency and adequate nutritional status did not present differences in the incidence of pre-eclampsia, hypertension, gestational diabetes, glycosuria, anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm delivery and SGA babies. |