ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BURNOUT SYNDROME AND PERFORMANCE IN ADULT ATHLETES THROUGH THE ATHLETE BURNOUT QUESTIONNAIRE - ABQ

Souza, Rafael Octaviano de; Osiecki, Raul; Silva, Jhonny Kleber Ferreira da; Costa, Poliana de Lima; Stefanello, Joice Mara Facco

doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v29i1.2928

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Review Article • J. Phys. Educ. 29 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v29i1.2928 copy

ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BURNOUT SYNDROME AND PERFORMANCE IN ADULT ATHLETES THROUGH THE ATHLETE BURNOUT QUESTIONNAIRE - ABQ

VARIÁVEIS PSICOLÓGICAS ASSOCIADAS À SÍNDROME DE BURNOUT E DESEMPENHO EM ATLETAS ADULTOS ATRAVÉS DO ATHLETE BURNOUT QUESTIONNAIRE - ABQ

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Recently, scholars have been sought to deepen research on a psycho-physiological phenomenon that can lead athletes to quit sports, known in the literature as sport-related burnout. The aim of the present integrative review study was to analyze psychological and performance variables associated with the burnout syndrome in adult athletes. Articles were searched on Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus and Apapsycnet electronic databases, using the following descriptors: burnout, sports and athletes, in both English and Portuguese. From the 15 selected studies, there was predominance of psychological variables associated with burnout over performance aspects. Negative correlations were found between burnout and basic psychological needs, intrinsic motivation and coping strategies. Positive correlations were found between burnout and competitive level, training volume, years of training, perfectionism and overtraining. There were no data on performance increase or decrease related to burnout in adult high-performance athletes, which shows a gap in the literature and encourages new investigations.

Keywords:
Burnout; Athletes; Performance

Articles	1	2	3	4	Total
Relationship between Leadership among Peers and Burnout in Sports Teams⁵5. Torrado J, Arce C, Vales-Varquez A, Areces A, Iglesias G, Valle I, Patiño G. Relationship between Leadership among Peers and Burnout in Sports Teams. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2007; 20, e21, 1-7. DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2017.18 https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2017.18... .	x	x	x	x	4
A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes⁶6. Lemyre PN, Hall HK, Roberts GC. A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008; 18(2): p. 221-234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00671.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007... .	x	x	x	x	4
Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment⁷7. Hodge K, Lonsdale C, Ng JYY. Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic. J Sports Sci, v. 26, n. 8, p. 835-844, 2008. 2008; 26(8): p. 835-844. DOI: 10.1080/02640410701784525 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041070178452... .	x	x	x	x	4
Possible early signs of athlete burnout: A prospective study. Cresswell⁸8. Cresswell SL. Possible early signs of athlete burnout: A prospective study. J Sci Med Sport. 2009; 12(n. 3): p. p. 393-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.... .	x	x	x	x	4
Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective⁹9. Lonsdale C, Hodge K, Rose E. "Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective." J Sports Sci . 2009; 27(8): p. 785-795. DOI: 10.1080/02640410902929366 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041090292936... .	x	x	x	x	4
Does typus melancholicus determine characteristics of athlete burnout symptom and its process among Japanese University Athletes?¹⁰10. Yasuyuki Y, Hirosawa M. Does Typus Melancholicus determine characteristics of athlete burnout symptom and its process among Japanese university athletes? J Hum Ergol. 2009; 38(2): p. 67-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11183/jhe.38.67 https://doi.org/10.11183/jhe.38.67... .		x		x	2
Factors affecting the recovery-stress, burnout and mood state scores of elite student rugby players¹¹11. Grobbelaar W, Malan DJ, Steyn JM, Ellis SM. Factors affecting the recovery-stress, burnout, and mood state scores of elite student rugby players. S Afr J Res Sport Ph. 2010; 32(2): p. 41-54. DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/13128 http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/13128... .	x	x	x	x	4
Perfectionism and Burnout in Canoe Polo and Kayak Slalom Athletes: The Mediating Influence of Validation¹²12. Hill P, Hall K, Appleton R, Murray J. "Perfectionism and burnout in canoe polo and kayak slalom athletes: The mediating influence of validation and growth-seeking." Sport Psychologist . 2010; 24(1): p. 16-34. DOI: 10.1123/tsp.24.1.16 https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.1.16... .		x	x		2
Temporal Ordering of Motivational Quality and Athlete Burnout in Elite Sport¹³13. Lonsdale C, Hodge K. "Temporal ordering of motivational quality and athlete burnout in elite sport." Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(5): p. 913-921. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ff56c6 https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ff... .	x	x		x	3
The Relationship Between Organizational Stressors and Athlete Burnout in Soccer Players¹⁴14. Tabei Y, Fletcher D, Goodger K. "The relationship between organizational stressors and athlete burnout in soccer players." J Clin Sport Psychol. 2012; 6(2): p. 146. DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.6.2.146 https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.6.2.146... .		x	x		2
Análise da síndrome de "burnout" e das estratégias de "coping" em atletas brasileiros de vôlei de praia¹⁵15. Vieira XX, Carruzo M, Aizava VS, Rigoni AG. "Análise da síndrome de" burnout" e das estratégias de" coping" em atletas brasileiros de vôlei de praia." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte. 2013; 27(2): p. 269-276. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092013005000012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201300... .	x	x	x	x	4
Burnout em deportistas: Prevalencia del síndrome a través de dos medidas¹⁶16. De Francisco CEJ, Los Fayos Gd. "Burnout en deportistas: Prevalencia del síndrome a través de dos medidas." Cuadernos de Psicología del deporte. 2014; 14(1): p. 29-38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.6217 http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.621... .	x	x	x	x	4
Passion and Coping: Relationships With Changes in Burnout and Goal Attainment in Collegiate Volleyball Players¹⁷17. Schellenberg JI, Gaudreau P, Crocker PRE. "Passion and coping: Relationships with changes in burnout and goal attainment in collegiate volleyball players." J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013; 35(3): p. 270-280. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.35.3.270 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.3.270... .		x	x		2
Self-Determined Motivation as a Predictor of Burnout Among College Athletes¹⁸18. Holmberg PM, Sheridan DA. "Self-determined motivation as a predictor of burnout among college athletes." Sport Psychologist . 2013; 27(2): p. 177-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.177 https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.177... .	x	x	x	x	4
Associação entre as cargas de treino impostas a jogadores amadores de rúgbi sevens e a síndrome de burnout¹⁹19. Sobral ASC, Oliveira L, Oliveira LdS, Santos RMLd, Brito AdF. Associação entre as cargas de treino impostas a jogadores amadores de rugby sevens e a síndrome de burnout. Motricidade. 2014; 10(2): p. 25-35. DOI: 10.6063/motricidade.10(2).2592 https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10(2... .	x	x	x	x	4
Burnout e coping entre jogadores de futebol: Antes e durante o torneio²⁰20. Verardi CEL, Santos AB, Nagamine K, Carvalho Td, Santos CdO. Burnout and coping among football players: before and during the tournament. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2014; 20(4): p. 272-275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200401993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220142... .	x	x		x	3
Burnout and pre-competition: A study of its occurrence in Brazilian soccer players²¹21. Verardi CEL, Nagamine K, Domingos AM, De Marco, Miyazaki MCDOS. Burnout and pre-competition: A study of its occurrence in Brazilian soccer players. Revista de psicología del deporte. 2015; 24(2): p. 259-264..	x	x	x	x	4
Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes?²²22. Lemyre PN, Roberts C, Stray-Gundersen J. "Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes?". Eur J Sport Sci. 2007; 7(2): p. 115-127. DOI: 10.1080/17461390701302607 https://doi.org/10.1080/1746139070130260...	x	x	x	x	4
Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes²³23. DeFreese JD, Smith L. Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013; 14(2): p. 258-265. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.201... .	x	x	x	x	4

Author (Year)	Published Journal	Study Objective	Variables	Sample Description	Methodology
Torrado et a.l 5	The Spanish Journal of Psychology	To verify the relationship between leadership in sports teams and burnout levels experienced by teammates.	Dependent: Burnout, Independent: Leadership scales: empathy, influence on decision making, sport values, social support, training orientation and competition	219 male Spanish athletes in football (n=132) and basketball (n=87) aged 17-38 years old, M=24.12 years, SD+5.04	To measure leadership, the Scale of Leadership for Sports was employed, which comprises 24 items grouped into 6 factors. To measure burnout, the ABQ - Athlete Burnout Questionnaire -was used, which comprises 15 items indicating Physical and Emotional Exhaustion, Sport Devaluation and Reduced Sense of Achievement. Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, asymmetry and kurtosis. There was also regression analysis and t-test for independent samples.
Lemyre et al.⁶6. Lemyre PN, Hall HK, Roberts GC. A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008; 18(2): p. 221-234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00671.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007...	Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science Sports	To investigate burnout in athletes from a socio-cognitive perspective, examining the relationship between social cognitive motivational variables at the beginning and signs of burnout in elite athletes at the end of a season.	Dependent Burnout Independent: Achievement goals, perception of motivational climate, perceived capacity, perfectionism, cognitive assessment.	The study included 141 (81 men, 60 women, aged 17-32, M=20.1 years old, SD+4.79) divided into: 45 elite athletes, members of the current Olympic team, and 96 junior elite athletes attending national sports academies.	Participants completed a comprehensive early-season motivation assessment package and an end-season new burnout inventory. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each of the subscales.
Hodge et al.⁷7. Hodge K, Lonsdale C, Ng JYY. Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic. J Sports Sci, v. 26, n. 8, p. 835-844, 2008. 2008; 26(8): p. 835-844. DOI: 10.1080/02640410701784525 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041070178452...	Journal of Sports Science	To analyze the theory of self-determination as a framework for understanding burnout background in elite rugby athletes in New Zealand.	Dependent: Burnout Independent: Basic Psychological Needs	133 rugby elite athletes from New Zealand. The players’ average age was 19.7 years (16-26 years old range).	Burnout in athletes was measured using the ABQ; basic needs of perceptions of autonomy, competence and socialization in athletes were assessed through eight items adapted from those used by Deci et. al²⁴24. Deci L, Ryan M, Gagné M, Leone R, Usunov J, Kornazheva P. Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Pers Soc Psychol Bull.. 2001; 27(8): p. 930-94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672012780... . Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to test differences between groups as to scores of basic psychological needs.
Cresswell ⁸8. Cresswell SL. Possible early signs of athlete burnout: A prospective study. J Sci Med Sport. 2009; 12(n. 3): p. p. 393-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01....	Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport	To examine whether the first signs of burnout measured mid-season were associated with end-of-season performance characteristics.	Dependent: Burnout, Independent: Competition phases (middle and end of season)	Professional male rugby players (n=183) aged 18-36 years old (M=25.19, SD+2.98)	Two General Linear Models were used to determine the effects of factors on the dependent variables: Burnout dimensions, and the factors of interest were “basic rugby hassles”, “social support” and “money hassles”. Only the participants who completed the questionnaire on both occasions were included in the analysis.
Lonsdale et al.⁹9. Lonsdale C, Hodge K, Rose E. "Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective." J Sports Sci . 2009; 27(8): p. 785-795. DOI: 10.1080/02640410902929366 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041090292936...	Journal of Sports Science	To investigate correlations between behavioral regulation and burnout, and to examine whether, through mediated self-determined motivation, there is correlation between satisfaction of basic needs and burnout in athletes.	Dependent: Burnout Independent: Basic psychological needs. Mediator: Motivation	201 athletes (121 women, 80 men; mean age of 22.9 years old, SD+7.2, range=14-61), affiliated with the Canadian Sport Centre Pacific.	Perceptions of autonomy, competence and relationship were assessed using three scales. For motivation, 24 items from the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ²⁵25. Lonsdale C, Hodge K, Rose EA. The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2008; 30(3): p. 323. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.30.3.323 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.323... ) were used, and the 15 items from the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ²⁶26. Raedeke D, Smith AL. "Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure." J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2001; 23: p. 281-306. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.23.4.281 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281... ) for burnout.
Grobbelaar et. al.¹¹11. Grobbelaar W, Malan DJ, Steyn JM, Ellis SM. Factors affecting the recovery-stress, burnout, and mood state scores of elite student rugby players. S Afr J Res Sport Ph. 2010; 32(2): p. 41-54. DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/13128 http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/13128...	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	To compare stress-recovery in elite student rugby players, burnout and mood-state scores based on their game position, experience level and initial status.	Dependent: Stress-Recovery, Burnout and Mood States. Independent: Game Position, Initial Status, Level of Experience.	41 male rugby student players from a leadership club in South Africa (mean age of 21.87 SD ± 1.39 years) participated in the first collection.	The Stress-Recovery Questionnaire²⁷27. Kallus W, Kellmann M. "The Recovery Stress Questionnaires: User manual.". Unpublished manuscript. 2015. (Athlete Burnout Questionnaire²⁶26. Raedeke D, Smith AL. "Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure." J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2001; 23: p. 281-306. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.23.4.281 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281... ) and the Stellenbosch Mood Scale²⁸28. Terry C, Potgieter R, Fogarty J. "The Stellenbosch mood scale: A dual‐language measure of mood." IntJ Sport Exerc Psychol .. 2003; 1(3): p. 231-245. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2003.9671716 https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2003.96... were used several times over a five-month period.
Lonsdale & Hodge¹³13. Lonsdale C, Hodge K. "Temporal ordering of motivational quality and athlete burnout in elite sport." Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(5): p. 913-921. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ff56c6 https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ff...	Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise	To examine the relationship between motivational quality and burnout in athletes over time.	Dependent: Burnout and Motivational Quality Independent: Time Ordering of Motivation	Elite athletes from New Zealand (n=119, mean age=24.74 years old, SD+8.54 years).	Data collection occurred in two moments during a period of 4 months. Time 1 occurred in October 2004; time 2 was in February 2005. The BRSQ (Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) were used for burnout.
Vieira et al.¹⁵15. Vieira XX, Carruzo M, Aizava VS, Rigoni AG. "Análise da síndrome de" burnout" e das estratégias de" coping" em atletas brasileiros de vôlei de praia." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte. 2013; 27(2): p. 269-276. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092013005000012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201300...	Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte	To analyze the burnout syndrome and coping strategies used by athletes of both genders, in the under-21 and open categories, participating in the Brazilian beach volleyball circuit.	Burnout Syndrome and Coping Strategies	144 athletes from Banco do Brasil beach volleyball circuit, in the “under-21” and “open” categories, of both genders.	For general characterization of participants, a form containing data referring to gender, age, practice time, category and current ranking was used. QBA²⁹29. Pires DA, Brandão RF, Silva Bd. "Validação do questionário de burnout para atletas." J Phys Educ. 2008; 17(1): p. 27-33. DOI: 10.4025/reveducfisv17n1p27-36 https://doi.org/10.4025/reveducfisv17n1p... to analyze the burnout syndrome, and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory to analyze coping strategies³⁰30. Serpa S, Palmeira AL. "ACSI 28: estudo das experiências desportivas." Lisboa: Laboratório de Psicologia do desporto/Faculdade de Motricidade Humana/Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. 1997.
De Francisco et.al.¹⁶16. De Francisco CEJ, Los Fayos Gd. "Burnout en deportistas: Prevalencia del síndrome a través de dos medidas." Cuadernos de Psicología del deporte. 2014; 14(1): p. 29-38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.6217 http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.621...	Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte	To know the prevalence of the burnout syndrome (psychopathological disorder) in a sport population with two instruments (IBD-R and ABQ).	Dependent: Burnout, Independent: Gender, age, competitive level and training volume	442 Spanish athletes, where 52.9% were men and 47.1% women, between 14 and 29 years old (mean age=18.86; SD+2.65). 25.9% competed at local/regional level.	Two tools were used to measure the burnout syndrome in athletes, the IBD-R¹⁶16. De Francisco CEJ, Los Fayos Gd. "Burnout en deportistas: Prevalencia del síndrome a través de dos medidas." Cuadernos de Psicología del deporte. 2014; 14(1): p. 29-38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.6217 http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.3.621... and the ABQ²⁶26. Raedeke D, Smith AL. "Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure." J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2001; 23: p. 281-306. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.23.4.281 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281... ; in addition to socio-demographic and sports data, such as age, gender, popular sport, training load, etc.
Holmberg& Sheridan¹⁸18. Holmberg PM, Sheridan DA. "Self-determined motivation as a predictor of burnout among college athletes." Sport Psychologist . 2013; 27(2): p. 177-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.177 https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.177...	The Sport Psychologist,	To examine the theory of self-determination as a framework for understanding potential burnout backgrounds in American college athletes. To investigate the relationship between the burnout dimensions and degree of self-determination among college athletes.	Dependent: Burnout Independent: Basic psychological needs.	(N=598) college athletes playing in eight teams from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and West Coast Division III universities participated in this study.	The two instruments used in the study were the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ²⁵25. Lonsdale C, Hodge K, Rose EA. The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2008; 30(3): p. 323. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.30.3.323 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.323... ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ²⁶26. Raedeke D, Smith AL. "Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure." J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2001; 23: p. 281-306. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.23.4.281 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281... ).
Sobral et.al.¹⁹19. Sobral ASC, Oliveira L, Oliveira LdS, Santos RMLd, Brito AdF. Associação entre as cargas de treino impostas a jogadores amadores de rugby sevens e a síndrome de burnout. Motricidade. 2014; 10(2): p. 25-35. DOI: 10.6063/motricidade.10(2).2592 https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10(2... .	Motricidade	To investigate the presence of burnout syndrome symptoms in amateur Rugby players, and to verify possible correlations as to increased training intensity with the ABQ.	Dependent: Burnout Independent: Training Loads	9 male amateur players aged between 19 and 35 years old.	The athletes were assessed before and during their preparatory period as to fat percentage, nutritional status, stress state, aerobic power. The intensity of the training program was correlated with burnout through the ABQ²⁶26. Raedeke D, Smith AL. "Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure." J Sport Exerc Psychol . 2001; 23: p. 281-306. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.23.4.281 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281... .
Verardi et. al.²⁰20. Verardi CEL, Santos AB, Nagamine K, Carvalho Td, Santos CdO. Burnout and coping among football players: before and during the tournament. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2014; 20(4): p. 272-275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200401993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220142...	Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte	To assess burnout among professional and junior football players during pre-competition and competition phases.	Burnout and Coping Strategies	73 male football players were assessed, being 32 professionals (age=22; SD+4.14 years) and 41 amateurs (age=17; SD+0.94 years).	To assess burnout variables and coping strategies, the instruments Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS) and Burnout Questionnaire for Athletes (QBA) were used.
Verardi et. al.²¹21. Verardi CEL, Nagamine K, Domingos AM, De Marco, Miyazaki MCDOS. Burnout and pre-competition: A study of its occurrence in Brazilian soccer players. Revista de psicología del deporte. 2015; 24(2): p. 259-264.	Revista de Psicología del Deporte	To identify the incidence of symptoms associated with the burnout syndrome; to analyze the incidence of vulnerability to exhaustion among professional and amateur football players during the pre-competition phase.	Dependent: Burnout Independent: Competition Level	A total of 134 male football players participated in the study, being 71 professionals (M=22.77; SD ± 3.98 years) and 63 amateurs (M=17.18; SD ± 0.84 years).	It is a prospective study. The procedure chosen was intentional. Players responded to the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), and a univariate statistical analysis was performed.
Lemyre et al.²²22. Lemyre PN, Roberts C, Stray-Gundersen J. "Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes?". Eur J Sport Sci. 2007; 7(2): p. 115-127. DOI: 10.1080/17461390701302607 https://doi.org/10.1080/1746139070130260...	European Journal of Sport Science	To determine whether the quality of self-determined motivation at the beginning of the competitive season in elite athletes and overtraining symptoms can predict burnout propensity in athletes at the end of the season.	Dependent: Overtraining and Burnout Independent: Self-Determined Motivation	141 athletes (81 males, 60 females) aged 17-32 years old (mean of 20.1; SD+4.8 years) competing in Nordic skiing, alpine skiing, biathlon, speed skating and Nordic combined.	At the start of the season, athletes responded to a self-motivation questionnaire, and at the end of the season, in March, they answered questions to assess overtraining and burnout symptoms. Descriptive (MANOVA), correlation and regression analyses were used.
DeFreese& Smith²³23. DeFreese JD, Smith L. Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013; 14(2): p. 258-265. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.201...	Psychology of Sport and Exercise	To examine how specific components of perceived social support associate with burnout and self-perceived motivation in athletes, and whether they correlate with psychological well-being.	Dependent: Burnout and Self-Determined Motivation Independent: Social Support from the Team	235 college athletes, representing 63 teams and 11 fall or winter modalities (variation of 1 to 12 athletes per team). Among the participants, 88 were male and 144 female athletes (3 unspecified). Aged ranged from 18 to 25 years old (M=19.8; SD+1.4).	A cross-sectional study involving the application of a battery of online questionnaires was conducted to measure focal variables. After approval, contact was made with the study participants to start data collection, which lasted approximately two weeks before and no more than a weekend after the competitive season.

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[1] Author address
: Rafael Octaviano de Souza. Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Coração de Maria 92, Bairro Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, CEP [Postal Code] 80215-370. E-mail: rafaeloctaviano@hotmail.com