01 |
Lin et al. (2007)LIN, P. W. et al. Efficacy of aromatherapy (lavandula angustifolia) as na intervention for agitated behaviours in chineces older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial. International Journal of Geriatrics Psychiatric, London, v. 15, n. 1, p. 43-51, 2007.
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To verify the efficacy of lavender in the treatment for agitation in patients who presented dementia in Hong Kong. |
Randomized clinical trial with cross-over. Participants: 70 older adults, 44 of them with AD. Intervention group: lavender. Control Group: sunflower oil. Frequency: three weeks. |
Intervention group: Inhalation of lavender. Group control: Inhalation of sunflower. |
1) Lavender reduced agitation, dysphoria, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, and disorientation/nocturnal agitation. 2) There was no significant difference between genders, time of use and sequence of the aromas. |
Low sampling. The treatment was not done blindly. There was the influence of other factors (medication, caring relationship of the older adult). |
02 |
Staal et al. (2007)STAAL, J. A. et al. The effects of snoezelen (multi-sensory behavior therapy) and psychiatric care on agitation, apathy, and activities of daily living in dementia patients on a short term geriatric psychiatric inpatient unit. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, Charleston, v. 37, n. 4, p. 357-370, 2007.
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To evaluate whether standard psychiatric care treatment or non-pharmacological intervention (multisensory behavioral therapy (MSBT)) reduced agitation and apathy, and increased participation in activities of daily living ADL. |
Randomized clinical trial. Participants: 24 older adults. Group Intervention: 12 elderly people who received MSBT and standard treatment (medication) Control group: standard treatment and OT. |
Intervention group: MSBT (six sessions) Control group: OT activity groups: puzzle games, labyrinth grains, tactile tasks. |
1) The intervention group improved significantly in the agitation levels when compared to the control group, as well as a reduction of apathy. 2) There was improvement in the independence in ADL. |
Pilot study. The evidence is inconclusive. |
03 |
Rice et al. (2008)RICE, M. S. et al. Reduced feedback: motor learning strategy in persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, Ontario, v. 27, n. 2, p. 122-138, 2008.
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To investigate the effectiveness of motor learning strategies in people with AD, using feedback frequency (KR). |
Case-control study Participants: 40 people, 21 with AD and 19 without AD. Frequency: 33 attempts to hit the target in the acquisition phase, five in the retention phase and five in the transfer phase. |
Target on computer. The task was to turn the button back and forth to hit a moving target on the computer screen. |
1) The performance of participants without AD was better when compared to participants with AD. 2) Participants with reduced feedback had better performance, both in the retention phases and in the transfer of motor learning, when compared to the acquisition phase. |
Multiple places of data collection. Computer use was unfamiliar to many, and participants felt intimidated by the computer. |
04 |
Cox, Nowak e Buettner (2011)COX, E.; NOWAK, M.; BUETTNER, P. Managing agitated behaviour in people with Alzheimer’s disease: the role of live music. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, London, v. 74, n. 11, p. 517-524, 2011.
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To investigate whether live music reduces the agitation behavior in hospitalized people, and also with AD. |
Quase-experimental study. Participants: seven patients. Frequency: three interventions with each older adult. Time: 18 minutes. The interventions happened after two o´clock in the afternoon (more agitation). |
Live music |
1) During intervention: three participants stopped pacing and remained quiet after the music ceased. There was a reduction of the agitation to move the chairs and in the inspection of drawers and cabinets; but without statistical significance. 2) Negativism ceased in four participants and repetitive issues ceased for three participants. 3) The effects remained after the sessions. 4) The reception facilitated the interest and understanding of what would be done. |
Few participants |
05 |
Grierson et al. (2011)GRIERSON, L. E. M. et al. Application of a tactile way-finding device to facilitate navigation in persons with dementia. Assistive Technology Journal, New York, v. 23, n. 2, p. 108-115, 2011.
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To describe the applicability of the vibratory belt in the older adult with AD during mobility. |
Experimental Study. Participants: 12 participants, 11 with mild and moderate AD and 1 with mild cognitive deficit (MCD). Frequency: To perform four routes. Go through each route once in a hospital. |
Vibration belt placed at the waist, which reduced the cognitive demand for mobility, since it directed the route. The belt vibrates to provide the following directions: front, back, right side and left side. |
1) There were 10 participants able to complete all routes. Those who had many errors on the route had a worse cognitive decline. 2) When there was visual stimulation in the hospital corridors, it suppressed or interfered with attention to the commands produced by the belt. 3) Elderly people with early-stage dementia were able to follow the vibration signals appropriately. They reported feeling confident and comfortable in accomplishing the stipulated routes. |
The study suggested that the equipment was not functionally relevant for people with dementia in the moderate stages. |
06 |
Han et al. (2011)HAN, P. et al. A controlled naturalistic study on a weekly music therapy and activity program on disruptive and depressive behaviors in dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Basel, v. 30, n. 6, p. 540-546, 2011.
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To investigate whether the program that associated occupational therapeutic activities and music therapy (MAP) improved the behavioral and depressive symptoms. |
Randomized clinical trial. Participants: 43 elderly people, with AD or vascular dementia. Intervention group: 28 elderly people received music therapy (MAP) for six hours a week for eight weeks. Control group: 15 elderly people who did not receive MAP. |
Intervention group: MAP. In the morning they performed warming, stretching, walking, gardening, horticulture, massage, interaction with animals and people of different generations; In the afternoon, they participated in live music, cognitive games, and reminiscence. Control group: usual care. |
1) MAP participants improved complaints about “feeling alone” “being a burden to others” and “feeling bad and depressed”. 2) MAP resulted in a significant improvement in the behavioral and depressive symptoms reported by caregivers. 3) Live music had a positive social effect (smiles and motivation) on participants who were initially resistant. |
Small sample size, which limited the validity of the results. |
07 |
Ferrero-Arias et al. (2011)FERRERO-ARIAS, J. et al. The efficacy of nonpharmacological treatment for dementia-related apathy. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, New York, v. 25, n. 3, p. 213-129, 2011.
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To determine the usefulness of a non-pharmacological, structured and formal treatment for dementia and apathetic patients. |
Randomized controlled trial with cross-over, multicenter, single-blind. Participants: 146 patients (61.3%) Frequency: five times a week for four weeks. 50-minute sessions. |
Intervention group: 1st day: music therapy; 2nd day: art therapy; 3rd day: psychomotor activity. Rotating activities were carried out. Control group: TV, games, music, and books. |
1) Apathy decreased in the intervention group and increased in the control group. The results were better for mild to moderate apathies. 2) Apathy was correlated with the intensity of cognitive loss and the severity of dementia. 4) Structured intervention was more beneficial than free use of activities in an unstructured environment. |
The intervention time was small. |
08 |
Piersol, Earland e Herge (2012)PIERSOL, C. V.; EARLAND, T. V.; HERGE, E. A. Meeting the needs of caregivers of persons with dementia: an important role for occupational therapy. OT Practice, Bethesda, v. 17, n. 5, p. 8-12, 2012.
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To verify that changes in the physical and social environment led to the reduction of behavioral disorders. |
Case study. Participant: Caregiver, daughter of an elderly woman with AD. Aggressive and resistant patient to perform the activities. |
Guidance on communication activities and strategies. Routine structuring and use of assistive products. |
1) Behavioral changes reduced by changing the routine of activities performed in the morning to the afternoon. There was an increase in the elderly’s participation in self-care. 2) For the caregiver, the production of care has become less painful. |
Single case study. |
09 |
Mapelli et al. (2013)MAPELLI, D. et al. Cognitive stimulation in patients with dementia: randomized controlled trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Basel, v. 3, n. 1, p. 263-271, 2013.
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To investigate the effects of a cognitive stimulation treatment on daily activities and on behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms. |
Randomized Clinical Trial. Participants: 30 elderly (16 with AD) Frequency: five hours a week, it can be one hour a day. 40 sessions in total. |
Experimental Group: cognitive stimulation Placebo group: conventional OT (reading, playing, singing, psychomotricity) Control Group: routine asylum activities. |
1) After eight weeks, only the experimental group decreased their dementia severity, and they were identified by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The other groups did not have any alterations. 2) The experimental group showed a significant decrease in behavioral changes, while the placebo and control groups did not show changes. |
No limitations were reported. |
10 |
Stark et al. (2013)STARK, S. L. et al. Preclinical Alzheimer disease and risk of falls. Neurology, New York, v. 81, n. 5, p. 437-443, 2013.
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To determine falls in normal elderly person, with preclinical AD. |
Prospective cohort. Participants: 125 elderly people Time: 12 months. AD detected by Pittisburgh compound B (PiB) and/or puncture of cerebrospinal fluid to identify the substances: beta 42, tau and phosphorylated tau. |
A prepared calendar for recording falls, in which the caregiver or the elderly person monitored and recorded any incidents. |
1) Total of 154 falls., Only 75 of these participants had a single episode of fall. 2) PiB high: 75% had at least one fall; PiB low: 60% had fall. 3) Phosphorylated tau without relation to fall. 4) Disorders in gait seemed to be associated or predicted decline in cognitive function. |
Sample was homogeneous (white skin color and high education level). Other forms of pathology could be present. Self-reports were used to measure the falls (they could have sub-records). |
11 |
Piersol e Flynn (2014)PIERSOL, C. V.; FLYNN, M. Implementing interprofessional evidence-based approaches for older adults and their families. Home & Community Health Special Interest Section Quarterly, Bethesda, v. 21, n. 2, p. 1-4, 2014.
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Presenting whether task-focused training would improve independence and behavior. |
Case study. Participant: Only one. Older adult with aggressive behavior and lack of safety in the shower. |
Modification of the environment (bathroom). Structuring of routines and orientations to the caregiver. |
1) There were no reports of independence or greater autonomy in the shower, after treatment. 2) Behavior changes were related to low sugar levels since the patient had uncontrolled diabetes, but it was unrelated to AD. When controlling blood glucose, there were reports of improvement in aggressiveness 3) The caregiver reported that the structuring of the routine also had influence for decrease in the aggressiveness. |
A case study. The generalization of the data could not occur. |
12 |
Yi et al. (2015)YI, J. et al. The effect of the global positioning system on the driving performance of people with mild Alzheimer’s disease. Gerontology, Oklahoma, v. 61, n. 1, p. 79-88, 2015.
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To evaluate the effectiveness of different types of GPS (audio, audiovisual, visual only) in vehicular drivers with AD. |
Experimental Study. Participants: 28 with early-stage AD. Frequency: once a week, lasting two hours. |
STISIM (Systems Technology Incorporated Driving Simulator) e GPS (Global Position System). |
gbtm that damage in visual attention may contribute to increased risk of accidents. |
No limitations were reported. |
13 |
Baglio et al. (2015)BAGLIO, F. et al. Multistimulation Group Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease promotes changes in brain functioning. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, Los Angeles, v. 29, n. 1, p. 13-24, 2015.
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To verify the effectiveness of Multi Stimulation Therapy (MST). |
Randomized univariate clinical trial. Participants: 82 elderly people with dementia. Frequency: 30 sessions, lasting two hours and thirty minutes, three times a week. Follow-up: in the 32nd week. |
Intervention group: MST with cognitive stimulation, recreational activities, and psychomotricity. Control group: usual care. |
1) MST participants reduced behavioral changes (depression, anxiety, irritability, aberrant motor behavior) as well as increased cognitive skills (language and memory). 2) The improvement in cognition and behavior remained at the 22nd-week post-intervention. |
The follow-up was held in a very small space to assess if functional gains would actually remain. |