Transparency: all the participants (including the reader) are able to trace the whole process of PAR, its functions, aims, and methods, as much as possible. Compatibility: of the aims with the methods and means with which the goals are reached. Awareness: the participant researcher could claim that he/she understands deeply the contextual conditions and that he/she has set forth all the aspects he/she become aware of. |
Principle of the Researchers-Practitioners Agreement: seeks to ensure the development of a mutual understanding of, and commitment, to the research goals. Principle of the Cyclical Process Model: advocates progressing through the action research phases in a systematic manner. Principle of Theory: highlights the importance of using one or more theories to guide and focus the research activity. Principle of Change through Action: seeks that the intervention is appropriate to change an unsatisfactory situation. Principle of Learning through Reflection: highlights the importance of drawing insights from the research and identifying implications for other situations and research contexts. |
Congruence of experiential, presentational, propositional, and practical knowing. Leads to action to transform the world in the service of human flourishing. Recoverability: To make clear to interested readers the thought processes and models applied in the research process, which enabled other researchers to make their own interpretations and conclusions. |
Reference:Moser (1975)Moser, H. H. (1975). Aktions forschung als kritische theorie der sozialwissenschafen. Munich: Kos Verlag. apudSwantz (2008)Swantz, M. L. (2008). Participatory action research as practice. In P. Reason, & H. Bradbury (Eds.), The sage handbook of action research – Participative inquiry and practice. London: Sage Publications.
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Reference:Davison, Martinsons, and Kock (2004)Davison, R. M., Martinsons, M. G., & Kock, N. (2004). Principles of canonical action research. Information Systems Journal, 14, 65-86.,Lindgren, Henfridsson, and Schultze (2004)Lindgren, R., Henfridsson, O., & Schultze, U. (2004). Design principles for competence management systems: A synthesis of an action research study. MIS Quarterly, 28(3), 435-477.
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Reference:Heron and Reason (1997)Heron, J., & Reason, P. (1997). A participatory inquiry paradigm. Qualitative Inquiry, 3(3), 274-294.,Checkland and Holwell (1998)Checkland, P., & Holwell, S. (1998). Action research: Its nature and validity. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 11(1), 9-21.
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