Evaluating the muscular strength, functional capacity, and risk of sarcopenia in elderly women who practice Mat Pilates

Avaliação da força muscular, capacidade funcional e indicativo de sarcopenia em idosas que praticam Pilates no solo

Evaluación de la fuerza muscular, capacidad funcional e indicativo de sarcopenia en mujeres de edad avanzada que practican Pilates en el suelo

Abstract

Introduction:

Despite the importance of appropriate levels of muscular strength to maintain the functional capacity and a healthy life in old age, the current literature still lacks studies that investigate the profile of elderly women who practice Mat Pilates regarding these variables.

Objective:

This study aimed to analyze muscular strength, functional capacity, and risk of sarcopenia in elderly women who practiced Mat Pilates.

Method:

This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 50 elderly women who practice Mat Pilates in the city of Maringá, Paraná. Sociodemographic and health questionnaires were used, in addition to tests created by a Latin American development group for maturity called Grupo de Desenvolvimento Latino Americano para a Maturidade (GDLAM), sitting-rising test, arm curl test, and SARC-F questionnaire. For data analysis, Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests, as well as Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficients, were used. The level of significance was p < 0.05.

Results:

The 70-79-year-old elderly women showed worse results in the functional capacity and muscular strength tests of the upper limbs and a higher risk of sarcopenia than the individuals who were under 70 years of age. Muscular strength was inversely related to the reduction of the risk of sarcopenia, and functional capacity was directly associated with this risk.

Conclusion:

A good functional capacity seems to be related to the reduction of the risk of sarcopenia. Age seems to be an intervening factor for reducing muscular strength levels and functional capacity and increasing the risk of sarcopenia.

Keywords:
Muscular Strength; Functional Capacity; Old Age; Sarcopenia

Resumo

Introdução:

Apesar da importância de níveis adequados de força muscular para manter a capacidade funcional e uma vida saudável na velhice, a literatura atual ainda carece de estudos que investiguem o perfil de idosas que praticam o Pilates no solo em relação a essas variáveis.

Objetivo:

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a força muscular, a capacidade funcional e o indicativo de sarcopenia em idosas praticantes de Pilates no solo.

Método:

Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 50 idosas que praticam Pilates no solo na cidade de Maringá-PR. Utilizaram-se questionários sociodemográficos e de saúde, além de testes realizados pelo grupo de desenvolvimento latino-americano para maturidade do chamado Grupo de Desenvolvimento Latino-americano para a Maturidade (GDLAM), p teste de levantar e sentar, teste de flexão de cotovelo e o Questionário SARC-F. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados os testes Shapiro-Wilk e Mann-Whitney U, bem como os Coeficientes de Correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p < 0,05.

Resultados:

As idosas de 70 a 79 anos apresentaram piores resultados nos testes de capacidade funcional e força muscular dos membros superiores e maior indicativo de sarcopenia do que os indivíduos com menos de 70 anos de idade. A força muscular foi inversamente relacionada à redução do indicativo de sarcopenia, e a capacidade funcional esteve diretamente associada a esse indicativo.

Conclusão:

Uma boa capacidade funcional parece estar relacionada à redução do indicativo de sarcopenia. A idade parece ser um fator interveniente para reduzir os níveis de força muscular e a capacidade funcional, além de aumentar o indicativo de sarcopenia

Palavras-chave:
Força Muscular; Capacidade Funcional; Velhice; Sarcopenia

Resumen

Introducción:

A pesar de la importancia de los niveles apropiados de fuerza muscular para mantener la capacidad funcional y una vida saludable en la vejez, la literatura actual aún carece de estudios que investiguen el perfil de las mujeres ancianas que practican Pilates en el suelo en relación con estas variables.

Objetivo:

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar la fuerza muscular, la capacidad funcional y el indicio de sarcopenia en mujeres ancianas que practican Pilates en el suelo.

Método:

Este es un estudio transversal realizado con 50 mujeres ancianas que practican Pilates en el suelo en la ciudad de Maringá-PR. Se utilizaron cuestionarios sociodemográficos y de salud, además de las pruebas realizadas por un grupo de desarrollo de América Latina para el llamado Grupo de Desarrollo Latino Americano para una Muerte (GDLAM), la prueba de aumento de la sesión, la prueba de flexión del brazo y la Cuestionario SARC-F. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizaron las pruebas Shapiro-Wilk y Mann-Whitney U, así como los coeficientes de correlación de rango de Spearman. El nivel de significación se estableció en p < 0.05.

Resultados:

Las mujeres de 70 a 79 años de edad mostraron peores resultados en la capacidad funcional y las pruebas de fuerza muscular de las extremidades superiores y un mayor indicio de sarcopenia en comparación con las personas menores de 70 años. La fuerza muscular se relacionó inversamente con la reducción del indicativo de sarcopenia, y la capacidad funcional se asoció directamente con este indicativo.

Conclusión:

Una buena capacidad funcional parece estar relacionada con la reducción del indicativo de sarcopenia. La edad parece ser un factor que interviene para reducir los niveles de fuerza muscular y la capacidad funcional, y también para aumentar el indicativo de sarcopenia.

Palabras clave:
Fuerza Muscular; Capacidad Funcional; Vejez; Sarcopenia

Introduction

The aging process of the Brazilian population is similar to that of the world population, which, undoubtedly, can be considered a success for the country ¹. Aging has different manifestations and outcomes, including fragile, vulnerable, and dependent elderly people. Human muscular strength reaches its peak between the second and third decade of life, with a slow or unnoticeable decrease until the age of 50. After 65, muscular strength decreases with a rate of about 12 to 15% per decade. This negatively affects the functional capacity of older people ². Furthermore, another unfavorable consequence of the aging process is sarcopenia, which can be defined as the progressive loss of muscle mass associated with functional decline ³.

Sarcopenia can be classified as primary and secondary ⁴. However, in practice, the etiology of sarcopenia tends to be multifactorial, which makes it difficult to be classified ⁴. Treating sarcopenia includes several intervention strategies, such as suitable nutrition and dietary supplementation, but mainly the regular practice of physical exercises ³.

Regular physical exercises avoid the loss of muscle mass, in addition to promoting muscle growth and improving physical and cognitive functions, thus preventing functional decline ⁵. Among the different physical exercise programs available to the elderly population, Pilates has become very popular ^{1), (5}. Mat Pilates consists in doing exercises that usually require the individual’s own body weight and the action of gravity as a form of endurance ^6)-(8.

Despite the importance of appropriate levels of muscular mass and strength to maintain the balance and ability to move, as well as to prevent joint pain and, consequently, preserve a healthy life in old age, the current literature still lacks studies that investigate the profile of elderly women who practice Mat Pilates, mainly regarding muscular strength, functional capacity, the risk of sarcopenia, and the relationship between these variables. In view of the previously described benefits offered by such modality for several physical abilities, the hypothesis of this study is that elderly women who practice Mat Pilates show good muscular strength and functional capacity, as well as a low risk of sarcopenia.

No studies were found in the scientific literature showing the interrelation of strength, functional capacity, and risks of sarcopenia between elderly people who practice Mat Pilates and those who do not.

Therefore, this study aimed to analyze muscular strength, functional capacity, and the risk of sarcopenia in elderly women who practice Mat Pilates, in addition to compare the variables according to their age group and assess their correlation.

Methods

Subjects

This cross-sectional study was carried out by using a nonprobability convenience sampling that comprised 50 women with an average age of 65.9 ± 5.2 years. The study included elderly women aged 60 and older with preserved speech, expression, and understanding skills, who practiced Mat Pilates in one of the fitness centers in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná. Men were not included because this modality is predominantly practiced by women.

The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to exclude the elderly women with possible cognitive deficits. It consists of questions grouped into seven categories: temporal orientation, spatial orientation, three-word register, attention and calculation, recall of the three words, language, and visual constructive ability ⁹. The cut-off points used for exclusion by the MMSE were: 17 for the illiterate; 22 for the elderly with 1-4 years education level; 24 for those with 5-8 years education level; and 26 for the subjects who had studied for 9 years or longer. These cut-off points were based on the criteria of Brucki et al. ¹⁰, which correspond to the average obtained by these authors for each education level, minus one standard deviation. The elderly women who were classified under the cut-off point specific for their education level were excluded.

Instruments

A semistructured questionnaire was used to characterize the elderly women, consisting of questions related to age, ethnicity, education, smoking habits, retirement benefits, monthly income, marital status, occupational situation (whether the individual works to have an income), presence of diseases, history of falls in the last six months, self-perceived health, self-perceived body image, reasons for doing Mat Pilates, length of time they have been doing Mat Pilates, number of times they practice Pilates per week, and whether they practice another physical exercise.

Functional capacity was assessed by applying a functional autonomy battery of tests created by GDLAM ^{11), (12}, which included walking 10 meters (W10), rising from the sitting position (RSP), rising from the decubitus ventral position (RDVP), putting on and taking off the T-shirt (PTTS), rising from the sitting position and walking around the house (RSPWH). The tests were evaluated according to the time each of them lasted, in seconds. The shorter the time the tests are accomplished, the better the result is (weak, regular, good, very good). All the tests were used to obtain the general autonomy index (GI) by GDLAM. The lower scores obtained represent a better level of functional capacity. The GI was calculated as follows:

$\frac{\mathrm{GI}=\left[\right(\mathrm{W}10+\mathrm{RSP}+\mathrm{RDVP}+\mathrm{PTTS}\mathrm{x}2]+\mathrm{RSPWH}}{4}$

To examine the strength of the lower limbs (LLs) and upper limbs (ULs), the sitting-rising test and the Arm Curl Test were used; both are part of the Senior Fitness Test (SFT).

Considering the sitting-rising test, each woman was told to sit and rise from a chair with arms folded across the chest. A chair 45 centimeters high from the floor to the seat was used. The elderly should complete as many actions as possible in 30 seconds. Regarding the Arm Curl Test, the individual should remain seated at the edge of the chair and hold a 2kg alter with her dominant hand, performing as many actions as possible in 30 seconds. The evaluator pressed his/her fingers on the middle of the elderly woman’s arm, encouraging her to perform several actions. The results of both tests were classified as very weak, weak, regular, good, and very good ¹³.

To analyze the risks of sarcopenia, the SARC-F questionnaire was applied. This test diagnoses sarcopenia according to five components: strength, assistance with walking, rising from the sitting position, climbing stairs, and falls. The scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 to 2 points for each component, that is, SARC-F < 4 (without risks of sarcopenia) and SARC-F ≥ 4 (with risks of sarcopenia) ¹⁴.

Data collection

At first, the Secretary for Sports (SESP) of the municipality of Maringá, Paraná, was contacted to obtain authorization to carry out the research. The study was then approved by the Standing Committee on Ethical Research with Humans of the Faculdade Metropolitana de Maringá (FAMMA) under protocol 2.091.893/2017.

The study followed the guidelines for research with humans under Opinion No 466/12 of the National Council on Health. All the elderly women signed the Free Informed Consent Form (FICF).

Data analysis

Regarding data analysis, frequency and percentage were used for the categorical variables. For the numerical variables, at first the normality of the data was verified by using Shapiro-Wilk test. Since the data did not show a normal distribution, Median (Md) and Quartiles (Q1; Q3) were used to characterize the results. For comparing muscle strength, functionality, and risk of sarcopenia according to age, Mann-Whitney U test was used. The correlation between the variables was assessed by using Spearman’s correlation test. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered.

Results

There was a prevalence of elderly women who did not have a partner (60.0%), aged between 60 and 69 years (78.0%), with a monthly income from 1 to 2 minimum wages (58.0%), white (80.0%), inactive (64.0%), and retired (72.0%). Most subjects had finished elementary education (58.0%).

Regarding the health and physical activity profile (Table 1), most elderly women reported no disease (72.0%), not having fallen in the past six months (80.0%), having been practicing Mat Pilates due to medical recommendation (42.0%), and having been practicing another exercise besides this modality (56.0%). Most elderly women had been practicing Mat Pilates for a period between six months and two years (52.0%) and had a frequency of one to two times a week (86.0%).

Table 1
Health and physical activity profile of the elderly women who practice Mat Pilates in Maringá/PR

Variables		ƒ	%
Number of diseases
	None	36	72.0
	1	11	22.0
	2 or more	3	6.0
History of falls
	Yes	10	20.0
	No	40	80.0
Practice another exercise
	Yes	28	56.0
	No	22	44.0
Practice time
	Less than 6 months	19	38.0
	6 months to 2 years	26	52.0
	More than 2 years	5	10.0
Weekly frequency
	1 to 2 times	43	86.0
	3 times or more	7	14.0

Considering the muscle strength analysis (Table 2), it was found that the elderly women had a weak level prevalence for the muscle strength of the LLs (sitting-rising test in 30 seconds) (54.0%), but good muscle strength of the ULs (arm curl test) (94.0%). The following tests performed to evaluate the functional capacity showed a weak level prevalence: W10 (88.0%), RSPWH (94.0%), RDVP (100.0%). Regarding the GI of the functional capacity, 90% of the elderly women presented a weak level. Concerning sarcopenia, 96.0% of the elderly women had no risk of developing it.

Table 2
Level of functional and muscular strength of the elderly women who practice Mat Pilates in Maringá/PR

Variables		ƒ	%
LLs Muscular strength
	Weak	27	54.0
	Regular	17	34.0
	Good	6	12.0
ULs Muscular strength
	Weak	2	4.0
	Regular	1	2.0
	Good	47	94.0
W10
	Weak	44	88.0
	Regular	5	10.0
	Good	1	2.0
RSP
	Weak	23	46.0
	Regular	16	32.0
	Good	11	22.0
RSPWH
	Weak	47	94.0
	Regular	3	6.0
	Good	0	0.0
RDVP
	Weak	50	100.0
	Regular	0	0.0
	Good	0	0.0
PTTS
	Weak	0	0.0
	Regular	0	0.0
	Good	50	100.0
GI
	Weak	45	90.0
	Regular	5	10.0
	Good	0	0.0
Risk of sarcopenia
	Yes	2	4.0
	No	48	96.0

• Note: LLs: lower limbs; Uls: upper limbs; W10: walking 10 meters; RSP: rising from the sitting position; RSPWH: rising from the sitting position and walking around the house; RDVP: rising from the decubitus ventral position; PTTS: putting on and taking off the T-shirt; GI: general index (GDLAM).

When comparing the muscle strength of the elderly women according to their age group (Table 3), a significant difference was found between the groups only in the arm curl test (p = 0.002). Considering functional capacity, a significant difference was found in the following tests: RSP (p = 0.017), RSPWH (p = 0.008), RDVP (p = 0.001), and GI (p = 0.001). The risk of sarcopenia was also different according to age (p = 0.012).

Table 3
Comparison of muscle strength and functional capacity of the elderly women who practice Mat Pilates in the city of Maringá/PR, according to their age group

Variables		Age Group		P
		60-69 years (n = 39)	70-79 years (n = 11)
		Md (Q1;Q3)	Md (Q1;Q3)
Muscular strength
	Sitting-rising test	15.0 (13.0; 16.0)	13.0 (13.0; 15.0)	0.093
	Arm curl test	25.0 (22.0; 26.0)	21.0 (15.0; 13.0)	0.002*
Functional capacity
	10-minute walking	8.4 (7.6; 9.3)	8.4 (8.3; 9.6)	0.393
	Rising from the sitting position	10.6 (9.5; 12.0)	12.4 (11.0; 13.7)	0.017*
	Rising from the sitting position and walking around the house	50.1 (47.4; 52.3)	53.3 (50.7; 56.2)	0.008*
	Rising from the decubitus ventral position	7.1 (6.3; 8.1)	9.3 (8.3; 10.6)	0.001*
	Putting on and taking off the T-shirt	7.8 (6.4; 9.1)	8.9 (6.3; 10.2)	0.308
	General index of functional capacity	29.1 (28.1; 30.5)	32.5 (31.5; 33.8)	0.001*
Risk of sarcopenia
		1.0 (1.0; 2.0)	2.0 (1.0; 3.0)	0.012*

• Note: *Significant difference: p < 0.05 - Mann-Whitney U Test.

Table 4 shows that the risk of sarcopenia had significant correlations (p < 0.05) and weak ones (r < 0.40) with the muscle strength of the LLs (r = 0.33) and ULs (r = −0.61); and also with the functional capacity in the RSP (r = 0.32), RSPWH (r = 0.33), RDVP (r = 0.45), and GI (r = 0.58) tests. These results show that the muscular strength is inversely related to the reduction of the risk of sarcopenia. In addition, the results of the functional capacity tests are directly associated with this risk, that is, the worse the results of the functional capacity tests, the higher the risk of sarcopenia; however, such relationships were weak.

Table 4
Correlation between functional capacity, muscular strength, and risk of sarcopenia of the elderly women

Variables	Muscular strength		Functional capacity						R. Sarcopenia
	SLLs	SULs	W10M	RSP	RSPWH	RDVP	PTTS	GI
SLLs		0.28*	−0.25	−0.13	−0.25	−0.25	−0.32*	−0.45*	−0.33*
SULs			−0.07	−0.33*	−0.24	−0.26	−0.22	−0.45*	−0.61*
W10				0.12	0.10	0.19	0.24	0.50*	0.09
RSP					0.24	0.25	−0.20	0.57*	0.32*
RSPWH						0.19	−0.11	0.57*	0.33*
RDVP							0.07	0.67*	0.45*
PTTS								0.34*	0.25
R. Sarcopenia

• Note: *Significant Correlation: p < 0.05. SLLs: strength of lower limbs; SULs: strength of upper limbs; W10: walking 10 meters; RSP: rising from the sitting position; RSPWH: rising from the sitting position and walking around the house; RDVP: rising from the decubitus ventral position; PTTS: putting on and taking off the T-shirt; GI: general index by GDLAM; R.: risk.

Discussion

According to the main findings of this study, the age of the elderly women who practice Mat Pilates is strongly associated with the loss of functional capacity; moreover, the muscle strength is negatively correlated with the risk of sarcopenia, whereas functional capacity is positively correlated with it.

This study showed that 70-79 year-old women obtained worse results regarding the strength levels in the LLs in most functional capacity tests (RSP, RCWH, RDVP), as well as in the GI of the functional capacity, in addition to the risk of sarcopenia, compared to 60-69 year-old individuals (Table 3), which confirms the results found in other researches ^15)-(17. A cross-sectional study carried out with 345 elderly subjects aged between 60 and 94 years, who lived in the urban area of a city in the south of Brazil, found that some variables, such as age over or equal to 70 years; the fact of being female; and having an economic status considered as reasonable, poor, or very poor, were positively associated with an inappropriate functional capacity ¹⁶.

Several investigations have also shown that age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and endurance are determining factors in the functional capacity of elderly people ^18)-(22. Thus, this loss interferes with several daily life tasks, such as those shown in this study; that is, rising from the sitting position, rising from the sitting position and walking around the house, rising from the decubitus ventral position, in addition to the general autonomy index.

A study by Reid et al. with 57 sedentary elderly individuals of both sexes and an average age of 74.2 years verified the influence of mass and muscle strength on functional capacity ¹⁹. As a conclusion, the authors point out that both preservation and increase of muscle mass have a significant and independent effect on the strength preservation and, consequently, on the functional capacity of this population ¹⁹. Furthermore, the authors showed that each kilogram (kg) of increased lean body mass reduces in 53% the chance of the elderly to have serious functional limitations ¹⁹.

This study showed that most of the elderly women assessed had a low level of muscular strength for the LLs and poor performance in all functional capacity tests, despite being Mat Pilates practitioners. However, physical exercise is still considered an important intervention for preserving and increasing muscular strength and maintaining functional capacity ^23)-(25.

Akune et al. carried out a study with 1000 Japanese older people. The authors showed that the elderly, who had been practicing physical exercises since middle age, had a low prevalence of sarcopenia and improvement of walking. Therefore, the researchers suggested that the habit of doing physical exercise is a protective factor that inhibits the development of sarcopenia and is effective for maintaining the muscle strength and physical capacity of the elderly ²³.

Results related to the increase of muscle strength and mass were also verified in other investigations that used Mat Pilates exercises. This modality can significantly increase the muscle mass and strength of people because it promotes exercises that make them use only their own body weight ^{5), (26), (27}. A study by Queiroz et al. , which evaluated the muscle mass of 43 elderly women with an average age of 73 years during 11 weeks, showed that 43 sessions of Mat Pilates, with a gradual increase in intensity, were enough to generate a positive effect on increasing muscle mass in elderly people ²⁵. Moreover, the age group of elderly individuals who are 70 years old or over showed a higher percentage of subjects with appropriate muscle mass after the intervention, unlike this study, in which the 70-79 age group showed a lower strength in the arm curl test, compared to the 60-69 age group.

A hypothesis that might justify the different results found in out study may be the absence of control and analysis of the influence of some variables, that is, frequency, duration, intensity of the sessions of Pilates, as well as the time each elderly woman had been practicing Pilates or another physical exercise. In addition, this is an observational study, not an experimental one, which prevents the authors from assessing the relationships between cause and effect.

Another relevant fact is that the muscle mass decreases by approximately 2% every year after the age of 50. After that, there is also a reduction of about 15% of the muscle strength every 10 years ²⁸. Considering this, it is possible to infer that the same exercise generates different physiological muscle responses in 60-69 year-old and 70-79 year-old elderly women.

Regarding the arm curl test, 94% of the elderly women showed good results for muscle strength of the upper limbs (Table 3), which corroborates the results found in the study carried out in Florianópolis/SC in a program entitled ‘Active Living’. Such investigation applied the strength test of the upper and lower limbs in elderly women who either had done functional gymnastics before or not, and showed a significant increase in muscle strength of the upper limbs in 90% of the elderly women who had started functional gymnastics ²⁹. However, the sitting-rising test of this study showed weak levels, whereas in the study carried out in Florianópolis the subjects reached 96% above the average for muscle strength of the lower limbs ²⁹. A study carried out in the city of Caxias do Sul/RS, which compared elderly women who practiced weight training and water aerobics with non-practitioners, showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to the sitting-rising test ³⁰.

Another study also carried out in Paraná, with 30 elderly women, showed improvement of muscle strength and ULs functionality in the group submitted to the arm curl test, compared to non-practitioners. This corroborates our study, which showed good results (Table 3) in the arm curl test ³¹. Regarding the analysis of functionality, there was a prevalence of all the weak levels. However, an intervention study performed with a dance group in community fitness centers in the city of Teresina/PI observed a significant improvement in functionality in all the elderly women after the beginning of Pilates practice, but no significant difference compared to before and after the intervention ³².

A study carried out in the city of Ipiaú/BA, with elderly women with an average age of 71 years, compared Pilates with endurance exercises. The results showed no statistical difference in either group and concluded that both physical activities were similar to the impact that occurs when either walking or being in balance position ^{33), (34}.

Considering the functional capacity test, a directly associated sarcopenia was found in this study. Another investigation was carried out in the city of Brejinho de Nazaré/TO, which included 39 elderly female quilombolas (inhabitants of rural black communities who are descendants of enslaved Africans) with an average age of 63 years, and who used to practice physical activity. Such study assessed functional capacity according to the walking speed and hand grip strength tests; the risk of sarcopenia associated with their functional capacity was found in 7.69% of the individuals, corroborating our study, which identified the same risk in 4% of the elderly women.

The data found in this study, that is, muscular strength inversely related to the reduction of the risk of sarcopenia and functional capacity directly associated with this risk, express in results the definition of sarcopenia, which is nothing but the reduction of muscle volume associated with a reduced functionality and walking speed. Thus, these results reflect the findings of the systematic review carried out by Papa et al. ²⁸.

This research has some limitations that can affect the results, including a low number of participants; an investigation limited to female subjects; the lack of a description of the exercises performed, the duration of the classes, and accurate data about the frequency of classes, in addition to information on the length of time that the women had been doing Pilates. Another limitation is the fact that this is an observational study, thus, its design does not allow a prior assessment of the subjects, that is, an evaluation of the elderly women before they started doing Mat Pilates by using the same instruments to verify whether there was any improvement after they started practicing this modality.

Conclusion

Finally, the good functional capacity of the elderly women who practice Mat Pilates seems to be related to the reduction of the risk of sarcopenia. However, age seems to be an intervening factor for reducing the levels of muscular strength and functional capacity, in addition to increasing the risks of sarcopenia. These findings can help physical education professionals and physical therapists to better understand the muscular response of their students/patients before the exercises suggested. The results might also encourage such professionals to search alternative modalities to complement Mat Pilates for reducing the risks of sarcopenia, even in the elderly over the age of 70 years.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 May 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  08 Aug 2018
• Accepted
  07 Mar 2019