IMPROVEMENT OF ODI AND SF-36 QUESTIONNAIRES SCORE AFTER ONE YEAR OF PLIF OR TLIF

MELHORA NA PONTUAÇÃO DOS QUESTIONÁRIOS ODI E SF-36 APÓS UM ANO DE PLIF OU TLIF

MEJORA DE LA PUNTUACIÓN DE LOS CUESTIONARIOS ODI Y SF-36 DESPUÉS DE UN AÑO DE PLIF O TLIF

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Determine if patients undergoing PLIF or TLIF surgery achieved improvement in the score of ODI and SF-36 questionnaires one year after surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective, single-center and non-randomized study. Patients submitted to spinal surgery using the PLIF or TLIF technique were included who completed the ODI and SF-36 questionnaires at least at the preoperative visit, and one year after surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, Group 1 (1 surgery level) and Group 2 (> 1 surgery level) and the ODI and SF-36 scores were compared for improvement.

Results:

The mean age was 47 years, with 52% of males (13/25) and mean of 5 days of hospital stay. Patients presented a significant improvement of ODI questionnaire (p<0.001) and in all SF-36 domains except in General Health State (p=0.58). In each group, it was observed that patients submitted to more than one level of surgery had greater blood loss and shorter hospital stay; however, the improvement obtained in ODI and SF-36 compared to the one-level surgery group was similar.

Conclusions:

PLIF and TLIF techniques are effective and lead to improved scores in ODI and SF-36 questionnaires one year after surgery. Patients undergoing two or more levels of instrumentation showed significant and similar improvement in ODI and SF-36. Level of evidence II, Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Keywords:
Spine/Surgery; Quality of Life; Spinal Fusion

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Verificar se pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de PLIF ou TLIF obtém melhora nos questionários ODI e SF-36.

Métodos:

Estudo retrospectivo, de centro único, não randomizado. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia da coluna vertebral com a utilização da técnica de PLIF ou TLIF, avaliados através dos questionários ODI e SF-36 pelo menos na visita pré-operatória e após um ano de pós-operatório. Os desfechos foram a pontuação no ODI e SF-36. Os pacientes foram, então, subdivididos em dois subgrupos: Grupo 1 (1 nível) e Grupo 2 (>1 nível de cirurgia), que foram comparados em relação a melhora na pontuação dos questionários ODI e SF-36.

Resultados:

A média de idade foi de 47 anos, com 52% de pacientes do sexo masculino (13/25) e média de cinco dias de internação. Os pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa nos questionários ODI (p<0,001) e em todos os domínios do SF-36, exceto o Estado Geral de Saúde (p=0,58). Após a subdivisão nos grupos, foi visto que os pacientes submetidos a mais de um nível de cirurgia tiveram maior perda sanguínea e menor período de internação, no entanto, a melhora obtida nos questionários ODI e SF-36, comparados ao grupo com apenas um nível de cirurgia, foi semelhante.

Conclusão:

As cirurgias de PLIF ou TLIF são eficientes e causam melhora na pontuação dos questionários ODI e SF-36 após 1 ano de cirurgia. Pacientes submetidos a um nível de cirurgia ou a mais de um nível de cirurgia apresentaram melhora significativa e semelhante nos scores de ODI e SF-36. Nível de evidência II; Estudo Retrospectivo, de Centro Único.

Descritores:
Coluna Vertebral/Cirurgia; Qualidade de Vida; Fusão Vertebral

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Determinar si los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de PLIF o TLIF logaron mejoría en la puntuación de los cuestionarios ODI y SF-36 un año después de la cirugía.

Métodos:

Estudio retrospectivo, de centro único y no aleatorizado. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a cirugía espinal utilizando la técnica PLIF o TLIF que completaron los cuestionarios ODI y SF-36 al menos en la visita preoperatoria y un año después de la cirugía.. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, el Grupo 1 (1 nivel de cirugía) y el Grupo 2 (> 1 nivel de cirugía) y las puntuaciones de ODI y SF-36 se compararon en cuanto a la mejoría.

Resultados:

La edad promedio fue de 47 años, con 52% de hombres (13/25) y una media de 5 días de estancia hospitalaria. Los pacientes presentaron una mejora significativa del cuestionario ODI (p<0,001) y en todos los dominios del SF-36 excepto en el Estado de Salud General (p = 0,58). En cada grupo, se observó que los pacientes sometidos a más de un nivel de cirugía tenían una mayor pérdida de sangre y una estancia hospitalaria más corta; sin embargo, la mejora obtenida en ODI y SF-36 en comparación con el grupo de cirugía de un nivel fue similar.

Conclusiones:

Las técnicas PLIF y TLIF son efectivas y conducen a mejores puntuaciones en los cuestionarios ODI y SF-36 un año después de la cirugía. Los pacientes sometidos a dos o más niveles de instrumentación mostraron una mejoría significativa y similar en ODI y SF-36. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio Retrospectivo, de Centro Único.

Descriptores:
Columna Vertebral/Cirugía; Calidad de Vida; Fusión Vertebral

INTRODUCTION

With the increase in the life expectancy of the population, the incidence of degenerative lumbar diseases also increases. Because they cause decreased mobility, mechanical pain, and a reduction in the quality of life, they are one of the main causes of disability in the population.^1–3

In cases of surgical necessity and depending on the diagnosis, specialists may opt for simple direct decompression or direct or indirect decompression with arthrodesis or arthroplasty.^1,3,4 Recent studies have shown that the placement of interbody cages can increase the fusion rate and reduce the number of operations, since they increase biodynamic stability in the segment, in addition to allowing a greater correction of sagittal alignment.^5–7

Lumbar interbody fusion can have three main approaches: anterior, lateral, and posterior.^8,9 Posterior approach techniques that use an interbody cage include transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and posterior transforaminal interbody fusion (PLIF).^1,10,11

The former entails removal of the upper facet joint of the lower vertebra and the lower facet joint of the upper vertebra of the level to be treated, permitting access to the intervertebral foramen, through which the cage will be placed.^1,12,13 The PLIF technique involves a laminotomy that allows exposure of the intervertebral space to be treated, promoting access to the disc space by posterior approach and placement of an interbody device.^13,14 Although they are effective, provide a fusion rate similar to that of other interbody fusion techniques,^8,14 involve more extensive dissection of the muscles, longer surgical times, and greater blood loss in relation to other techniques, especially minimally invasive ones, their capacity to improve patient quality of life is often questioned.¹⁵

For this reason, the objective of our study is to verify whether patients submitted to the PLIF or TLIF technique show improvement in the physical limitation and quality of life ODI and SF-36 questionnaires one year following surgery.

METHODS

This study is a retrospective, single center analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent PLIF or TLIF surgery between 2015 and 2017 at the Hospital Municipal São José – Joinville, SC. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Municipal São José – Joinville, SC, as opinion number 2.654.162. For this study, the IRB approved an exemption from the Informed Consent Form (ICF) requirement.

Patients who had been submitted to the TLIF or PLIF technique and who had filled out the ODI and SF-36 questionnaires at their preoperative and 1-year postoperative visits were included in the study.

The following demographic and intraoperative data were collected: sex, age, levels operated, diagnosis, surgical time, and blood loss. In addition, the ODI and SF-36 questionnaires filled out at the preoperative, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year visits were collected. The results of the questionnaires from each visit were then compared.

The patients were then divided into two groups: Group 1 (patients submitted to 1 level of PLIF or TLIF) and Group 2 (Patients submitted to more than 1 level of PLIF or TLIF). The ODI and SF-36 data (preoperative and 1 year postoperative), as well as blood loss and hospitalization time, were compared between the groups.

The following statistical analyses were used: Student's t-test and ANOVA for numeric values and Chi-square with Pearson's correlation for the nominal data. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

A total of 25 cases were included after inclusion criteria assessment. The demographic data of the population are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 47 years, with 52% male patients (12/25) and an average of 1.76 (± 0.7) levels operated.

Table 1
Demographic data.

Age	47
Sex (M/F)	Male (13)/Female (12)
Diagnoses	Degenerative Disc Disease (13)
	Herniated Disc (12)
Levels Operated (levels)	1.56 (+/- 0.7)
Blood Loss (mL)	402.8 (+/- 197.64)
Surgical Time (min)	122.8 (+/- 37.8)
Hospitalization Time (days)	4.96 (+/- 0.73)

All patients presented significant improvement in the Oswestry Disability Index (p<0.001) and SF-36 (p<0.001) scores (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1

Figure 2

In addition, the patients were divided into 2 subgroups, 1 level operated (Group 1) and more than 1 level operated (Group 2), to verify whether the number of levels operated has an influence on the improvement in the SF-36 and ODI questionnaires.

After separation into the two groups, there were 14 patients in Group 1 and 11 patients in Group 2. Group 1 had 8 male patients (57%) and Group 2 had 5 male patients (45%) (p>0.05), with a mean age of 43 and 51 years, respectively (p=0.01). Blood loss and hospitalization time were significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 (Table 2).

Table 2
Blood loss and hospitalization time.

	Group 1 (n=14)	Group 2 (n=11)	p
Age	43	51	0.01*
Sex (M/F)	Male (8) /Female (6)	Male (5) /Female (6)	0.33
Diagnoses	Herniated Disc (11)	Herniated Disc (1)
	Degenerative Disc Disease (3)	Degenerative Disc Disease (10)
Levels Operated (levels)	276 (+/- 104)	563 (+/- 158)	<0.001
Blood Loss (mL)	99 (+/- 14)	152 (+/- 35)	<0.001
Surgical Time (min)	4.5 (+/- 0.4)	5.4 (+/- 0.6)	<0.001

The groups had different preoperative ODI scores (Mean: 59 vs. 74, p=0.009) (Figure 3). However, the improvement obtained by both groups 1 year following surgery was significant in relation to the preoperative period and statistically similar to each other (97% vs. 98%, p>0.05) (Figure 4).

Figure 3

Figure 4

As regards the SF-36 questionnaire, the two differed in the following domains: Functional Ability and Pain (p=0.028 and p=0.047). (Table 3) The two groups presented significant improvement 1 year after surgical treatment by PLIF or TLIF. (Figure 5) Both groups had improvement percentages without significant difference (p>0.05 for all domains).

Figure 5

Table 3

	g1	g2	p
Functional Capacity	12.5	5.909091	0.028339
Physical Limitation	0	0	0
General State of Health	63.21429	59.09091	0.359186
Pain	19.5	12.09091	0.047296
Vitality	35	25.90909	0.114854
Social Aspects	28.57143	20.45455	0.076684
Emotional Limitations	28.57143	18.18182	0.282653
Mental Health	54	34.54545	0.056339

DISCUSSION

Nowadays, with the advent of minimally invasive techniques, open surgeries have often come to be seen as antiquated. However, the high cost of materials and high learning curve required for surgeons have made open techniques a much used option in public services.^16–18

Open posterior and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion techniques have made the treatment of multiple spinal pathologies possible and have a similar capacity for causing improvement in the ODI and SF-36 indices,^19,20 as demonstrated in our article, in which, one year following surgery the patients had about 97% improvement in the ODI and 64% improvement in all the SF-36 domains.

When the patients were divided into groups, we observed greater blood loss, surgical time, and hospitalization time in the group with more than one operated level. However, one year following surgery, these patients presented improvement similar to that of the group operated at only one level, results similar to those reported by other studies.^21,22

Although the ODI and SF-36 questionnaires do not guide medical treatment or replace clinical and radiological assessment, they may reveal factors that could interfere with the surgical outcome.²³ In addition, because they are correlated with the impact that a patient's symptoms have on their quality of life, an improvement in these questionnaires indicates, even if indirectly, that the surgery was efficient in resolving or alleviating their symptoms.

The main limitations of the study are the low number of patients included and the short follow-up time (1 year). In addition, we did not collect complication and reoperation data.

CONCLUSION

PLIF and TLIF surgeries are efficient and cause improvement of ODI and SF-36 questionnaire scores 1 year following surgery. The patients submitted to the PLIF or TLIF technique showed an improvement of 97% in the ODI questionnaire score and an average of 64% in all the domains of the SF-36 1 year after surgery. Both patients who were operated at one level and those operated at more than one level presented significant a similar improvement in their ODI and SF-36 scores.

• Study conducted at the Hospital Municipal São José, Spine Surgery Service of the IOT – Hospital Municipal São José de Joinville, SC, Brazil.

REFERENCES

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  30 Apr 2018
• Accepted
  23 Nov 2018