EXCRETION LEVEL OF TRACE MINERALS IN BROILERS FED ORGANIC MINERAL

NÍVEIS DE EXCREÇÃO DE MICROMINERAIS EM FRANGOS DE CORTE ALIMENTADOS COM MINERAIS ORGÂNICOS

Abstract

The aim of this current study was to determine the excretion level of the trace organic minerals copper, iron, manganese, and zinc added to broiler diets at different inclusion levels. The treatments consisted of a corn and soybean meal based diet supplemented with inorganic minerals or levels of organic minerals: basal diet containing 0% of microminerals of organic source (MO), 50% MO, 75% MO, and 100% MO. Excretion levels of organic trace minerals varied quadratically in relation to the inclusion levels of organic minerals. The inclusion levels of 50% and 75% of organic minerals led to animals with lower excretion levels of all trace elements evaluated. The performance variables did not suffer any influence of treatments, even when the amount of organic minerals was equivalent to 50% of the recommended levels. The diet with the addition of trace organic minerals at the level of 50% is more efficient since it provides lower levels of trace minerals excretion keeping poultry performance.

Keywords:
mineral nutrition; organic sources; poultry production; productive performance

Resumo

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar o nível de excreção dos microminerais orgânicos cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco adicionados as dietas de frangos de corte em diferentes níveis de inclusão. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja suplementada com minerais na forma inorgânica ou porcentagens de minerais orgânicos: os tratamentos consistiram em dieta basal contendo 0% de microminerais de fonte orgânica (MO), 50% MO, 75% MO e 100% MO. Os níveis de excreção de microminerais orgânicos variaram de forma quadrática em relação aos níveis de inclusão dos minerais orgânicos. Nos níveis de inclusão de 50% e 75% de minerais orgânicos os animais apresentaram os menores níveis de excreção de todos os microminerais avaliados. As variáveis de desempenho não sofreram qualquer influência dos tratamentos, mesmo quando a quantidade de minerais orgânicos foi o equivalente a 50% dos níveis recomendados. A dieta com a inclusão dos microminerais no nível de 50% na forma orgânica se mostrou mais eficiente já que proporcionou os menores níveis de excreção dos microminerais, mantendo o desempenho das aves.

Palavras-chave:
avicultura; desempenho produtivo; fontes orgânicas; nutrição mineral

Introduction

The current trace mineral levels used as a reference in poultry feed formulation are based on values from old surveys⁽¹⁾ and they did not follow the genetic progress continuously experienced by commercial broiler strains.

Trace minerals are important in poultry feeding once they are involved in several biochemical processes, which are essential to growth and development, especially bone development⁽²⁾. They act as catalysts of the majority of enzymes and hormone systems predominantly. Mineral deficiencies can affect the animal metabolic and productive performance⁽³⁾, despite being needed in small amounts for continued growth and life⁽⁴⁾.

Mineral supplementation in animal diets is commonly done in the inorganic form because they are likely to interact among themselves and with other compounds in the digestive tract. As they are added at levels above the broiler’s requirements, the result is an excess of nutrients in the diets.

The high concentration of minerals in animal waste can lead to soil contamination and reach the deepest levels up to the groundwater tables⁽⁵⁾. The mineral pollution potential allied to the goal of achieving the best broiler production efficiency have stimulated new discussion and research aiming at more bioavailable nutrients that enable a better utilization by the animal organism and, at the same time, minimize the environmental impacts generated by the activity.

In this context, interests in more bioavailable mineral sources are growing, such as complex organic trace minerals, called organic trace minerals. Once they are associated with organic molecules, the organic minerals are more stable to pH variations along the digestive tract of the bird⁽⁶⁾, showing thus more digestibility and, which leads to less excretion of these minerals.

Organic minerals can be a more efficient way to improve the minerals availability, providing a better nutrient absorption from feed, leading to better animal performance, maximizing profits, and minimizing costs⁽⁷⁾.

Thus, the current study aimed to determine the excretion level of trace mineral (copper, iron, manganese, and zinc), associated in its organic form, added to broiler diets at different inclusion levels and its effect on broiler performance.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Experiment Farm, at Glória Farm, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Federal University of Uberlândia in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state. Throughout the experimental period, the animals remained in a barn made of masonry and metal structure, covered with cement tile, concrete floor and screened walls. The environment inside the barn was controlled through ceiling tiles made of plastic especially for poultry industry, mechanically-driven side curtains, ceiling sprinklers, fans, and an environment monitoring electronic central, besides artificial lighting. During the experimental period, the birds received water and food ad libitum with a diet based on corn and soybean meal (Table 1).

Table 1
Percentage and calculated composition of experimental diets and inclusion levels of the organic minerals (OM) copper, iron, manganese, and zinc

Ingredients	Pre-starter (l-7dias)	Starter (8-21dias)	Growth (22-33dias)	Pre­ slaughter
Corn	55.68	54.18	58.20	64.41
Soybeanmeal	36.87	36.36	32.53	26.92
Oil	3.09	5.46	5.54	5.15
DicalciumPhosphate	2.08	1.83	1.85	1.72
Limestone	0.91	0.95	0.84	0.83
Common salt	0.39	0.40	0.35	0.36
L-lysine	0.28	0.13	0.06	0.12
DL-Methionine	0.29	0.29	0.23	0.20
Premix (vit.+mineral)	0.401	0.401	0.402	0.303
Total	100	100	100	100
CalculatedComposition
ME (kcal/kg)	2960	3050	3150	3200
CrudeProtein (%)	22.90	22.83	19.73	18.31
Lysine (%)	1.46	1.30	1.19	1.14
Methionine (%)	0.69	0.58	0.55	0.53
Met+Cist.(%)	1.05	0.93	0.87	0.75
Calcium (%)	0.95	0.90	0.84	0.80
AvailablePhosp.(%)	1.89	0.45	0.42	0.39
Sodium (%)	0.22	0.22	0.21	0.2
InclusionLevels
Minerals (mg/kg)	0% OM	50% OM	75% OM	100% OM
Cooper	6.00	3.00	4.50	6.00
Iron	30.00	15.00	22.50	30.00
Manganese	70.00	35.00	52.50	70.00
Zinc	50.00	25.00	37.50	50.00

• ¹MC- Starter Chicken Mix - Composition per productkilogram - Vit.A 2,750,000 UI; Vit.D3 500,000 IU; Vit.E 4,000 mg; Vit.K3 375 mg; Vit.B₁ 300 mg; Vit.B₂ 1,125 mg; Vit.B₆ 500 mg; Vit.B₁₂; 4,000 mcg; niacin 8,750 mg; calcium pantothenate 2,500 mg; folic acid 100 mg; biotin 15 mg; selenium 62.5 mg; methionine 420 g; choline 65,000 mg; iron 7,500 mg; cooper 2,250 mg; manganese 15,000 mg; zinc 15,000 mg; I 250 mg; promoter 96 g; coccidiostat 93,75g; antioxidant 30g.
• ²MC- GrowthChicken Mix - Composition per productkilogram - Vit.A 10,000,000 IU; Vit.D₃ 2,500,000 UI; Vit.E17,500 IU; Vit K;. 2,000 mg, folic acid 500 mg; pantothenic acid 15 mcg; Vit. B₁ 1500 mg; Vit B₁₂; 15000 mcg; biotin 60mg; niacin 25 mg; Vit.Bj 2000 mg; Vit. B; 7500 mg, iron 30g; cooper 6g; zinc 50g; manganese 70 g; I lg; selenium 0.35g; choline 0.20g.
• ³MC- Pre-slaughterChicken Mix - Composition per product kilogram - Vit.A 900,000 IU; Vit. D3 150,000 IU; Vit. E 1,500 mg; Vit. K₃ 150mg; Vit. B₁ 90mg; Vit. B₂ 300 mg; Vit.B₆ 120 mg; Vit.B₁₂ 900 mcg; niacin 1,500 mg; calciumpantothenate 1,200 mg; biotin 4.5 mg; selenium 60 mg; methionine 301g; choline 43,680 mg; iron 7,500 mg; cooper 2,250 mg; manganese 15,000 mg; zinc 15,000 mg; 1250 mg; antioxidant 30g.

For this study, 48 30-day old female broiler were used. The animals were placed in cages, two birds per cage, and distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and six repetitions and two birds per repetition. The birds were submitted to a two-day adjustment period for diets and management used during the experimental period.

The treatments consisted of a corn and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with minerals in inorganic form or organic mineral percentages. Treatment 1 was the basal diet with 100% of inorganic minerals (control) in the form of salts in the mineral premix. The other treatments consisted of the basal diet added to a chelated minerals mixture (copper, iron, manganese, and zinc), partially hydrolyzed proteins, and amino acids in the organic form (OM), in percentages of 100% (100% of minerals in organic forms), 75% (75% of minerals in organic form and 0% of minerals in inorganic form), and 50% (50% of the minerals in organic form and 0% of minerals in inorganic form).

Trays were installed in the cages to cover their bottom and allow excreta collection. After a 24-hour fasting period, the experimental diets were fed ad libitum for four days and at the end of the fourth day, birds they were submitted to a new 24-hour fasting period. The fast regime was adopted to ensure that the excreta samples collected were only those from the experimental period. The total excreta collection was performed twice a day for five days since the beginning of feeding the experimental diets. The excreta collected were placed in pre-labeled plastic bags, according to each treatment and repetition, and stored under refrigeration.

Feed and birds were weighed in the beginning and at the end of the excreta collection period after fasting to determine the mean weight gain and feed intake, respectively. Feed conversion was calculated based on the ratio between feed intake and weight gain during the evaluated period.

At the end of the experiment, excreta and feed samples were sent to the Animal Nutrition Laboratory at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Federal University of Uberlândia for analyses performance. The analysis results of mineral composition of the experimental diets are shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Mineral composition of the experimental diets at different levels of organic minerals (MO) inclusion

Mineral Composition
Inclusionlevels	Cooper (mg/kg)	Iron (mg/kg)	Manganese (mg/kg)	Zinc (mg/kg)
0% OM	11.61	1024.76	42.69	66.69
50% OM	2.23	698.53	21.54	45.18
75% OM	7.15	803.38	38.95	53.84
100% OM	10.09	1003.56	41.52	61.31

After thawing at room temperature, excreta were weighted, homogenized and samples were taken from each treatment. These were then dried in a forced ventilation oven at 55 ºC for 72 hours and crushed in a conventional mill.

One gram of each feed and excreta sample was weighted, packed in porcelain crucibles and placed in a muffle at 600 ºC for two hours. The ashes were cooled in a desiccator, weighted, and diluted in 20 mL of hydrochloric acid solution 1:1. After the homogenization, filtering on filter paper was performed, the solution was transferred to a 100-mLflask, and the volume was completed with distilled water. Then, the solutions were taken to the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for reading the minerals, copper, iron, zinc and manganese from the experimental diets and excreta.

After checking the residuals normality and their variances in homogeneity, data were submitted to analyses variance and regression (p <0.05).

This study was analyzed by the ethics committee in animals, N. 253/13 for protocol registration at CEUA/UFU 118/13 and approved in 01/27/2014.

Results

The levels of excretion of organic trace minerals showed a quadratic behavior in relation to the levels of inclusion of organic minerals. Among the treatments studied, animals fed a non-organic minerals diet, that is, the ration with 100% of inorganic mineral, showed higher excretion levels of the trace elements copper, iron, manganese, and zinc (Figure 1). Similar behavior was observed for the animals fed 100% organic mineral diets. As for the inclusion levels of 50% and 75% of organic minerals, that is, for the diets composed of only 50% and 75% of the required amount of mineral in the organic form, the birds had the lowest excretion levels for all the evaluated trace minerals (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Excretion levels of organic trace minerals copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in broiler diets from 30 to 37 days old at different inclusion levels.

Table 3
Performance of broilers fed the organic trace minerals (OM) copper, iron, manganese, and zinc at different inclusion levels from 30 to 37 days of age

Mineral level	Mean feedintake (g)	Mean weightgain (g)	Feed conversion
0%OM	825.00	266.67	3.11
50%OM	829.17	290.00	2.87
75%OM	845.83	302.00	2.80
100%OM	854.17	300.00	2.85
Pvalue	0.8347	0.1018	0.1263
Linear Regression	NS	NS	NS
QuadraticRegression	NS	NS	NS
VC (%)	7.81	10.37	9.12

• NS: not significant at 5% of probability (P <0.05).

Excretion levels of 57%, 60%, 80% of copper, 85%, 88%, 99% of iron, 76%, 82%, 100% of manganese, and 75%, 77%, 88% of zinc were observed for treatments where the animals received a diet containing 50%, 75% and 100% of trace minerals in organic form, respectively, compared to the control (0% of organic mineral).

Discussion

The lowest trace mineral excretion levels were described by Nollet et al.⁽⁵⁾, who evaluated 0-39 day-old broilers. The organic mineral concentration levels used in the diet were 7, 4, 4.5, and 5 times lower for manganese, iron, zinc, and copper, respectively, compared to the level of these minerals in their inorganic form. Although these levels are much lower than the ones used in this study, the authors did not verify any performance loss.

The high levels of mineral excretion by the animals which received inorganic sourced supplementation is a consequence of the high concentration of these minerals in the composition of the control diet. In other words, these animals received higher mineral levels than their nutritional requirement. It is possible to infer that organic minerals interact less with other compounds and form less unavailable complexes in the intestinal lumen, contributing to a better absorption of these minerals in the intestine⁽⁵⁾. Thus, these minerals may be provided in smaller quantities, since they are organic, without causing any loss in growth and performance, besides producing excreta with lower mineral concentrations.

In order to minimize the impact of the animal production environmental, it is necessary to make the most of the feed potential, increasing retention of ingested nutrients, and reducing losses by excretion. It is important to integrate performance and economy improvement with environmental preservation.

The environmental agencies show increasingly growing concern in order to enable techniques that reduce environmental pollution within the production systems. Therefore, when minerals loss by excreta is reduced, environmental pollution also decreases. On average, organic mineral supplementation contributes to a reduction in mineral excretion ⁽⁸⁾. In the current study, these reductions ranged from 1% to 43%. Thus, the use of organic minerals may be an effective alternative to promote the reduction of environmental pollution as well as to bring positive results to the poultry industry.

Several studies have highlighted the efficiency of organic minerals to maintain broilers’ performance when they are supplemented at lower levels than those usually practiced^(1,5,9,10). Leeson and Caston⁽¹¹⁾ found a reduction in mineral excretion by using organic minerals at levels 14 times lower than those applied at inorganic mineral supplementation, without, however, affecting body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion.

The greatest availability of organic trace minerals is due to the shielding of minerals positive charge during chelation, which allows higher stability in pH variations in the digestive tract, resulting in less competition among the minerals with the same charge making the absorption of minerals by the intestine easier and reducing losses by excreta⁽⁶⁾.

In general, as mentioned before, minerals are added to diets in their inorganic form. Complexed minerals have been used to provide a higher bioavailability of these nutrients. However, the benefits seem to be hidden when the addition of the mineral occurs at higher levels. Bao et al.⁽¹²⁾ reported that, when mineral inclusion levels are high even in their organic form, mineral excretion tends to be greater than or equal to the levels excreted by birds fed inorganic minerals. Therefore, by the economic, productive, and environmental point of view, a lower inclusion of minerals is good to maintain or even improve birds performance combined with lower mineral excretion.

Mineral nutrition for birds does not seem to follow the technological advances and breed improvements experienced by the poultry industry over the past decades. There is a consensus that trace mineral supplementation levels practiced currently are far beyond the requirements. According to Leeson and Caston⁽¹¹⁾, to determine the optimal trace mineral supplementation level, it is imperative to identify their bioavailability in the main ingredients for diet formulations.

Therefore, studies with supplementation of organic minerals in broilers feed are important to maximize the animal use of nutrients, making the system more productive and economic while enabling the reduction of environmental pollution.

Conclusion

The diet with inclusion of organic trace minerals at the level of 50% seemed to be more efficient, since it provided lower trace minerals excretion levels while keeping poultry performance.

References

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  Zhao J, Shirley RB, Vazquez-Anon M, Dibner JJ, Richards JD, Fisher P, Hampton T, Christensen KD, Allard JD, Giesen AF. Effects of chelated trace minerals on growth performance, breast meat yield, and footpad health in commercial meat broiler. Appl Poult Res. 2010; 19:365-72.
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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Oct 2018
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  02 Dec 2014
• Accepted
  22 May 2018