Floristic and structure of different strata in an urban Semideciduous Forest in Jataí, Goiás state, Brazil

Florística e estrutura de diferentes estratos em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual urbana, Jataí, GO

ABSTRACT

Comparative studies between different strata of forests in ecological succession are important to understand the forest dynamics. The study evaluated floristic, phytosociological and ecological aspects between the tree and regenerating strata of an urban fragment of semideciduous forest, in Jataí, Goiás state. In the last decades, the vegetation that was typically savanna has become a forest. Trees (diameter at breast height, DBH ≥ 5 cm) were sampled in 12 permanent 200m² plots. In each of them, 25m² sub-plots were sampled for the regenerant stratum, which comprised individuals with DBH <5cm and height ≥ 1m. Regenerants had greater richness (31 species), with two more species than adults. There was low floristic and structural similarity between the strata, indicating a replacement of species over time. Shannon’s diversity was significantly lower for the tree stratum (t test), since it presented low equability, with ecological dominance of few species. Both strata had a high proportion of pioneer species, when compared to other studies. Zoochory and species of forest environments were significantly more abundant in the regenerating stratum. The study revealed a fragment in a frank process of secondary succession and vulnerability in the face of anthropic pressures, with care regarding its conservation being important.

Keywords:
Ecological succession; Floristic and structural similarity; Natural regeneration; Dispersal mechanisms

RESUMO

Estudos comparativos entre diferentes estratos de florestas em sucessão ecológica são importantes para entender a dinâmica florestal. O estudo avaliou aspectos florísticos, fitossociológicos e ecológicos entre os estratos adulto e regenerante de um fragmento urbano de floresta estacional semidecidual, em Jataí, Goiás. Nas últimas décadas, a vegetação que era tipicamente savânica tem se tornado uma floresta. As árvores adultas (diâmetro a altura do peito, DAP ≥ 5 cm) foram amostradas em 12 parcelas permanentes de 200m². Em cada uma delas, sub-parcelas de 25m² foram amostradas para o estrato regenerante, que compreendeu indivíduos com DAP < 5cm e altura ≥ 1m. Regenerantes tiveram maior riqueza (31 espécies), com duas espécies a mais do que os adultos. Houve baixa similaridade florística e estrutural entre os estratos, indicando uma substituição de espécies ao longo do tempo. A diversidade de Shannon foi significativamente menor para o estrato arbóreo (teste t), visto que apresentou baixa equabilidade, com dominância ecológica de poucas espécies. Ambos os estratos tiveram elevada proporção de espécies pioneiras, quando comparado com outros estudos. Zoocoria e espécies de ambientes florestais foram expressivamente mais abundantes no estrato regenerante. O estudo revelou um fragmento em franco processo de sucessão secundária e vulnerabilidade diante de pressões antrópicas, sendo importante os cuidados quanto à sua conservação.

Palavras-chave:
Sucessão ecológica; Similaridade florística e estrutural; Regeneração natural; Mecanismos de dispersão

1 INTRODUCTION

Urban forests are recognized as all native forest vegetation within or around cities, considered fundamental elements of the green infrastructure of urban perimeters (SALBITANO et al., 2016; BRUN et al., 2017). However, are subject to constant anthropic pressure. These forests improve human well-being, as they regulate microclimate conditions, mitigate air and noise pollution, function as recreation, socialization and environmental education places (CARREIRO et al., 2008). In addition, they contribute with the species richness and diversity, and with ecosystem services of natural environments. Therefore, knowing the ecological aspects of urban forest fragments can provide subsidies for the management, conservation and ecological restoration actions at the local level. Since species are subject to constant disturbances and their dynamics may change over time (CARREIRO et al., 2008).

Secondary succession in forest formations has been well investigated in the Neotropics, although studies on ecological aspects in urban forests are still scarce (PAIVA; RIBEIRO; CARVALHO, 2015). This generates information gaps exactly in the areas that demand the greatest need for environmental services for human well-being, limiting the subsidy of the aforementioned actions. In this sense, assessing the vegetation of urban forests, through the study of different strata, is an effective alternative. In particular the regenerating strata, since they encompass a layer of ephemeral plants, are more vulnerable to disturbances, which modify the microclimate conditions of a forest environment. Therefore, investigating the processes involved in natural regeneration is essential, with a focus on understanding the likely floristic and structural changes in forest ecosystems (CALLEGARO et al., 2015; SANTANA; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2019).

Comparative assessments between different stages of tree development in forests provide important information about the community dynamics (OLIVEIRA; FELFILI; SILVA JÚNIOR, 2015). They can also contribute as indicators of the conservation status of natural environments in process of ecological succession, with wide relevance in agricultural expansion regions. Some studies have been carried out under this perspective, in ecosystems with different physiognomies and disturbance histories, and in the most varied regions of Brazil (MOREIRA; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2013; AMARAL et al., 2015; AGUIAR et al., 2017). Nevertheless, in Goiás state, studies like this are still incipient (MILHOMEM; ARAÚJO; VALE, 2013) and specifically in the southwestern of Goiás, only the work of Ferreira et al. (2018), who studied natural regeneration in an urban gallery forest in the Jataí city, but without a comparative purpose.

This meso-region of the state, that reflects land use and occupation, underwent an accelerated deforestation process with the spread of agricultural activity, followed by the expansion of urban centers. Studies show that around 1980, the region still had approximately half of its native vegetation cover, and currently not more than 30% (MARTINS et al., 2016). In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the floristic composition, structure, diversity and ecological aspects of the tree and the regenerating strata in an urban semideciduous forest fragment.

Several studies, point out that open Cerrado physiognomies, when protected from fire, shows stages of succession, advancing from savanna to forest physiognomies (ABREU et al., 2017; SILVA et al., 2019). In this sense, we work with the following hypotheses: 1. due to the secondary succession stage, the urban forest show differences in composition and floristic similarity, structure and ecological aspects between tree and regenerating strata; 2. after 40 years of conservation, we hope to find a higher proportion of species and individuals in the initial succession stage than normally registered in other studies and, still, a higher proportion of species typical of forest environments.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Study site

The study was conducted at the Samuel Graham Ecological Park (SGEP) owned by the Samuel Graham Presbyterian Institute, in the urban perimeter of the Jataí city, Goiás state (17°52’48’’S; 51°43’38’’W). SGEP has concrete trails along its entire length and is open to the public, offering space for leisure and walks. The Park has about 3.5 hectares, find on a red Oxisol with a clay texture and flat relief, at an approximate altitude of 770m.The climate of Jataí is classified as Aw, according to Köppen (ALVARES et al., 2013), with seasonality marked by drought in winter and rain in summer. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1650mm, with rainfall occurring mainly between the months of October and April. In the rainy season, the humidity is always greater than 70%, with higher average temperatures. In the dry period, the average temperature approaches 18°C, in which the relative humidity does not exceed 50%, with extremes occurring in June and July (GUILHERME et al., 2011).

Satellite images, photographic collections and reports from ancient inhabitants date back to 40 years ago, show that SGEP was practically devoid of woody vegetation. Composed an altered savanna vegetation, with sparse tree typical of cerrado sensu stricto, and the herbaceous layer was dominated by exotic grasses, especially Urochloa spp. Along with the enclosure and absence of fire records in recent decades, the park had a gradual thickening. Thus, the area has been transformed into a forested environment, in a notorious succession process. Currently, secondary semideciduous forest vegetation predominates, and with various exotic tree, shrub and herbaceous plants.

2.2 Vegetation survey

Vegetation sampling was carried out in 2018 and 12-10×20m (200m²) plots of were randomly allocated to survey the tree stratum (hereinafter referred to as the tree stratum). In each plot, we allocate a 5×5m (25m²) sub-plot to survey the regenerating stratum. The total sample encompass 0.24 and 0.04 hectares for both strata, respectively.

Within the plots and sub-plots, we account and identify all individuals of tree species, which diameter and height were measured. Individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5cm, and with DBH < 5cm and height (H) ≥ 1m, were considered as tree and regenerating stratum, respectively. Some specimens not recognized in the field, had botanical material collected, aiming at identification through consulting the literature and comparisons with the Herbário Jataiense (HJ) voucher collections of the Federal University of Jataí. The species were grouped into families recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).

2.3 Ecological attributes

For the analysis of the plant community structure, the relative phytosociological parameters of density (DR) and frequency (FR) were used. Shannon’s diversity (H’) and Pielou’s equability (J’) indices were also calculated. We classify the species according to their origin: 1. native: species of natural occurrence in Goiás state or Cerrado; 2. exotic: non-native species, introduced. For seed dispersal mechanisms, species were compared between both strata and arranged in three categories (zoochoric, autochoric and anemochoric), based on field experiences, fruit morphology and species taxonomic knowledge, following criteria proposed by Van Der Pijl (1982).

In order to comparatively evaluate the vegetation response between strata, we classify the species according to the demand for light, in two categories: 1. pioneer: species that colonize altered environments and in an initial stage of succession, typical of more illuminated environments; 2. secondary: species that do not establish themselves in full light, regenerating and establishing themselves under broad spectrum of luminosity, but in more shady conditions. Species in this group may exhibit different survival and growth responses depending on the region or environment where they are found. Since in the recent past the studied site was a typically non-forest environment and today the forest goes through several stages, with few species of final stages of succession, this criterion for classifying ecological groups was adapted (sensuSWAINE; WHITMORE, 1988), grouping light demanding and shade tolerant species in the secondary category.

In the floristic aspect, for the two strata, species were categorized according to the preference for habitats in: 1. forest: preferred forest formations; 2. savannas: preferred savannas and 3. generalists: those species with wide distribution throughout Cerrado and also other Brazilian biomes. This classification followed studies on the distribution of woody species (e.g.SOLÓRZANO et al., 2012), and still had field experience, for the species observed in other habitats in southwestern Goiás and surrounding regions.

2.4 Data analysis

To verify differences related to the densities of ecological groups, dispersion mechanisms and preference for habitats between strata, we submitted the attributes to the Student’s t test (5%). The diversity index was statistically compared between the two strata, applying the Hutcheson t test (ZAR, 2010). In addition, to compare the floristic and structural similarity between strata, we used the Jaccard and Morisita similarity indices, respectively. We perform the calculations in a Microsoft Office Excel 2007® electronic spreadsheet.

We performed a cluster analysis from a similarity matrix based on the Bray-Curtis index, which was used to test the possible groupings between the strata. The cluster significance was tested by the Similarity Analysis (CLARKE; WARWICK, 2001). The analyzes were performed with the R software (R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2014).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Floristic and structure comparisons

Throughout the survey, we registered 47 species, belonging to 28 botanical families. For the tree and regeneration strata, we sampled 211 individuals (879 ind.ha^-1), distributed in 29 species, and 79 individuals (1975 ind.ha^-1), distributed in 31 species, respectively. The density per hectare of regenerating individuals was more than twice as high as trees, which is usually recorded in comparative studies between strata, including in semideciduous seasonal forests in Goiás (VENTUROLI; FELFILI; FAGG, 2011; MILHOMEM; ARAÚJO; VALE, 2013). This indicates the urban forest self-regenerate capacity.

The families with the largest species number in the whole survey were Fabaceae (8 species), followed by Myrtaceae (5), Anacardiaceae (3) and Moraceae (3). Myrtaceae and especially Fabaceae, in general, have the greatest richness in surveys not only of semideciduous forests (GUILHERME; NAKAJIMA, 2007), but other forest formations in the Brazilian Cerrado (ANDRIANI et al., 2020; FERREIRA et al., 2020; MARTINS et al., 2020).

The diversity index (H’) of trees and regenerants was 2.44 and 3.11 nats.ind^-1, respectively, and was significantly higher for the regenerating stratum (t = 3.92; p < 0.001). This reveals a high specific dominance for the tree strata (J’ = 0.73), evidenced by the lower recorded equability than the regenerating ones (J’ = 0.91). The diversity values are low when compared to other semideciduous forests in the Brazilian Central Plateau, both for adult trees (PEIXOTO et al., 2012; MARTINS et al., 2020), and for immature individuals (VENTUROLI; FELFILI; FAGG, 2011). These data suggest that the forest fragment is still in a secondary succession stage, with little structural complexity and low plant richness and diversity, which is also explained by the density being concentrated in a few species. Only three of the 29 species, Hymenaea martiana, Didymopanax morototoni e Matayba guianensis, encompass 62% and 41% of all tree strata density and frequency, respectively (Table 1; Figure 1). This low uniformity, that is, few species predominating in the survey, is an aspect already observed for other tropical forests in the succession process (MOREIRA; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2013; PAIVA; RIBEIRO; CARVALHO, 2015). Milhomem, Araújo and Vale (2013) also found Didymopanax morototoni as one of the most important in semideciduous forest in southern Goiás. This species dominates the fragment studied by analyzing the vertical structure, covering the canopy of the urban forest, since its individuals had the highest average heights (11.2m), when compared with the other species and also with the total average height of the trees (9.2m).

Table 1
Density of tree (TS) and regenerating (RS) strata, and ecological attributes, in decreasing order of the total individual number (N) in the whole survey in the urban fragment of semideciduous forest, Jataí, Goiás state

Family	Species	N	TS	RS	H	EG	DM	OR
Fabaceae	Hymenaea martiana Hayne	55	53	2	G	S	Zoo	N
Araliaceae	Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne & Planch	51	49	2	F	P	Zoo	N
Sapindaceae	Matayba guianensis Aubl.	44	29	15	F	S	Zoo	N
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam.	17	11	6	G	P	Zoo	N
Fabaceae	Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.	10	6	4	C	S	Ane	N
Bignoniaceae	Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart.	8	4	4	C	S	Ane	N
Fabaceae	Leptolobium dasycarpum Vogel	8	8	0	C	S	Ane	N
Anacardiaceae	Tapirira guianensis Aubl.	7	5	2	F	S	Zoo	N
Bignoniaceae	Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart.	7	7	0	F	S	Ane	N
Arecaceae	Syagrus oleraceae (Mart.) Becc.	6	6	0	G	S	Zoo	N
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica L.	6	5	1	F	S	Zoo	E
Euphorbiaceae	Mabea fistulifera Mart.	5	1	4	G	P	Zoo	N
Primulaceae	Myrsine umbellata Mart	5	3	2	F	P	Zoo	N
Fabaceae	Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.	4	0	4	F	P	Zoo	N
Rubiaceae	Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl.	3	0	3	G	S	Zoo	N
Annonaceae	Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart.	3	3	0	G	S	Zoo	N
Urticaceae	Cecropia pachystachya Trécul	3	3	0	G	P	Zoo	N
Moraceae	Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. DonexSteud.	3	1	2	F	S	Zoo	N
Euphorbiaceae	Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong	3	0	3	F	P	Zoo	N
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	3	2	1	F	P	Zoo	N
Moraceae	Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul	3	0	3	C	S	Zoo	N
Myrtaceae	Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.	3	0	3	C	S	Zoo	N
Moraceae	Ficus gomelleira Kunth	2	2	0	G	P	Zoo	N
Meliaceae	Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer	2	0	2	F	S	Zoo	N
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand	2	0	2	F	S	Zoo	N
Myrtaceae	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	2	0	2	F	S	Zoo	E
Fabaceae	Cenostigma pluviosum (DC.) G.P. Lewis	2	2	0	F	S	Aut	E
Anacardiaceae	Astronium fraxinifolium Schott	2	2	0	F	P	Ane	N
Salicaceae	Casearia silvestris Sw.	2	0	2	C	S	Zoo	N
Dilleniaceae	Curatella americana L.	2	1	1	C	S	Zoo	N
Combretaceae	Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler	1	0	1	G	S	Zoo	N
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sericea DC.	1	0	1	G	S	Zoo	N
Myrtaceae	Eugenia uniflora L.	1	0	1	G	S	Zoo	N
Myrtaceae	Psidium sp	1	0	1	G	S	Zoo	N
Rubiaceae	Genipa americana L.	1	1	0	F	S	Zoo	N
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	1	0	1	F	S	Zoo	E
Myrtaceae	Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel	1	0	1	F	S	Zoo	E
Piperaceae	Piper aduncum L.	1	0	1	F	P	Zoo	N
Fabaceae	Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton Rose	1	1	0	F	P	Aut	N
Connaraceae	Connarus suberosus Planch.	1	1	0	C	S	Zoo	N
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	1	0	1	C	S	Zoo	N
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl.	1	0	1	C	S	Zoo	N
Ochnaceae	Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill.	1	1	0	C	S	Zoo	N
Sapotaceae	Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.	1	1	0	C	S	Zoo	N
Fabaceae	Dimorphandra mollis Benth.	1	1	0	C	S	Aut	N
Fabaceae	Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart.	1	1	0	C	S	Aut	N
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart. Zucc.	1	1	0	C	S	Ane	N

• Source: Authors (2020). Where: H: habitat (G: generalist; F: forestry; C: savanna); EG: ecological group (P: pioneer; S: secondary); DM: dispersion mechanism (Zoo: zoochoric; Ane: anemochoric; Aut: autochoric); OR: origin (N: native; E: exotic).

Figure 1
Relative values of density and frequency of the 10 main species in number of individuals for each stratum in the urban fragment of semideciduous forest, Jataí, Goiás state

Among all 47 species, only 13 were common between both strata, providing high qualitative dissimilarity, in which 72% were exclusive to each stratum. The floristic and structural similarity values calculated were 0.28 and 0.48, respectively. This difference in species composition was also found by ANOSIM (p = 0.001), with the formation of two groups, as observed in the cluster analysis (Figure 2). Therefore, our results indicate an expressive difference in species composition between strata, although some more important in terms of abundance predominate in both, as for example, Matayba guianensis and Zanthoxylon rhoifolium. These two species had the largest number of individuals in the regenerating stratum (Table 1). The results suggest that the forest fragment has been undergoing floristic changes, although structurally we can expect the maintenance of the typical conditions of a seasonal semideciduous forest, if there are no major disturbances, such as fire or severe drought events.

Figure 2
Cluster analysis of similarity between tree and regenerating strata in the urban fragment of semideciduous forest, Jataí, Goiás state

Five species that were nonnative to Cerrado were recorded in the survey (Table 1), among which Mangifera indica stood out with six adult plants and one regenerant. Due to this low abundance, neither the mango tree nor any of the four exotic species seem to show signs of accelerated occupation, to the point of compromising the forest dynamics, under the aspect of biological invasion, a concern already reported in other studies on semideciduous forests in Brazil (MOREIRA; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2013; SANTIAGO; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2014). In these cases, the adequate management is necessary for the control of the invasive species, since, in general, they are notorious competitors and can delay the native species development (SANTANA; FONSECA; CARVALHO, 2019).

3.2 Ecological attributes

Regarding the dispersion mechanisms, zoochory was predominant in both strata, with almost 86% of all individuals and 37 species, while another 10 species are autochoric and anemochoric (Figure 3A; Table 1). Comparisons between strata indicated differences only for zoochory, with significantly higher density in the regenerating stratum (t = -3.59; p = 0.003). Our findings corroborate records from other studies in semideciduous forests in the Central Plateau of Brazil (MILHOMEM; ARAÚJO; VALE, 2013). There are records that zoochory is also dominant in natural regeneration in places under ecological restoration processes (COLMANETTI et al., 2016). In general, the occurrence of zoochoric species is important in natural ecosystems, since it increases the environmental complexity, with more interactions between animal and plant species. Even more notable is the predominance of zoochory in environments isolated by anthropic matrices, as in the case of the studied forest, which is surrounded by homes and undergoes constant urban pressures. Thus, the presence of zoochoric species in the fragment and the consequent supply of fruits for the fauna, indicates that there is a flow of animals, especially the avifauna. These urban forests can serve as nesting and refuge sites for wild fauna of Cerrado, especially in the dry period, when the supply of fleshy fruits tends to reduce markedly (PILON; UDULUTCH; DURIGAN, 2015). Therefore, the occurrence of these frugivores allows natural regeneration and consequent maintenance of the forest environment over time, with the constant arrival of diaspores.

For ecological groups, both strata had a great proportion of secondary species, with 67% of the total density, and a significantly higher individuals number in the regenerating stratum (t = -2.79; p = 0.017; Figure 3B). However, 25% of the registered species were categorized as pioneers, encompassing approximately 33% of all individuals in the survey. These values are higher than that registered in other studies in semideciduous forests, both for tree and regenerating plants (DIAS NETO et al., 2009; PRADO JÚNIOR et al., 2012; MILHOMEM; ARAÚJO; VALE, 2013). In general, these studies report proportions between 8-13% of species richness and 5-19% of density of pioneer plants in the reproductive stage. Our results again suggest that the studied forest is in a secondary succession stage, which agree with the typical patterns of secondary forests in fragmented and isolated landscapes (PAIVA; RIBEIRO; CARVALHO, 2015). Pioneer species show greater capacity for dispersion and plasticity to overcome adverse environmental conditions, since they are typical of the initial stages of succession and important for the functioning of a forest ecosystem. Thus, they provide favorable conditions for the establishment of other plant species typical of more shaded environments.

For both strata, there was an expressive species number with a preference for forest environments (20 species), while those preferred by savanna or generalist formations covered 15 and 12 species, respectively (Table 1). Considering the density of the whole survey, there was also a predominance of individuals classified as preferred by forest formations, with 51% of the total number of individuals, in which the regenerating stratum had significantly higher density (t = -3.67; p = 0.003; Figure 3C). However, this proportion for the group with preference for savanna was only 15%, while the habitat generalists group was 34%. The density of regenerants was also higher for species with preference for savanna environments (t = -2.42; p = 0.030), whereas we do not find differences between strata for generalist species. The protection against burns and the consequent structuring of the forest canopy, reducing the light incidence, seems to reflect this low abundance of individuals typical of savanna formations in the regenerating stratum. Our data reinforce the succession process again and, over time, the environment has ceased to have a savanna condition, starting to present notoriously forestry features. The protection against fires and the consequent structuring of the forest canopy, reducing the incidence of light, seems to reflect this low abundance of individuals typical of savanna formations in the regenerating stratum. In addition, Oxisols also allow forest succession, when free from burning. Therefore, the studied urban forest still undergoes physiognomic alteration, characterized by this patchwork of floristic elements from both savannas and forests, and by the other aspects already discussed. This has also been verified for woody savannas in the Central Plateau of Brazil (SOLÓRZANO et al., 2012; GUILHERME et al., 2020).

Figure 3
Density of tree and regenerating strata in relation to the dispersion mechanism (A), ecological group (B) and preference for habitats (C) in the urban fragment of semideciduous forest, Jataí, Goiás state

4 CONCLUSIONS

In summary, the fragment of urban forest studied showed low diversity due to the dominance of a small set of species, which may indicate some difficulty in the arrival of new species, even with the notorious predominance of the zoochory, mainly in regenerant stratum. The high floristic and structural dissimilarity between the strata indicates that along the succession, species substitution has been occurring in the community. Secondary species and those with preference for forest environments predominated in the regenerant, corroborating our hypothesis. However, proportionally, there was remarkable occurrence of pioneer plants when compared to other studies, which clearly shows the stage of secondary succession, but it also stems from the fact that it is a forest immersed in an urban matrix and of small dimensions. Therefore, an environment vulnerable to disturbances and alterations caused by anthropic actions. However, the urban forest SGEP has ecological and social functions important to the Jataí city, and its preservation is necessary, both by the population and by the public authorities.

Acknowledgment

To the FAPEG financial support under the PELD-Jataí project (process number 2017/10267000329). To Mr. Izaltino Guimarães (Tininho) for the information and historic images of the study area.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 Apr 2021
• Date of issue
  Jan-Mar 2021

History

• Received
  26 June 2020
• Accepted
  05 Oct 2020
• Published
  15 Mar 2021