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Infecção de sítio cirúrgico: estudo prospectivo de 2.149 pacientes operados

Surgical site infections: prospective study of 2.149 surgical patients

Resumos

A atual caracterização de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em incisional superficial, incisional profunda e órgão cavidade, em substituição à tradicional definição de "infecção de ferida operatória", associada a estratificação dos pacientes em grupos de risco de infecção cirúrgica de acordo com a metodologia NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System), permitiram a obtenção de taxas de infecção mais fidedignas e estudos comparativos entre instituições diferentes. Baseado nessa metodologia, o presente trabalho analisa prospectivamente 2.149 pacientes operados no Serviço de Cirurgia do Hospital Geral César Cals (HGCC)-CE, estratificados pelo IRIC (Índice de Risco de Infecção Cirúrgica) e comprova diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas taxas de infecção de sítio cirúrgico para os grupos de IRIC 0, 1,2 e 3, respectivamente de 3,2%, 7,4%, 16,6% e 20,9%. As infecções de maior gravidade ocorrem em pacientes com IRIC 3 e a vigilância pós-alta é importante, na medida em que muitas infecções somente serão diagnosticadas após a alta hospitalar.

Ferida operatória; Infecção cirúrgica; Complicações pós-operatórias


Patients undergoing surgery are at risk of surgical site infection-SSI. According to data from the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System-NNISS, in the United States surgical infections are the second most common type of nosocomial infection. The aim of this study is to assess surgical-site infection rates for patients operated in a general hospital in Northeasteen Brazil, break them down according to the Surgical Infection Risk Index-SIRI, and then classify such infections according to their gravity. A prospective evaluation was conducted of 2,149 surgical patients between January 1996 and January 1998, at the Cesar Cals General Hospital, using the methodology of the NNISS, adapted to our hospital. Definition standards were those recommended by Center for Disease Control-CDC- 1992. Statistical analysis was based on Qui-square test of Pearson. Of the 2,149 NNISS patients operated, 120 developed infection, thus corresponding to a general surgical- site infection rate of 5.6%. Broken down according to the Surgical Infection Risk Index-SIRI, such rates correspond to 3.2%, 7.4%, 16.6% and 20.9% for the risk-index groups 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Of all NNISS surgical procedures monitored at the Service, 1,478 (68.8%) were included in SIRI 0. In that group, 47 patients developed infection, the superficial incisional being the predominant infection type, which accounted for 45 cases (95.7%). In contrast, in SIRI 3, out of the 67 surgeries (3.14% of the total), 14 developed infection, 10 of which (71.4%) were deep incisional or organ cavity infection. Out of the 120 infections occurred in 2,149 surgeries performed in the period January 1996-January 1998,39 (32.5%) were diagnosed in outpatient wards. The rates obtained under NNISS recommendations are trustworth and allow comparative studies among different institutions.

Operative wound; Surgical infection; Postoperative complications


ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Infecção de sítio cirúrgico: estudo prospectivo de 2.149 pacientes operados

Surgical site infections: prospective study of 2.149 surgical patients

Francisco Ney Lemos, TCBC-CEI; Adriano Veras OliveiraII; Maria Geciliane de SousaIII

IPreceptor do Programa na Área de Cirurgia Geral e Preceptor-Chefe de Residência Médica do Hospital Geral César Cals - HGCC- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará - SESA. Chefe do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar - SCIH-HGCC. Vice-Mestre do Capítulo do Ceará do CBC. Membro da Surgical Infection Society - SIS-USA

IIMédico Residente R3 de Cirurgia Geral do HGCC-SESA-CE

IIIEnfermeira do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar do HGCC-SESA-CE e Especialista em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica pela Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE

Endereço para correspondência Endereço para correspondência: Dr. Francisco Ney Lemos Rua República do Líbano, 300/102-A 60160-140, Meireles, Fortaleza-CE E-mail: fneyl@sec.secrel.com.br

RESUMO

A atual caracterização de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em incisional superficial, incisional profunda e órgão cavidade, em substituição à tradicional definição de "infecção de ferida operatória", associada a estratificação dos pacientes em grupos de risco de infecção cirúrgica de acordo com a metodologia NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System), permitiram a obtenção de taxas de infecção mais fidedignas e estudos comparativos entre instituições diferentes. Baseado nessa metodologia, o presente trabalho analisa prospectivamente 2.149 pacientes operados no Serviço de Cirurgia do Hospital Geral César Cals (HGCC)-CE, estratificados pelo IRIC (Índice de Risco de Infecção Cirúrgica) e comprova diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas taxas de infecção de sítio cirúrgico para os grupos de IRIC 0, 1,2 e 3, respectivamente de 3,2%, 7,4%, 16,6% e 20,9%. As infecções de maior gravidade ocorrem em pacientes com IRIC 3 e a vigilância pós-alta é importante, na medida em que muitas infecções somente serão diagnosticadas após a alta hospitalar.

Unitermos: Ferida operatória; Infecção cirúrgica; Complicações pós-operatórias.

ABSTRACT

Patients undergoing surgery are at risk of surgical site infection-SSI. According to data from the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System-NNISS, in the United States surgical infections are the second most common type of nosocomial infection. The aim of this study is to assess surgical-site infection rates for patients operated in a general hospital in Northeasteen Brazil, break them down according to the Surgical Infection Risk Index-SIRI, and then classify such infections according to their gravity. A prospective evaluation was conducted of 2,149 surgical patients between January 1996 and January 1998, at the Cesar Cals General Hospital, using the methodology of the NNISS, adapted to our hospital. Definition standards were those recommended by Center for Disease Control-CDC- 1992. Statistical analysis was based on Qui-square test of Pearson. Of the 2,149 NNISS patients operated, 120 developed infection, thus corresponding to a general surgical- site infection rate of 5.6%. Broken down according to the Surgical Infection Risk Index-SIRI, such rates correspond to 3.2%, 7.4%, 16.6% and 20.9% for the risk-index groups 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Of all NNISS surgical procedures monitored at the Service, 1,478 (68.8%) were included in SIRI 0. In that group, 47 patients developed infection, the superficial incisional being the predominant infection type, which accounted for 45 cases (95.7%). In contrast, in SIRI 3, out of the 67 surgeries (3.14% of the total), 14 developed infection, 10 of which (71.4%) were deep incisional or organ cavity infection. Out of the 120 infections occurred in 2,149 surgeries performed in the period January 1996-January 1998,39 (32.5%) were diagnosed in outpatient wards. The rates obtained under NNISS recommendations are trustworth and allow comparative studies among different institutions.

Key words: Operative wound; Surgical infection; Postoperative complications.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS

1. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al - The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospital. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182.

2. Haley RW, Gaynes RP, Aber RC, et al - "Surveillance of nosocomial infections". In Bennett JV et al.: Hospital Infections. 3.1 Ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1992:101.

3. Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Culver DH, et al- "Incidence and nature of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections". In Bennett JV, et al.: Hospital Infections. 3.1 Ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1992:597.

4. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, et al - CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: A modificacion of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Contrai Hosp Epidemiol 1992 Oct; 13(10): 606-608.

5. Starling CEF, Almeida FF, Pinheiro SMC et al - "Vigilância epidemiológica de infecções hospitalares: Metodologia NNIS-CDC aplicada em hospitais brasileiros". In Ferraz EM: Infecção em cirurgia. 1ª Edição, Rio de Janeiro: MEDSI, 1997, pp 71-113.

6. Bacelar TS, Ferraz EM - "Infecção hospitalar em cirurgia". In Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Félix VN, et al - Infecção em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo. 1ª Edição. São Paulo: Robe Editora, 1994, pp 462-489.

7. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al - CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, J 988, American Journal of Infection Control, 1988 Jun; 6(3):128-140.

8. Sawyer RG, Pruett TL - Wound Infection. Surg Clin North Am 1994 Jun; 4(3):519-536.

9. Condon RE, Wittmann DH - "Surgical Infection." In: Morris PJ and Malt RA - Oxford text book of surgery. Oxford Medical Publications, 1994, v.l, capo 2, pp 27-50.

10. Gribaum RS - "Infecção do sítio cirúrgico e antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia." In: Rodrigues EAC, Mendonça JS, Amarante JMB, et al- Infecções hospitalares-prevenção e controle. São Paulo: Sarvier, 1997, pp 149-167.

11. Cruse PSG, Foord M - The epidemiology of wound infection. Surg Clin North Am 1980; 60: 27- 40.

12. Mayhall CG - "Surgical infections including Bums". In Wenzel RP: Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infection.v. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993, pp 614-654.

13. Ferraz AAB, Ferraz EM, Bacelar TS - "Infecção da ferida cirúrgica". In Ferraz EM: Infecção em cirurgia. 1ª Edição. Rio de Janeiro: MEDSI, 1997, pp 267-275.

14. Robson MC - Wound Infection: A failure of wound healing caused by na imbalance of bacteria. Surg Clin North Am 1997 Jun;77(3): 637-649.

15. Hooton TM, Haley RW, Culver DH, et al - The joint association of multiple risk factors with the occorrence of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1981;70:960.

16. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP; et al - Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and risk index. Am J Med Sep 16, 1991;91(suppl 3B):152S-157S.

17. Ferraz EM, Bacelar TS, Aguiar JLA, et al - Controle de infecção em cirurgia geral: resultados de um estudo prospectivo d~ 13 anos e de 17503 operações. Rev Col Bras Cir 1992;19: 169-74.

18. Garner JS - CDC guideline for prevention of surgical wound infections, 1985. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 1986;7:193.

19. Rocha PRS, Almeida, SR, Sanches, MD - "Infecção de sítio cirúrgico: fatores de risco e profilaxia". In: Rocha PRS, Rodrigues MAG: Complicações em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo. São Paulo: Atheneu, Ano IV-Volume 11-1998, pp 51-73.

20. Fisher JR, Conway MI, Takeshita RT - Necrotizing fasciitis. Importance of roentgenographic studies for soft-tissue gas. JAMA 1979;241:803.

Recebido em 1/6/9

Aceito para publicação em 11/1/99

Trabalho realizado no Hospital Geral Cesar Cals - HGCC - Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Ceará - SESA.

  • 1. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al - The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospital. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182.
  • 2. Haley RW, Gaynes RP, Aber RC, et al - "Surveillance of nosocomial infections". In Bennett JV et al.: Hospital Infections. 3.1 Ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1992:101.
  • 3. Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Culver DH, et al- "Incidence and nature of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections". In Bennett JV, et al.: Hospital Infections. 3.1 Ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1992:597.
  • 4. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, et al - CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: A modificacion of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Contrai Hosp Epidemiol 1992 Oct; 13(10): 606-608.
  • 5. Starling CEF, Almeida FF, Pinheiro SMC et al - "Vigilância epidemiológica de infecçőes hospitalares: Metodologia NNIS-CDC aplicada em hospitais brasileiros". In Ferraz EM: Infecçăo em cirurgia. 1Ş Ediçăo, Rio de Janeiro: MEDSI, 1997, pp 71-113.
  • 6. Bacelar TS, Ferraz EM - "Infecçăo hospitalar em cirurgia". In Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Félix VN, et al - Infecçăo em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo. 1Ş Ediçăo. Săo Paulo: Robe Editora, 1994, pp 462-489.
  • 7. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al - CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, J 988, American Journal of Infection Control, 1988 Jun; 6(3):128-140.
  • 8. Sawyer RG, Pruett TL - Wound Infection. Surg Clin North Am 1994 Jun; 4(3):519-536.
  • 9. Condon RE, Wittmann DH - "Surgical Infection." In: Morris PJ and Malt RA - Oxford text book of surgery. Oxford Medical Publications, 1994, v.l, capo 2, pp 27-50.
  • 10. Gribaum RS - "Infecçăo do sítio cirúrgico e antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia." In: Rodrigues EAC, Mendonça JS, Amarante JMB, et al- Infecçőes hospitalares-prevençăo e controle. Săo Paulo: Sarvier, 1997, pp 149-167.
  • 11. Cruse PSG, Foord M - The epidemiology of wound infection. Surg Clin North Am 1980; 60: 27- 40.
  • 12. Mayhall CG - "Surgical infections including Bums". In Wenzel RP: Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infection.v. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993, pp 614-654.
  • 13. Ferraz AAB, Ferraz EM, Bacelar TS - "Infecçăo da ferida cirúrgica". In Ferraz EM: Infecçăo em cirurgia. 1Ş Ediçăo. Rio de Janeiro: MEDSI, 1997, pp 267-275.
  • 14. Robson MC - Wound Infection: A failure of wound healing caused by na imbalance of bacteria. Surg Clin North Am 1997 Jun;77(3): 637-649.
  • 15. Hooton TM, Haley RW, Culver DH, et al - The joint association of multiple risk factors with the occorrence of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1981;70:960.
  • 16. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP; et al - Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and risk index. Am J Med Sep 16, 1991;91(suppl 3B):152S-157S.
  • 17. Ferraz EM, Bacelar TS, Aguiar JLA, et al - Controle de infecçăo em cirurgia geral: resultados de um estudo prospectivo d~ 13 anos e de 17503 operaçőes. Rev Col Bras Cir 1992;19: 169-74.
  • 18. Garner JS - CDC guideline for prevention of surgical wound infections, 1985. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 1986;7:193.
  • 19. Rocha PRS, Almeida, SR, Sanches, MD - "Infecçăo de sítio cirúrgico: fatores de risco e profilaxia". In: Rocha PRS, Rodrigues MAG: Complicaçőes em cirurgia do aparelho digestivo. Săo Paulo: Atheneu, Ano IV-Volume 11-1998, pp 51-73.
  • 20. Fisher JR, Conway MI, Takeshita RT - Necrotizing fasciitis. Importance of roentgenographic studies for soft-tissue gas. JAMA 1979;241:803.
  • Endereço para correspondência:

    Dr. Francisco Ney Lemos
    Rua República do Líbano, 300/102-A
    60160-140, Meireles, Fortaleza-CE
    E-mail:
  • Datas de Publicação

    • Publicação nesta coleção
      09 Fev 2010
    • Data do Fascículo
      Abr 1999

    Histórico

    • Recebido
      01 Jun 1999
    • Aceito
      11 Jan 1999
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