Cell mediated immune response in human antirabies revaccination

Veiga, Débora Regina; Zanetti, Carlos Roberto; Mendes, Nelson Figueiredo; Pereira, Octávio Augusto de Carvalho

doi:10.1590/S0036-46651987000200007

Abstracts

The occurrence of secondary cell mediated immune response (CMI) in human antirabies immunization was studied. The Puenzalida & Palácios vaccine was used because it is routinely used in Brazil. CMI was evaluated by lymphoblastic transformation indices obtained in whole blood culture in the presence of rabies and control (nervous tissue) antigens. Eleven volunteers submitted to revaccination constituted the group under study, while three other volunteers submitted primo vaccination were utilized as control group. A clear secondary CMI to rabies antigen was detected in all the revaccinated volunteers who showed earlier and more intense response than the control group. Response to the control antigen, however, present in all the components of the first group was not detectable in two out of the three primovaccinated and very low in the third one.

Human antirabies revaccination; Cellular immunity in rabies; Anti-rabies immune response

Foi estudada a ocorrência de resposta imune celular na re imunização anti-rábica humana. Usou-se a vacina Fuenzalida & Palácios a qual é rotineiramente usada no Brasil. A resposta imune celular foi avaliada pelo índice de transformação blástica obtido em cultura de sangue total, na presença de antígeno rábico e antígeno controle (sistema nervoso) . O grupo em estudo constitui se de 11 voluntários submetido a re vacinação, enquanto três outros, submetidos a primo-vacinação foram utilizados como grupo controle. Detectou-se uma clara resposta imune celular secundária contra antígeno rábico em todos os voluntários revacinados, cujas respostas foram mais rápidas e mais intensas do que as do grupo controle. Observou-se também, resposta ao antígeno controle em todos os indivíduos do grupo de revacinados. No grupo de primovacinados, resposta ao antígeno controle foi fracamente observada em somente um indivíduo.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Cell mediated immune response in human antirabies revaccination

Resposta imune mediada por células na re-vacinação anti-rábica humana

Débora Regina Veiga; Carlos Roberto Zanetti; Nelson Figueiredo Mendes; Octávio Augusto de Carvalho Pereira

From the "Disciplina de Imunologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina", São Paulo - Brasil

^{Address for reprints} Address for reprints: Octávio Augusto de Carvalho Pereira M.D. Escola Paulista de Medicina Rua Botucatu, 862 - 4.° andar CEP. 04023 - São Paulo - Brasil.

SUMMARY

The occurrence of secondary cell mediated immune response (CMI) in human antirabies immunization was studied.

The Puenzalida & Palácios vaccine was used because it is routinely used in Brazil.

CMI was evaluated by lymphoblastic transformation indices obtained in whole blood culture in the presence of rabies and control (nervous tissue) antigens.

Eleven volunteers submitted to revaccination constituted the group under study, while three other volunteers submitted primo vaccination were utilized as control group.

A clear secondary CMI to rabies antigen was detected in all the revaccinated volunteers who showed earlier and more intense response than the control group.

Response to the control antigen, however, present in all the components of the first group was not detectable in two out of the three primovaccinated and very low in the third one.

Key words: Human antirabies revaccination; Cellular immunity in rabies; Anti-rabies immune response

RESUMO

Foi estudada a ocorrência de resposta imune celular na re imunização anti-rábica humana.

Usou-se a vacina Fuenzalida & Palácios a qual é rotineiramente usada no Brasil.

A resposta imune celular foi avaliada pelo índice de transformação blástica obtido em cultura de sangue total, na presença de antígeno rábico e antígeno controle (sistema nervoso) .

O grupo em estudo constitui se de 11 voluntários submetido a re vacinação, enquanto três outros, submetidos a primo-vacinação foram utilizados como grupo controle.

Detectou-se uma clara resposta imune celular secundária contra antígeno rábico em todos os voluntários revacinados, cujas respostas foram mais rápidas e mais intensas do que as do grupo controle.

Observou-se também, resposta ao antígeno controle em todos os indivíduos do grupo de revacinados. No grupo de primovacinados, resposta ao antígeno controle foi fracamente observada em somente um indivíduo.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to the "Instituto Butantan". São Paulo for providing antirabies vaccines. This work was supportedt by CNPq, CAPES and FINEP.

Recebido paraa publicação em 16/9/86.

1. APPELBAUM, E.; GREENBERG, M. & NELSON, - Neurological complications following antirabies Vaccination. J. Amer. med. Ass., 151: 188-191, 1953.
2. ASSIS, J. L. - Acidentes neuroparalíticos das vacinações anti-rábicas. Rev. Med. S. Paulo, 47: 102, 1963.
3. ATANASIU, P.; BAHMANYAR, M.; BALTAZARD, M.; FOX, J. P.; HABEL, K.; KAPLAN, M. M.; KISSLING, R. E.; KOMAROV, A.; KOPROWKI, H.; LEPINE, P.; PEREZ GALLARDO, F. & SHAEFFER, M. - Rabies, neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine inoculations in non-exposed persons; part I. Bull. Org. mod. Santé, 14: 593-611, 1956.
4. BAER, G. M. & CLEARY, W. F. - A model in mica for the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies. J. infect. Dis., 125: 520-527, 1972.
5. BAER, G. M.; SHADDOCK, J. H.; MOORE, S. A.; YAGER, P. A. & BARON, S. S. - Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine. J. infect. Dis., 136: 286-291, 1977a.
6. BAER, G. M. & YAGER, P. A. - A mouse model for post exposure rabies prophylaxis: the comparative efficacy of two vaccines and antiserum administration. J. gen. Virol., 36: 51-58, 1977b.
7. BALTAZARD, M. & BAHMANYAR, M. - Essai pratique du serum antirabies chez les mordus par loups enrages. Bull. Org. Mond. Santé, 13: 747-772, 1955.
8. BLANCOU, J.; ANDRAL, B. & ANDRAL, L. - A model in mice for the study of the early death phenomenon after vaccination and challenge with rabies virus. J. gen. Virol., 50: 433-435, 1980.
9. BLANCOU, J.; ANDRAL, L.; LAGRANGE, P. H. & TSIANG, H. - Kinetics of different specific immunological parameters after rabies vaccination in mice. Infect. Immun., 24: 600-605, 1979.
10. FUENZALIDA, E. & PALÁCIOS, R. - Rabies vaccine-prepared from brains of infected sucking mice. Bol. Inst. bact. Chile, 8: 3-10, 1955.
11. GARDNER, I.; BOWERN, N. A. & BLANDEN, R. V. - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against ectromelia virus-infected target cells. I. Specificity and Kinetics. Europ. J. Immunol., 4: 63-67, 1974.
12. HABEL, K. Seroprophylaxis in experimental rabies. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Wash), 60: 545-560, 1945.
13. HABEL, K. - Vaccination and serum prophylaxies of rabies in man. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RABIES, 12., Telloire, 1965. Proceedings. Bale, New York, Kayer, 1965. v. 1, p. 293-305.
14. HALL, L. S. & GORDON, D. S. - Reproducibility, efficacy and methodology of mitogen-induced limpho-cyte transformations by the whole blood assay. J. immunol. Meth., 12: 31-38, 1976.
15. IAAH, P. N. - Polyomyelitis caused by anti-rabic vaccination. Brit. med. J., 1: 148, 1957.
16. LABOWSKIE, R. J.; EDELMAN, R.; RUSTIGAN, R. & BELANTI, J. A. - Studies of cell-mediated immunity to measles virus by in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. J. infect. Dis., 129: 233-239, 1974.
17. LAPLANE, R.; GRAVELEAU, D. & PHAM-GIA-CAN - Complicaciones paraliticas de la vacinácion antirrábica. Sem. Hop. Paris, 36: 859-962, 1960.
18. LONGO, I. M.; MICH ALA NY, N.; MENDES, N. F.; PEREIRA, O. A. P. - Resposta imune humoral e celular à primo-vacinação anti-rábica: a cobaia como modelo experimental. Rev. bras. Alerg. Imunol., 3: 68-78, 1981.
19. NETTO, A. R.; NILSSON, M. R.; CORTES, J. A.; MIZUNO, M. & MIGUEL, O. - Comparative study of cattle antirabies vaccines. II. Protection conferred by Alurabiffa, ERA and formidogel vaccines. Zbl. Vet. Med. (B), 20: 398-404, 1972.
20. NOZAKI, J. & ATANASIU, P. - Comparative study "in vitro" between rabies and rabies related viruses by the sensitized lymphocytes tecnique. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur), 127a: 429-438, 1976.
21. PORTERFIELD, J. S.. - Antibody-mediated enhancement of rabies virus. Nature (Lond.), 290 ( 5807): 542, 1981a.
22. PRABHAKAR, B. S. & NATHANSON, N. - Acute rabies death mediated by antibody. Nature (Lond.), 290 (5807): 590-591, 1981b.
23. RAMANNA, B. C & PAL, S. R. - Cellular immunity in rabies virus infection: leukocyte-migration inhibition "in vitro". Indian J. med. Res., 71: 6-11, 1980a.
24. RAMANNA, B. C. & PAL, S. R. - Cellular and humoral immune response in human beigns vaccinated with rabies vaccine. J. Communicat. Disor., 13: 139-143, 1980b.
25. RAMANNA, B. C; PAL, S. R.; CHITKARA, N. L. & SHARMA, R. R. - A study on cell mediated immunity to rabies virus: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity "in vitro". Indian J. med. Res., 64: 1414-1420, 1976.
26. SANTOS, C. M.; KIMURA, H.; LONGO, I. M.; MENDES, N. F. & PEREIRA, O. A. C - Cell-mediated immune response to antirabies vaccine in man. Aller-gol. et Irnmunopath., 8: 163-168, 1980.
27. SHCES, R. K.; CLEARY, W. F.; KOPROWSKI, H.; \7IKTOR, T. J. & KAPLAN, M. M. - Effective protection of monkeys against death from street virus by post-exposure adniinistration of tissue-culture rabies vaccine. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 45: 1-11, 1971.
28. TIMENETSKY, J.; CHAMELET, E. L. B.; MENDES, N. F. & PEREIRA, O. A. C - Cell mediated Immune Response in canine antirabies vaccination. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 27: 1-5, 1985.
29. WIKTOR, T. J. - Cell-mediated immunity and post exposure protection from rabies by inactivated vaccines of tissue culture origin. Develop. Biol. Standard., 40: 255-264, 1978.
30. "WTKTOR, T. J.; DOHERTY, P. C. & KOPROWSKI, H. - "In vitro" evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 74: 334-338, 1977.
31. WTKTOR, T. J.; KAMO, I. & KOPROWSKI, H. - "In vitro" stimulation of rabbit lymphocytes after immunization with live and inactivated rabies vaccines. J. Immunol., 112: 2013-2019, 1974.
32. WTKTOR, T. J.; KOPROWSKI, H.; MITCHELL, J. R. & MERIGAN, T. C. - Role of interferon in prophylaxis of rabies after exposure. J. Infect. Dis., 133: 260-265, 1976.
33. WIKTOR, T. J.; POSTIC, B.; HO, M. & KOPROWSKI, H. - Role of interferon induction in the protective activity of rabies vaccine. J. infect. Dis., 126: 408-418, 1972.

Address for reprints:

Octávio Augusto de Carvalho Pereira

M.D. Escola Paulista de Medicina

Rua Botucatu, 862 - 4.° andar

CEP. 04023 - São Paulo - Brasil.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
17 Feb 2011
Date of issue
Apr 1987

History

Received
16 Sept 1986

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. APPELBAUM, E.; GREENBERG, M. & NELSON, - Neurological complications following antirabies Vaccination. J. Amer. med. Ass., 151: 188-191, 1953.

[2] 2. ASSIS, J. L. - Acidentes neuroparalíticos das vacinações anti-rábicas. Rev. Med. S. Paulo, 47: 102, 1963.

[3] 3. ATANASIU, P.; BAHMANYAR, M.; BALTAZARD, M.; FOX, J. P.; HABEL, K.; KAPLAN, M. M.; KISSLING, R. E.; KOMAROV, A.; KOPROWKI, H.; LEPINE, P.; PEREZ GALLARDO, F. & SHAEFFER, M. - Rabies, neutralizing antibody response to different schedules of serum and vaccine inoculations in non-exposed persons; part I. Bull. Org. mod. Santé, 14: 593-611, 1956.

[4] 4. BAER, G. M. & CLEARY, W. F. - A model in mica for the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies. J. infect. Dis., 125: 520-527, 1972.

[5] 5. BAER, G. M.; SHADDOCK, J. H.; MOORE, S. A.; YAGER, P. A. & BARON, S. S. - Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine. J. infect. Dis., 136: 286-291, 1977a.

[6] 6. BAER, G. M. & YAGER, P. A. - A mouse model for post exposure rabies prophylaxis: the comparative efficacy of two vaccines and antiserum administration. J. gen. Virol., 36: 51-58, 1977b.

[7] 7. BALTAZARD, M. & BAHMANYAR, M. - Essai pratique du serum antirabies chez les mordus par loups enrages. Bull. Org. Mond. Santé, 13: 747-772, 1955.

[8] 8. BLANCOU, J.; ANDRAL, B. & ANDRAL, L. - A model in mice for the study of the early death phenomenon after vaccination and challenge with rabies virus. J. gen. Virol., 50: 433-435, 1980.

[9] 9. BLANCOU, J.; ANDRAL, L.; LAGRANGE, P. H. & TSIANG, H. - Kinetics of different specific immunological parameters after rabies vaccination in mice. Infect. Immun., 24: 600-605, 1979.

[10] 10. FUENZALIDA, E. & PALÁCIOS, R. - Rabies vaccine-prepared from brains of infected sucking mice. Bol. Inst. bact. Chile, 8: 3-10, 1955.

[11] 11. GARDNER, I.; BOWERN, N. A. & BLANDEN, R. V. - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against ectromelia virus-infected target cells. I. Specificity and Kinetics. Europ. J. Immunol., 4: 63-67, 1974.

[12] 12. HABEL, K. Seroprophylaxis in experimental rabies. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Wash), 60: 545-560, 1945.

[13] 13. HABEL, K. - Vaccination and serum prophylaxies of rabies in man. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RABIES, 12., Telloire, 1965. Proceedings. Bale, New York, Kayer, 1965. v. 1, p. 293-305.

[14] 14. HALL, L. S. & GORDON, D. S. - Reproducibility, efficacy and methodology of mitogen-induced limpho-cyte transformations by the whole blood assay. J. immunol. Meth., 12: 31-38, 1976.

[15] 15. IAAH, P. N. - Polyomyelitis caused by anti-rabic vaccination. Brit. med. J., 1: 148, 1957.

[16] 16. LABOWSKIE, R. J.; EDELMAN, R.; RUSTIGAN, R. & BELANTI, J. A. - Studies of cell-mediated immunity to measles virus by in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. J. infect. Dis., 129: 233-239, 1974.

[17] 17. LAPLANE, R.; GRAVELEAU, D. & PHAM-GIA-CAN - Complicaciones paraliticas de la vacinácion antirrábica. Sem. Hop. Paris, 36: 859-962, 1960.

[18] 18. LONGO, I. M.; MICH ALA NY, N.; MENDES, N. F.; PEREIRA, O. A. P. - Resposta imune humoral e celular à primo-vacinação anti-rábica: a cobaia como modelo experimental. Rev. bras. Alerg. Imunol., 3: 68-78, 1981.

[19] 19. NETTO, A. R.; NILSSON, M. R.; CORTES, J. A.; MIZUNO, M. & MIGUEL, O. - Comparative study of cattle antirabies vaccines. II. Protection conferred by Alurabiffa, ERA and formidogel vaccines. Zbl. Vet. Med. (B), 20: 398-404, 1972.

[20] 20. NOZAKI, J. & ATANASIU, P. - Comparative study "in vitro" between rabies and rabies related viruses by the sensitized lymphocytes tecnique. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur), 127a: 429-438, 1976.

[21] 21. PORTERFIELD, J. S.. - Antibody-mediated enhancement of rabies virus. Nature (Lond.), 290 ( 5807): 542, 1981a.

[22] 22. PRABHAKAR, B. S. & NATHANSON, N. - Acute rabies death mediated by antibody. Nature (Lond.), 290 (5807): 590-591, 1981b.

[23] 23. RAMANNA, B. C & PAL, S. R. - Cellular immunity in rabies virus infection: leukocyte-migration inhibition "in vitro". Indian J. med. Res., 71: 6-11, 1980a.

[24] 24. RAMANNA, B. C. & PAL, S. R. - Cellular and humoral immune response in human beigns vaccinated with rabies vaccine. J. Communicat. Disor., 13: 139-143, 1980b.

[25] 25. RAMANNA, B. C; PAL, S. R.; CHITKARA, N. L. & SHARMA, R. R. - A study on cell mediated immunity to rabies virus: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity "in vitro". Indian J. med. Res., 64: 1414-1420, 1976.

[26] 26. SANTOS, C. M.; KIMURA, H.; LONGO, I. M.; MENDES, N. F. & PEREIRA, O. A. C - Cell-mediated immune response to antirabies vaccine in man. Aller-gol. et Irnmunopath., 8: 163-168, 1980.

[27] 27. SHCES, R. K.; CLEARY, W. F.; KOPROWSKI, H.; \7IKTOR, T. J. & KAPLAN, M. M. - Effective protection of monkeys against death from street virus by post-exposure adniinistration of tissue-culture rabies vaccine. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 45: 1-11, 1971.

[28] 28. TIMENETSKY, J.; CHAMELET, E. L. B.; MENDES, N. F. & PEREIRA, O. A. C - Cell mediated Immune Response in canine antirabies vaccination. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 27: 1-5, 1985.

[29] 29. WIKTOR, T. J. - Cell-mediated immunity and post exposure protection from rabies by inactivated vaccines of tissue culture origin. Develop. Biol. Standard., 40: 255-264, 1978.

[30] 30. "WTKTOR, T. J.; DOHERTY, P. C. & KOPROWSKI, H. - "In vitro" evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 74: 334-338, 1977.

[31] 31. WTKTOR, T. J.; KAMO, I. & KOPROWSKI, H. - "In vitro" stimulation of rabbit lymphocytes after immunization with live and inactivated rabies vaccines. J. Immunol., 112: 2013-2019, 1974.

[32] 32. WTKTOR, T. J.; KOPROWSKI, H.; MITCHELL, J. R. & MERIGAN, T. C. - Role of interferon in prophylaxis of rabies after exposure. J. Infect. Dis., 133: 260-265, 1976.

[33] 33. WIKTOR, T. J.; POSTIC, B.; HO, M. & KOPROWSKI, H. - Role of interferon induction in the protective activity of rabies vaccine. J. infect. Dis., 126: 408-418, 1972.