Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the 15 ^th State Health Division, Northwest Paraná State, Southern Brazil

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic disease in many regions of Brazil; however, only few reports on the actual epidemiological conditions are available. Here, we aimed to assess the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of ATL patients and their treatment in the 15^th Regional Health Division of Paraná State, Maringá, Brazil.

METHODS

This epidemiological study included patients diagnosed with ATL from January 2010 to September 2014, from the 15^th Regional Health Division database.

RESULTS

A total of 220 cases aged 3-84 years (85% male and 60.9% with up to 8 years of schooling) were included. The cases were classified as having the cutaneous form (n=183; 83.2%), mucosal form (n=26; 11.8%), mucocutaneous form (n=11; 5%), and relapses (n=21; 9.6%). Diagnosis was made via laboratory test results in 197 (89.5%) patients, and 172 (78.2%) completed the treatment within the study period. With regard to patients with the cutaneous form, 134 (95%) were cured, 131 (97.8%) were treated with Glucantime(r), and 47 (36.7%) received dosage of >15 and <20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg/day. Among the cases with mucosal involvement, 87.1% were cured and most were treated with <20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg/day. Thus, the cure rate was 93.6%.

CONCLUSIONS

During the study period in the 15^th Regional Health Division of Paraná State, ATL cases had a good response to treatment with a low rate of relapse or treatment failure, although a high percentage of mucosal or mucocutaneous form cases was also noted.

Keywords:
Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; Leishmaniasis; Therapeutics. Epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

Leishmaniases are zoonoses caused by more than 20 Leishmania species; more than 90 species of sand flies can transmit the parasite, and approximately 70 animal species have been found to be natural hosts of the parasite. It is estimated that 0.7-1.3 million new cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) occur annually worldwide¹. In particular, 95% of TL cases occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Furthermore, more than two-thirds of the new TL cases occur in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iran, and Syria¹.

In Brazil, a total of 635,399 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were reported from 1990 to 2013, with an average detection rate of 15.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants². Of 13,889 reported cases in the South region, 95% were reported in the Paraná State, with an average detection rate of 5.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants³.

In Paraná State, ATL has persisted even after the original forest vegetation was replaced by coffee, soybean, corn, cotton, and pastures, and has affected individuals of all age groups and both sexes^{4) (5}. In urban areas, the disease usually occurs in small areas with preserved forest cover⁶. Two circuits for ATL were identified in Paraná State: the Paraná-Paranapanema circuit, which highlights the Ivaí-Pirapó pole where the municipalities of the 15^th Regional Health Division are located, and the Ribeira circuit⁶. In the North and Northwest regions of Paraná State, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the prevalent species responsible for ATL^{7) (8}. The clinical forms of L. (V.) braziliensis infection include cutaneous, mucosal, and disseminated leishmaniasis⁹.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis can be diagnosed based on clinical-epidemiological and laboratorial criteria. In addition, parasitological and immunological diagnostic tests can enhance the efficacy of disease diagnosis⁷. Although ATL does not cause death in the absence of complications, it can cause debilitating and stigmatizing lesions¹⁰. Moreover, the drugs recommended for ATL treatment (pentavalent antimony, Amphotericin B, and pentamidine) may cause serious side-effects that can lead to the discontinuation of treatment in some cases¹¹ and even to death¹².

Although ATL is an endemic disease in many regions of Brazil, these studies are essential for designing health surveillance actions for prevention, treatment, and disease control. In the present study, we aimed to assess the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory profile, as well as the treatment of ATL in recent years in the 15^th Regional Health Division of Paraná, Maringá, Brazil.

METHODS

We conducted an epidemiology study using the database of the 15^th Regional Health Division (15^th RH) of Paraná, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil, which included patients diagnosed with ATL from January 2010 to September 2014. The 15^th RH covers 30 municipalities and is bordered by the latitudes 22.54°S and 23.82°S, and the longitudes 51.66°W and 52.42°W (Figure 1). To complement the information in the structured form, an active search for cases reported to the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) was performed in the database of the Consórcio Público Intermunicipal de Saúde do Setentrião Paranaense (CISAMUSEP), Maringá, Paraná, which offers specialized medical service to cases referred by the regional municipalities. In the 15^th RH, ATL treatment is administered based on the recommendations of the Ministry of Health¹³.

FIGURE 1
A map of the 15^th Regional Health Division of Paraná, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil, comprising 30 municipalities.

Data from 2 databases were analyzed separately, tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and analyzed using Mid-P exact, G, Student's t, and Z tests with the BioEstat(r) 5.3 and OpenEpi(r) 3.03 software, and a 5% significance level.

Ethical considerations

This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics in Research Involving Human Subjects (COPEP) of the State University of Maringá (Report No. 781257 on August 11, 2014).

RESULTS

A total of 220 ATL cases [187 (85%) male; age range, 3-84 years)] were reported from the 15^th RH database during the study period; of these patients, 139 (63.2%) were recruited from the complementary search on the CISAMUSEP database.

The median age among the female patients was 37 years, whereas that among the male patients was 43 years. The disease was more common in patients aged 30-49 years (87; 39.5%) and ≥50 years (82; 37.3%). Fourteen (6.4%) patients were aged ≤14 years (Table 1). Most of the patients (134; 60.9%) had up to 8 years of schooling. With regard to the epidemiological characteristics, 102 (46.4%) cases were autochthonous, 82 (80.4%) of which were autochthonous for the notification municipality, including Doutor Camargo (18 cases; 22%), Maringá (16 cases; 19.5%), Paiçandu (10 cases; 12.2%), and São Jorge do Ivaí (8 cases; 9.8%). In 12 (5.5%) cases, ATL was acquired from work-related activities. The municipalities with the highest number of cases were Maringá (70; 31.8%), Sarandi (31; 14.1%), Paiçandu (23; 10.5%), Doutor Camargo (19; 8.6%), and Mandaguaçu (14; 6.4%).

TABLE 1
Characteristics of 220 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the 15^th Regional Health Division of Maringá, from January 2010 to September 2014.

• CI: confidence interval. *Mid-P exact test.

With regard to the clinical characteristics (Table 2), 183 (83.2%) cases were classified as cutaneous, 26 (11.8%) were classified as mucosal, and 11 (5%) were classified as mucocutaneous. Twenty-one (9.5%) cases involved disease recurrence. Of the 139 cases from the CISAMUSEP database, 117 completed treatment within the study period (89 with the cutaneous form and 28 with the mucosal form). Cutaneous lesions were most commonly found on the lower limbs (35; 39.3%), followed by the upper limbs (21; 23.6%) and head (9; 10%). The average number of ampoules per patient did not differ when the cutaneous lesions were located on the head, lower limbs, or upper limbs (p>0.05).

TABLE 2
Clinical characteristics of 220 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis from the 15^th Regional Health Division of Maringá, from January 2010 to September 2014.

• CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ATL: American tegumentary leishmaniasis. *Mid-P exact test.

In 197 (89.5%) patients, ATL was diagnosed based on the results of laboratory tests. Among 128 patients with cutaneous form ATL, parasitological examination indicated positive results in 115 (89.8%), Montenegro skin test (MST) positivity in 103/109 (94.5%) patients, detection of parasite on histology examination in 46/65 (70.7%) patients, and compatibility with TL in 7/65 (10.8%) patients (Table 3). Among patients with mucosal form ATL, parasitological examination indicated positive results in 8/10 (80%) patients, MST positivity in 12/13 (92.3%) patients, detection of parasite on histology examination in 5/16 (31.2%) patients, and compatibility with TL in 10/16 (62.5%) patients. For patients with mucocutaneous form ATL, parasitological examination indicated positive results in 6/7 (85.7%) patients, MST positivity in 6/7 (85.7%) patients, detection of parasite on histology examination in 2/4 (50%) patients, and compatibility with TL in 1/4 (25%) patient. There was a significant difference in the distribution of the histology results (p=0.016), wherein the presence of the parasite was detected more frequently in cutaneous form ATL and compatibility with TL was more frequent in mucosal form ATL. With regard to the results of parasitological examination and/or histology, the parasite was detected in 84.8% (134/158) of patients with cutaneous form ATL, in 52.4% (11/21) of those with mucosal form ATL, and in 80% (8/10) of those with mucocutaneous form ATL.

TABLE 3
Characteristics of laboratory diagnosis of 220 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis from the 15^th Regional Health Division of Maringá, from January 2010 to September 2014.

• CI: confidence interval. * Mid-P exact test. **G Test

Glucantime(r) was used for the treatment of 91.8% patients (202/220). Amphotericin B was used in 35.7% (5/14) of the patients who failed to respond to glucantime therapy. Of the 220 patients, 161 (73.2%) were considered to be cured. Of the 172 patients who completed treatment within the study period, 141 (82%) had cutaneous form ATL, 21 (12.2%) had mucosal form ATL, and 10 (5.8%) had mucocutaneous form ATL (Table 4). Of 141 patients with cutaneous form ATL, 134 (95%) were cured, 131 (97.8%) were treated with Glucantime(r), and 47 (36.7%) received a daily dose of >15 and <20 mg Sb⁵⁺/kg; the average number of ampoules per patient was 64.7±32.4. Of the 21 patients with mucosal form ATL, 18 (85.7%) were cured, all were treated with Glucantime(r), and 9 (50%) received a daily dose of ≥20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg; the average number of ampoules per patient was 87.5±43.4. Of the 10 patients with mucocutaneous form ATL, 9 (90%) were cured and 4 (44.5%) received a daily dose of ≥20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg; the average number of ampoules per patient was 98.9±43.7. The number of ampoules used by patients with cutaneous form ATL was significantly inferior to that used by patients with mucosal form ATL (p=0.044) and mucocutaneous form ATL (p=0.046).

TABLE 4
Characteristics of the treatment of 172 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis from the 15^th Regional Health Division of Maringá, from January 2010 to September 2014.

• ATL: American tegumentary leishmaniasis; CI: confidence interval; C: cutaneous form; M: mucosal form; MC: mucocutaneous form. *Mid-P exact test. **G test. ***Student t test. aaverage ± standard deviation; bZ test; vs. versus.

The characteristics of treatment are described in Table 5. The average number of ampoules received by men was higher in the mucosal (p<0.01) and mucocutaneous (p<0.001) form ATL groups as compared to that in the cutaneous form ATL group. The dose prescribed in the mucosal form ATL was greater for men (p=0.014) and the dose prescribed in the cutaneous form ATL was greater for women (p<0.001).

The mean treatment durations of cutaneous and mucosal form ATL were 5.6±4.8 and 5.2±5.4 months, respectively. The average number of visits was 4.3±3.2 for patients with cutaneous form ATL and 4.1±3.3 for those with mucosal involvement. There was no difference in the treatment duration or the average number of visits between the cutaneous and mucosal forms. Moreover, there was no difference in the treatment duration or the average number of visits according to sex for patients with cutaneous form ATL.

TABLE 5
Characteristics of treatment with Glucantime(r) of 161 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis from the 15^th Regional Health Division of Maringá, from January 2010 to September 2014.

• CI: confidence interval; C: cutaneous form; M: mucosal form; MC: mucocutaneous form. *Mid-P exact test. **G test. ***Student t test. aaverage ± standard deviation; bZ test; vs. versus.

DISCUSSION

The endemic nature of ATL in Paraná State has been confirmed by several authors^{4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (14) (15) (16}. In Paraná State, the geographical distribution of ATL is wide and irregular, with a greater concentration of cases in the Northern and Western municipalities, including areas that suffer intense anthropy^{4) (5}.

In Brazil, ATL is prevalent in both sexes and across all age groups; however, ATL is predominant in individuals aged >10 years (90%), including male patients (74%)¹³. In the present study, ATL was predominant in males (85%) and in those aged ≥30 years (76.8%). In previous studies in Paraná State, Silveira et al.⁷, Castro et al.⁸, and Curti et al.¹⁴⁾ reported a higher prevalence of ATL in patients aged 15-49 years, whereas Pontello et al.¹⁷ reported an associated age of 21-40 years. According to Silva et al. ⁽¹⁸, the ATL incidence in individuals aged >65 years has increased significantly in Brazil. In fact, in the present study, 19.5% of the patients were aged >60 years and 6 deaths occurred in individuals aged ≥59 years, including 1 registered in the SINAN as due to ATL. Among these individuals there is a higher risk of co-morbidities complicated by ATL treatment¹³. Death due to ATL was reported in 2.3% cases in Alagoas State¹⁹, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous clinical evaluation prior to and during treatment.

An education level of up to 8 years was common among the ATL patients included in this study, consistent with the findings of Fonseca et al.²⁰⁾ in the Western State of São Paulo.

ATL was considered an occupational disease since most of the affected individuals were men exposed to forest areas²¹. However, in recent decades, the vector has adapted to the peri-domiciliary areas of rural regions and urbanized areas, and has hence begun infecting women and children as well²¹. A small portion (5.5%) of the cases reported in the 15^th RH Division were considered to have disease related to work activities, in contrast with the value of 33% previously reported by Silveira et al.⁷ in a study performed in the same area. Martins et al.²¹⁾ indicated that, in São Paulo State, ATL was prevalent among adult male patients and rural workers (40.4%), whereas Marlow et al.²²⁾ reported that, in the State of Santa Catarina, 67.3% of patients were male and 77.8% lived in urban zones. The presence of children (6.4%) and women (15%) among the patients indicates the possibility of peri-domiciliary transmission, and represents significant changes in vector behavior²³. In this region, the transmission of ATL has also occurred in leisure activities in the vicinity of residual forests²⁴, and peridomicile in old rural areas converted into housing complexes or condominiums in small towns.

In the present study, infections occurred mainly in the municipalities of Doutor Camargo, Maringá, Paiçandu, São Jorge do Ivaí, and Mandaguaçu, consistent with the findings of Curti, et al.¹⁵, who reported Maringá, Doutor Camargo, São Jorge do Ivaí, and Sarandi as municipalities where cases were predominant, as well as with those of Roberto et al.¹⁶, who stated that the largest number of cases occurred in Doutor Camargo, Maringá, and São Jorge do Ivaí. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the findings of Monteiro et al.⁶ who described that the Ivaí-Pirapó pole was an important component of the Paraná-Paranapanema circuit for ATL production.

The mucosal or mucocutaneous form of ATL is related to the prevalence of the L. (V.) braziliensis species in the North and Northwest regions of Paraná State^{7) (8}. Of the cases reported in the 15^th RH Division, 16.8% were classified as mucosal or mucocutaneous form ATL. This percentage is higher than that previously reported in the 15^th RH Division by Silveira et al.⁷, who found 7.7% of cases with mucosal involvement from 1986 to 1997, by Curti et al¹⁵, who found 11.1% of cases with mucosal involvement from 1986 to 2005, and Roberto et al.¹⁶, who found 9.7% of cases with mucosal or mucocutaneous involvement from 1991 to 1994. Castro et al.⁸ identified 2% of mucocutaneous lesions among patients in the Arapongas Regional Division of FUNASA (in Northern Paraná State) from 1993 to 1998, whereas Pontello et al.¹⁷⁾ identified 15.1% of cases with mucosal involvement among patients in the 17^th RH Division (in Northern Paraná State) from 1998 to 2009. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health estimates that 3-5% of cutaneous cases develop into mucosal forms¹³. In Western São Paulo State, 4.9% of cases with mucosal involvement²⁰ were reported from 1998 to 2011, and on the Northern coastline, 1.6% of cases with mucocutaneous involvement were reported from 1993 to 2005²⁵. In fact, from 1988 to 2008, of 1209 patients with ATL in Bahia State, 4.3% were found to have mucosal involvement⁹. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can develop several months to ≥20 years after a cutaneous lesion. In particular, malnourished young adult male migrants are at a higher risk. The other risk factors include the location of the primary lesion above the waist, multiple or large primary lesions, or delayed healing of the primary cutaneous leishmaniasis²⁶. The increase in the rates of mucosal or mucocutaneous forms in the 15^th RH Division may be related to several factors, such as an increase in the diagnostic rates, late demand for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, failure in the health care network, and changing epidemiological profile of the disease. It should be noted that, during the study period, there was a discontinuity of care provided by the regionalized assistance network, which can have an influence on the high proportion of cases with mucosal involvement.

In the present study, there was a predominance of lesions in the lower limbs (39.3%), followed by the upper limbs (23.6%), consistent with that reported in the literature. Similarly, Pontello et al.¹⁷ reported a predominance of lesions in the upper limbs (41.4%), followed by lower limbs (30.3%). Moreover, Martins et al.²¹ reported that the regions of the body most frequently affected were the limbs (59.6%), followed by the face (34%). In addition, Murback et al.²⁷ found that lesions were located in the lower limbs in 34%, in the face in 25.5%, and in the upper limbs in 19.1%, whereas Name et al.²⁸⁾ found that lesions were located in the lower limbs in 56.5%, in the upper limbs in 28.4%, and in the head in 13.6%. The amount of Glucantime(r) ampoules used did not differ according to the location of lesions at different sites.

During the study period, ATL was diagnosed based on clinical and epidemiological criteria in 10.5% of cases, despite the availability of laboratory tests for ATL diagnosis in municipalities of the 15^th RH Division. Nevertheless, the diagnosis can be definitively made only when the parasite is detected on direct examination, culture in particular media, histopathology examination, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)²⁶. Immunological methods such as the MST and serology tests can also help confirm the diagnosis, but do not distinguish between past and present infections²⁶.

The parasitological examination indicated positive results in 89.8% of patients with cutaneous form ATL, 80% with mucosal form ATL, and 85.7% with mucocutaneous form ATL. These rates are higher than those obtained by Silveira et al.⁷⁾ for cutaneous form ATL (59.4%) and by Curti et al.¹⁴ for cutaneous form ATL (65.1%) in the same area. Murback et al.²⁷ observed a rate of 58.8% for positive direct examination in Mato Grosso do Sul State, whereas Reis et al. ⁽²⁹⁾ observed a rate of 58% for positive direct examination in Pernambuco State. These variations may be due to several factors such as Leishmania species, parasite load, quality of the material collected, site of the lesion where the parasite is investigated, the number of microscopic fields and slides examined, and experience of the technician³⁰.

The MST indicated positive results in 94.5%, 92.3%, and 85.7% of patients with cutaneous, mucosal, and mucocutaneous form ATL. In the same area, Silveira et al.⁷⁾ described MST positivity in 95.1%, whereas Curti et al.¹⁴⁾ described MST positivity in 92.3% with cutaneous form ATL. Pontello et al.¹⁷ exhibited 84.4% positivity, Nunes et al.¹⁹ exhibited 56.1% positivity, and Murback et al.²⁷⁾ exhibited 91.4% positivity for MST among the ATL cases.

In the histology examinations, the parasite was detected in 70.7% of patients with cutaneous form ATL, and compatible histology results were more (62.5%) frequently detected for mucosal form ATL. Pontello et al.¹⁷ reported that the diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy in 26.5% cases. In the present study, the parasite was detected (parasitological examination and/or histology) in 84.8% of cases with the cutaneous form and in 61.3% of cases with mucosal involvement. In the review by Strazzulla et al.³¹ on mucosal form ATL, the presence of Leishmania amastigotes had 35-70% sensitivity and >95% specificity for the mucosal form of L. braziliensis.

Pentavalent antimony (PA) has been used for >70 years, and remains the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis¹³. However, meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime(r)) is used for the treatment of patients in the 15^th RH Division of Maringá, based on the recommendation by the Brazilian Ministry of Health¹³. According to WHO, in cases with cutaneous lesions, the overall cure rate at 3 months after treatment is approximately 77-90% when PA is administered at a dose of 20 mg Sb⁵⁺/kg per day for 20 days. In cases with mucocutaneous lesions, the cure rates after treatment with PA range from 30% to 100%, with a regimen of 20 mg Sb⁵⁺/kg per day for 30 days, depending on the lesion location and geographical area²⁶.

In the present study, 95.0% of patients with the cutaneous form and 85.7% of those with the mucosal form were considered to be cured, which were higher than those (59.1%) described in Northern Paraná State¹⁷, in Alagoas State (44.5%)¹⁹, and in Rio de Janeiro State (74%)³². Similar results were reported by Name et al.²⁸⁾ who found a clinical cure rate of 81.6% in patients with the cutaneous form and 69.6% in patients with the mucocutaneous form in Brasília.

Although the suggested dose is 15mg Sb⁵⁺/kg/day for the cutaneous form and the recommended dose is 20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg/day for the mucosal form¹³, 59.4% of cases with the cutaneous form received a daily dose >15mg Sb⁵⁺/kg and 51.9% of cases with mucosal involvement received a daily dose <20mg Sb⁵⁺/kg.

The average number of ampoules used by patients with mucosal and mucocutaneous involvement was greater than that used by patients with cutaneous involvement. Overall, the average number of Glucantime(r) ampoules prescribed per patient was 69.3, which is lower than that reported by Roberto et al.¹⁶ in the same area, wherein the average number of Glucantime(r) ampoules prescribed per patient, from 1991 to 1994, was 75.6. Moreover, we found that the doses prescribed for men were higher than for those prescribed for women with the mucosal form, whereas the number of ampoules administered to women was higher than that for men with the cutaneous form. This is inconsistent with the findings of Name et al.²⁸, who reported that PA was more effective in females with the cutaneous form. However, no difference in treatment time or the average number of visits for patients with the cutaneous or mucosal forms was noted.

Resistance to PA is often encountered in South America and is a frequent cause of recurrence or treatment failure³¹. Failure of treatment with PA occurred in 6.4% of patients. This failure rate was lower than that described by the World Health Organization (WHO)²⁶ and that reported in Rio de Janeiro State (12.5%)³². In these cases, amphotericin B (2.3%) and pentamidine (0.9%) were used instead. In Northern Paraná¹⁷, 5.6% of patients were treated with pentamidine due to the side-effects of amphotericin B.

The limitations of this study include the small sample size and the inability to recruit all the patients from the SINAN registry; nevertheless, this study enables the comprehensive assessment of ATL behavior in the region, and the data can be used to design novel health surveillance measures.

In the 15^th RH Division of Paraná State, ATL was more frequent among men, particularly in the cutaneous form, although 16.8% of the cases had the mucosal or mucocutaneous form. This rate is higher than that estimated by the Brazilian Health Ministry, and an increase in the number of cases with mucosal involvement is evident in comparison with the findings of previous studies in the same area. ATL was primarily diagnosed based on laboratory test results. The drug used in most of the cases was Glucantime(r), which showed a good response to treatment and low rate of relapse or treatment failure. Most of the patients with the mucosal form received doses lower than that recommended by the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, the rate of mucosal leishmaniasis was greater than that reported in the literature.

Acknowledgments

We offer our deepest thanks to the institutions that provided technical support for the development and implementation of this study. The authors would like to thank Dr. Izabel Galhardo Demarchi, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil, for drawing the map.

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• Programa de Apoio à Pós-Graduação/Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Análises Clínicas/Universidade Estadual de Maringá

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2016

History

• Received
  25 May 2016
• Accepted
  23 Sept 2016