Effect of Ocimum gratissimum in Mouthrinses on De Novo Plaque Formation. A Randomized Clinical Trial

Resumo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar clinicamente em humanos o efeito antiplaca de Ocimum gratissimum (Og). Quinze adultos saudáveis participaram deste estudo cruzado, duplo-cego, por meio de um modelo de acúmulo de placa parcial de 3 dias. Os voluntários aboliram qualquer método mecânico de higiene oral e foram inicialmente designados para usar os seguintes enxaguatórios bucais: água destilada (solução AD), digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% (solução CLX) ou 10% Og (solução Og). O índice de placa (IPL) foi registrado em todos os dentes inferiores no final do experimento e os testes estatísticos Kruskal-Wallis (α=0,05) e Mann-Whitney (α=0,05) foram utilizados para estimar a diferença entre os grupos. Os resultados clínicos demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos (p<0,05), favorecendo os grupos CLX e Og; entretanto o grupo CLX foi mais efetivo que o grupo Og (p<0,05). Os enxaguatórios bucais contendo digluconato de clorexidina e Og a 10% foram capazes de reduzir a formação de nova placa bacteriana, mas Og mostrou resultados mais limitados em comparação ao digluconato de clorexidina.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effect of Ocimum gratissimum (Og) by in vivo investigation. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind clinical study, using a 3-day partial-mouth plaque accumulation model. The participants abolished any method of mechanical oral hygiene and they were randomly assigned to initially use just the following mouthrinses: distilled water (DW solution), 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX solution) or 10% Og (Og solution). The plaque index (PLI) was recorded in all mandibular teeth at the end of the trial and the Kruskal-Wallis (α=0.05) and Mann-Whitney (α=0.05) tests were used to estimate the difference among groups. The clinical results showed statistically significant difference among the groups (p<0.05), favoring the CLX solution and Og solution, but the first was more effective (p<0.05). The mouthrinses containing 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% Og were able to inhibit plaque re-growth, however Og showed more limited results in comparison to CLX.

Key Words:
dental plaque; plant extracts; chlorhexidine; mouthrinses; prevention

Introduction

Regular plaque removal by effective mechanical tooth cleaning is the main goal of the prevention of gingival inflammation. However, this concept is difficult to implement by many subjects ^1,2 because its effectiveness is influenced by the individual's manual ability and motivation ².

This is the reason of a great interest to research antimicrobial agents in order to avoid plaque formation and are often recommended in situations when oral hygiene is difficult, compromised or impossible ^2,3,4. Chlorhexidine is considered the gold standard chemical agent, showing positive results, by inhibiting or delaying the bacterial proliferation ^1,2,3,4. However, due to undesirable effects after prolonged use, like pigmentation and taste disturbance, various herbal agents have been researched recently, showing encouraging results ^5,4,8.

Aromatics herbs have traditionally been used in folk medicine, showing inhibition against several groups of microorganisms ^6,9. Plants from Brazilian biomes have also been used as natural medicines by local populations in the treatment of several tropical diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections ^9,10.

Among the various available herbal agents, Ocimum gratissimum (Og) is found in tropical regions, including Brazil, where it is popularly know as "alfavaca-cravo" ⁶. Og belongs to the group of plants known as spices ⁹. It is of the family Labiatea, genus Ocimum, species gratissimum and it is commonly used to treat different diseases, e.g. skin diseases and pneumonia ^9,10.

Laboratorial previous studies showed that Og presents antimicrobial activities, showing that this herbal agent can be effective against infectious diseases ^9,10. Extract of Og have been tested in vitro and shown to be active against S. flexineri, E. coli and Proteus mirabililis. as well as dermatophytes ^6,9,10. Likewise, pre-clinical studies showed that this herbal agent inhibited the growth of oral microorganisms ^11,12, like Streptococcus viridans and S. albus, showing that Og can be used as antiplaque agent. Besides, it presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, showing that this herbal agent is effective in the treatment of acute and chronic oral diseases ¹⁰.

In a3-month previous clinical study, there were no adverse effects using Og as mouthwash, showing that it was well tolerated, supporting its safety for the clinical use ⁶. In addition, Og was effective on plaque reduction and in the treatment of gingivitis, as adjunct to mechanical plaque control, comparable to chlorhexidine digluconate. However, its effect associated to tooth brushing has not been tested.

These previous results pointed out that Og has potential as mouth rinse, but is this herbal agent able to avoid plaque re-growth? Up to now there is no reported controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of Og on this issue. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the action of this herbal agent on de novo plaque formation, compared to digluconate chlorhexidine.

Material and Methods

Subjects

Fifteen dental students from the University of Fortaleza (7 female and 8 male, aged 18 to 24 years) were enrolled in this study. All subjects had at least 24 natural teeth, showed no signs of periodontitis, had no caries or extensive dental restorations and did not undergo any systemic antibiotic treatment during past 6 months. Participants with medical disorders, smokers and pregnant women were excluded from the trial (Table 1). All students were informed about the nature of the study and signed an informed consent form in compliance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Health Council and Helsinki Declaration of 1975. The research protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee (Process Number 329/2010).

Table 1
Patient characteristics at the baseline

• Due to the scarcity of previous studies with the same herbal product (Og), a proper sample-size calculation could not be made. Based on similar studies, a sample size of 15 patients was considered adequate. After the study, a power calculation was performed, showing an 85% power to detect a difference of 0.50 in plaque index among groups, considering a standard deviation of 0.5 13.

Essential Oil Extraction, Preparation and Composition

Og essential oil was prepared from stem barks samples collected from the medicinal herb Garden at the University of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Essential oil was extracted using a modified Clevenger apparatus by the hydrodistillation technique. The volume of essential oil obtained was measured and then it was stored in hermetically sealed glass receptacles with rubber stoppers, covered with aluminum foil to protect the contents from light and kept under refrigeration at 8 °C until use. The chemical composition was determined by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The major constituents of the essential oil were thymol and eugenol, respectively.

Preparation of the Mouthrinses

Initially 1 mL of essential oil was diluted in 9 mL of distilled water (1:9), preparing a 10% mixture (v/v) (Og solution). A mouth rinse containing only distilled water (DWsolution) and other containing 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX solution) were formulated too. In all groups, a very small amount of menthol (flavoring), color and conserving agent were added.

Products

All mouthrinses were formulated and packed into bottle in the Pharmaceutics' Laboratory at the University of Fortaleza. The bottles were previously coded to warrant that neither the examiner nor the participants knew their content, which was revealed by the pharmacist only after the study was completed. All students used all mouthrinses in alternate periods, according to a crossover study.

Clinical Design

This study was a randomized, double-blind comparison of 3 cross-over groups of dental students performed in 3 experimental phases of 3 days each with a 1-month washout interval, until all subjects had rinsed with each formulation. To standardize the groups, the participants were submitted to a meticulous evaluation (pre-experimental phase) to score the Plaque Index (PLI) ¹⁴⁾ of each tooth. All teeth of each subject were polished and flossed by the examiner to eliminate dental plaque remnants. The importance of oral hygiene was strongly reinforced.

Thirty days after the initial phase, the volunteers were randomly assigned to 3 groups by random allocation using a computer-generated random table made by a person not participating in the study and the experimental phase began. On day 0 of both experimental periods, PLI was recorded. During each 3-day experimental period, the participants were instructed to abstain from all forms of mechanical oral hygiene. A bottle containing 100 mL mouth rinse was given to all students and they were instructed to rinse 10 mL for 60 s, twice daily (in the morning and in the evening), and then spit it out. In addition to verbal instructions, the students received written recommendations to follow at home. On the last day of each period (3rd day), the PLI was recorded and the teeth were polished with pumice (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
Flowchart for the study patients.

Clinical Assessment

A single examiner recorded the PLI on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the experimental mandibular teeth. The plaque was disclosed using a 1% erythrosine solution and the values of two sites of each tooth were recorded to obtain the PLI means. Then, the means for all experimental teeth were calculated to determine the mean index of each volunteer. Intra-examiner agreement was obtained by repeating the measurements in 10 patients, obtaining a 0.79 Kappa coefficient. Mouthrinses were evaluated for side effects by subjective criteria, including taste disturbance, burning sensation, dryness/soreness, pruritis/itchiness. Visual inspection was made to observe staining and soft tissue alteration.

Statistical Analysis

The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (α=0.05) tests were used to evaluate the difference among groups on day 3 (p<0.05). However, for illustration, the results are showed as mean and standard deviation.

Results

All subjects completed the experimental phase. The mouthrinses had good acceptance and did not show significant adverse events, such as abscesses, ulcerations or allergic reactions. Only in the CLX group, three patients related mild burning sensation.

At the 3rd day, there was plaque formation in all groups, but the differences among them were statistically significant (p<0.05), favoring CLX and Og solutions. However, after comparing these two solutions, there was a statistically significant difference favoring CLX solution (p<0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2
Plaque index (PLI) means and standard deviation (sd) on day 3 for the positive control (CLX solution), test (Og solution) and negative control (DW solution) groups.

• Means followed by different letters differ statistically (p<0.05).

Comparing means for each dental surface, there was a statistically significant difference in the PLI index for all surfaces, favoring CLX and Og solutions (p<0.05). However, comparing these two solutions, there was a statistically significant difference favoring CLX solution (p<0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3
Plaque index (PLI) means and standard deviation (sd), by dental surface, on day 3 for the positive control (CLX solution), test (Og solution) and negative control (DW solution) groups.

• Means followed by different letters in a same line differ statistically (p<0.05).

Discussion

This paper presents the data of a short-term, crossover, de novo plaque growth study, involving the replacement of mechanical plaque control by mouth rinsing, comparing an allopathic substance with an herbal agent. This study design was based in previous works and it was chosen in order to generate the best possible clinical evidence ^2,4,8. It measures the plaque regrowth under the influence of test solution from a zero plaque baseline and avoids the confounding influences of tooth brushing ^15,16.

The purpose of the present work was to study plaque accumulation event and not gingival inflammation, in which longer periods of evaluation would be necessary, in spite of some similar studies that evaluated this aspect ^1,3. In this way, based on previous works, a 3-day plaque accumulation model was used ^2,4,5,15,16. The validity of short-term models (3 days or 4 days) has been extensively discussed and they are valid to investigate antiplaque effects ^{7,8,15,16,17,18,19}. In the present study, a negative and a positive control were used to allow the positioning of the test product between both extremes. Based in other similar studies ^2,7,8, distilled water was chosen as a negative control product, because its inert characteristic and it was the vehicle of the other two products.

Generally, for such model, is used a crossover approach, as in the present study ¹⁸. To avoid the carry-over effects, after each test period the subject had a washout time of one month ², a longer period than the one often employed ^13,16,17,18, during which mechanical oral hygiene was resumed with the same fluoridated dentifrice. Then, another 3-day test period started with a new assigned product.

It is very important to note that when the chlorhexidine digluconate is included as a positive control, there is concern that the effect of this potent agent might persist for longer than the 3-day washout period. The residual effect of chlorhexidine differs from that of an inert rinse such as saline or water. Consequently, a longer washout period is preferable ¹⁹.

Periodontal condition is of foremost importance in the rate of de novo plaque formation. This aspect justifies the use of dental students that have a standard of good oral hygiene ¹⁵. Moreover, this is an interesting group for this kind of study, taking into consideration that they can be easily controlled in terms of compliance ^1,2,20. A point not be overlooked is the sample size of the present work, as previously explained in Material and Methods section. However, studies with similar aims have been published with sample sizes comparable to the one of this study ^2,13,20.

Mouthrinses vary in their constituents but are usually considerably less complex than toothpastes and they need to be stable and with an acceptable taste. This usually requires the addition of flavor, color and preservation additives ¹⁶. In the present study, this was observed so that the products had similar aspects as much possible. Quality control was also applied to the rinses following reference to the monograph in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, analyzing the organoleptic characteristics, density and pH (1.02 and 6.87, respectively) ²¹. This similarity to the mouth and oral mucosa pH may explain, in part, the absence of adverse events after Og mouth rinse usage.

Taste acceptance is poorly discussed in the studies, since just two articles evaluated this aspect by a questionnaire to assess the patient's attitudes and preferences regarding the products used ^7,15. Although the products had been coded, the present study and studies mentioned above did not evaluate whether the participants could perceive which solution he/she was using during the clinical trial, mainly chlorhexidine which has a quite characteristic taste. Perhaps, this could be a major limitation of this type of study, in which chlorhexidine is used as positive control ^2,7,8,17,20.

Among a variety of antiseptic agents, chlorhexidine digluconate has been used and tested for many years and its long-term efficacy and safety has been confirmed by several in vivo studies (1-3,7,8,17,20). Unfortunately, chlorhexidine has some disadvantages, like discoloration in proximal areas, tongue and a reversible effect on the taste (3-5). In the present study these aspects were not observed, probably due the short-term characteristic of the present study, likewise the other works (2,7,8.17,20).

Chlorhexidine mouth rinse is considered as the gold standard for oral antiseptics and its effectiveness as antiplaque agent was observed in the present and other studies ^2,4,7,15,17. In terms of plaque accumulation, several studies found no difference between 0.12% or 0.20% chlorhexidine concentrations ^17,20. In the present work was used 0.12%, which is generally used in commercial mouthrinses. Lower concentrations of chlorhexidine should be prescribed since higher concentrations do not seem to generate lower plaque scores ^15,17,20.

In this study, the Quigley and Hein plaque index ¹³ was used due its sensitivity to detect small deposits of plaque ^2,20,22,23. However, the cut-off between the scores can be difficult to assess and could interfere in the results, so calibration of examiners was performed to solve this problem, assuring the confidence of results ^2,20. Other studies recorded plaque accumulation in full mouth, using a similar plaque index ^1,5,6. This fact could explain the differences of values on plaque accumulation in comparison to present work.

In recent times, reports of a number of medicinal herbs used in the prevention of gingivitis have been published worldwide, presenting limited ^23,24) and encouraging results ^2,5,7. Despite its commercial use in pharmaceutical industries, there is lack of data to support the antiplaque claims about Og. The absence of adverse effects from this herbal agent in the present study showed that it was well tolerated, supporting safety for the clinical use. This aspect was observed in a previous 3-month study ⁶.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present work is the first to evaluate the effect of a mouth rinse containing Og on de novo plaque formation. The results showed that even though the herbal formulation was able to inhibit plaque re-growth it was not as efficient as the gold standard antiplaque mouth rinse. Because of new formulation of the used mouthwash, direct comparisons of the results are limited.

In a single recent study, mouthwash containing Og reduced the plaque similarly to chlorhexidine ⁶. In this study the tooth brushing was associated to mouth rinsing, which could mask the real effect of the mouthwash. Besides, it seems that the substantivity of the Og is not similar to chlorhexidine, since in the present study the interval was 12 h and in that work mouth rinsing was performed 3x/day ⁶.

In in vitro studies, Og inhibited the growth of oral microorganisms ^11,12, which allows to deduce that this phytotherapeutic may be used as antiplaque agent. When prepared as component of mouthrinses, Og completely inhibited the growth of Streptococcus viridans and S. albus, implicated in gingivitis and dental caries, respectively ¹¹. Although those are in vitro studies and the likelihood of changes in a patient's microflora activity cannot be ruled out as it function in vivo, the antimicrobial action was confirmed in the present clinical study.

Volatile oils constitute a group of plants' secondary metabolites preferably obtained through hydro distillation and some have potent antimicrobial effects ¹¹. The major constituents found in Og and also known for their antimicrobial activity are eugenol and thymol ⁶. The action mechanism of eugenol occurs in plasmatic membrane level and is attributed to cellular lipids alterations, loss of intracellular material and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis ²⁵. Antimicrobial action from thymol is due to its phenolic character, which may cause membrane-disturbing activities ²⁵. These antimicrobial actions may explain the antiplaque effect of Og and they agree with other works in which different herbal agents with similar constituents have been investigated ^2,5,7,8.

Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that this new herbal product has a promising plaque inhibitory potential. Further studies with a larger sample to increase the external validity are required in order to evaluate its substantivity in the oral cavity, as well as microbiological parameters essential to establish the true effectiveness of this mouth rinse and its position among other similar products.

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Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  Oct-Dec 2016

Histórico

• Recebido
  01 Jul 2016
• Aceito
  13 Out 2016