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Chemical constituents from Vellozia graminifolia (Velloziaceae)

Abstracts

From the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from stems, roots and leaf sheaths of Vellozia graminifolia, a mixture of linear hydrocarbons, a mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes, five monoisoprenylated flavonoids and one labdane diterpene, (-)-ent-3beta-hydroxy-8(17)-labden-15-oic acid, were isolated. The linear hydrocarbons and minor triterpenes were identified in their corresponding mixtures by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry. The major pentacyclic triterpenes and the diterpene were characterized by spectral data, including 2D NMR experiments, and chemical transformations.

Vellozia graminifolia; Velloziaceae; triterpenes; diterpene; flavonoids


Dos extratos em hexano e em acetato de etila obtidos a partir de caules, raízes e bainhas foliares de Vellozia graminifolia foram identificados hidrocarbonetos lineares, uma mistura de triterpenos pentacíclicos, cinco flavonóides monoisoprenilados e um diterpeno com esqueleto labdano, o ácido (-) -ent-3beta-hidroxi-8(17)-labdeno-15-óico. Este é o primeiro diterpeno com esqueleto labdano isolado da família Velloziaceae. A identificação dos hidrocarbonetos lineares e dos triterpenos minoritários presentes nas duas misturas isoladas foi realizada por Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução (CGAR) e CGAR acoplada a espectrometria de massas. A determinação estrutural dos triterpenos pentacíclicos majoritários e do diterpeno foi realizada por dados espectrais, incluindo RMN 2D, e transformações químicas. As estruturas dos flavonóides monoisoprenilados são discutidas em artigos anteriores.

Vellozia graminifolia; Velloziaceae; triterpenos; diterpeno; flavonóides


CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Chemical constituents from Vellozia graminifolia (Velloziaceae)

Alexsandro BrancoI; Angelo C. PintoI; Raimundo Braz FilhoII

IInstituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21949-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

IISetor de Química de Produtos Naturais-LCQUI-CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense 28015-620 Campos, RJ, Brasil

Correspondence Correspondence to Angelo C. Pinto E-mail: angelo@iq.ufrj.br

ABSTRACT

From the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from stems, roots and leaf sheaths of Vellozia graminifolia, a mixture of linear hydrocarbons, a mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes, five monoisoprenylated flavonoids and one labdane diterpene, (-)-ent-3b-hydroxy-8(17)-labden-15-oic acid, were isolated. The linear hydrocarbons and minor triterpenes were identified in their corresponding mixtures by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry. The major pentacyclic triterpenes and the diterpene were characterized by spectral data, including 2D NMR experiments, and chemical transformations.

Key words:Vellozia graminifolia, Velloziaceae, triterpenes, diterpene, flavonoids.

RESUMO

Dos extratos em hexano e em acetato de etila obtidos a partir de caules, raízes e bainhas foliares de Vellozia graminifolia foram identificados hidrocarbonetos lineares, uma mistura de triterpenos pentacíclicos, cinco flavonóides monoisoprenilados e um diterpeno com esqueleto labdano, o ácido (-) -ent-3b-hidroxi-8(17)-labdeno-15-óico. Este é o primeiro diterpeno com esqueleto labdano isolado da família Velloziaceae.

A identificação dos hidrocarbonetos lineares e dos triterpenos minoritários presentes nas duas misturas isoladas foi realizada por Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução (CGAR) e CGAR acoplada a espectrometria de massas. A determinação estrutural dos triterpenos pentacíclicos majoritários e do diterpeno foi realizada por dados espectrais, incluindo RMN 2D, e transformações químicas. As estruturas dos flavonóides monoisoprenilados são discutidas em artigos anteriores.

Palavras-chave:Vellozia graminifolia, Velloziaceae, triterpenos, diterpeno, flavonóides.

INTRODUCTION

Velloziaceae is a family of tropical monocotyledonous plants containing about 270 species, most of which occur in Brazilian tropical scrub on rock outcrops (‘‘campos rupestres’’) (Stannard 1995). The Vellozia genus presents the largest number of species in the Velloziaceae family. Previous phytochemical studies showed that the main constituents of the Vellozia genus are flavonoids (Harborne et al. 1994, Williams et al. 1994), diterpenoids (Pinto et al. 1983, 1991, 1996a) and triterpenoids.

The triterpenoids reported in the literature as constituents of Vellozia species are distributed into the following classes: dammarane, lupane, taraxerane, oleanane and euphane (Barnes et al. 1984, Pinto et al. 1996b, Peixoto et al. 1979). The application of High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled to mass spectrometer (MS) can be used to distinguish its triterpenoids (Shiojima et al. 1992, Ogunkoya 1981) by retention time and fragmentation patterns, respectively. Thus, the identification of these compounds can be accomplished by co-injection in the HRGC using authentic samples isolated from other plants (Pinto et al. 1994, Patitucci et al. 1995). On the other hand, HRGC requires special attention in Velloziaceae because the presence of peaks corresponding to sterols (Peixoto et al. 1979) and dimmeric diterpenes (Pinto et al. 1997) can be observed in the same region where the triterpenes appear.

In continuation of our phytochemical studies with Vellozia graminifolia, we report in this paper the characterization of its pentacyclic triterpenes (1-15), in mixture, by high resolution HRGC and HRGC-MS, together with other spectral data. In addition, we also describe the structure of a first labdane-type diterpene (16) from the Velloziaceae family, determined by application of NMR techniques, including Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (1H-13C-HMQC-1JCH, H-detected), Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Connectivity [1H-13C-HMBC-n JCH (n = 2 and 3), 1H-detected] and Nuclear Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY (NOESY) (Nakanishi 1990, Sanders and Hunter 1993), and chemical transformations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Mps were uncorr. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 soln at 300 MHz for 1H and 75 MHz for 13C on a Bruker AC 300 spectrometer, using TMS as int. standard or by reference to the solvent signals: CHCl3 at dH 7.25 and CHCl3 at dC 77.00. HRGC analyses were recorded on a Hewlett Packard model 5790A gas chromatograph. Glass capillary column (11 m × 0.25mm) coated with SE-54 (df = 0.25mm). Analytical GC conditions: Hydrogen as carrier gas; flow rate of 2 ml/min; injector port was set at 280°C and flame ionization detector (FID) at 290°C. The temperature program for the analysis of mixtures ranged from 260°C to 280°C. The data were collected on an HP 3396-II integrator. HRGC-MS analyses were performed on an HP 5987A spectrometer (Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, USA), with electron impact ionization (70eV). MS scan range was 40 to 700 Da. The GC-MS interface was at 350°C and ion source temperature at 300°C. Column temperature program and injection mode were as for chromatographic analysis. CC: silica gel (0.063 to 0.2 mm). TLC: silica gel (Merk, Kieselgel 60), spots visualized by UV (254 and 360 nm) and exposure to I2 vapor. TLC was used to analyze frs collected from CC.

PLANT MATERIAL

The Vellozia graminifolia was collected in Chapada da Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil and identified by Prof. Nanuza L. de Menezes of the Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. A voucher of this plant is deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Botânica at the same university.

EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

Dried and powdered material (roots, stems and leaf sheaths) was successively extracted with n-hexane and ethyl acetate at room temp. and the solvents removed under vacuum to yield 12.9 and 13.9 g of oily residue, respectively. The n-hexane extract (12.9 g) was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (112 g) and eluted with hexane/EtOAc and EtOAc/MeOH mixtures in increasing polarity. A total of 29 fractions, each containing ca 120 mL, were collected and combined on the basis of TLC comparative analysis. Fraction 1, eluted with hexane, afforded a mixture of alkanes. Fractions 4 and 5, eluted with hexane/EtOAc (3:1), furnished a mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes (1-15) (36 mg, as red oil) after removal of aliphatic esters with acetone. Fractions 10 and 11, eluted with hexane/EtOAc (2:1), yielded a mixture of 20 and 21. Fraction 20 eluted with EtOAc/MeOH (5:1) afforded 16 (48 mg), after recrystallization from acetone. The EtOAc extract (13.90 g) was chromatographed using the same procedures described above, yielding 22-24.

MIXTURE OF ALKANES

Mp 57-58°C. IR cm-1: 2960, 2910, 2820 and 720 (CH3,CH2). HRGC-MS 70 eV m/z (rel. int.): 380 ([M]•+, 3, C27H56); 394 ([M]•+, 6, C28H58); 408 ([M]•+, 3, C29H60); 422 ([M]•+, 1, C30H62).

MIXTURE OF PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENES

IR cm-1: 1730 (C=O). HRGC chromatogram: Figure 1A. HRGC-MS 70 eV m/z (rel. int.): Table I. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) and C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): data for 2 and 8 in accordance with the literature data (Olea and Roque 1990, Mahato and Kundu 1994).



(-)-Ent-3b-HYDROXYLABD-8(17)-EN-15-OIC ACID (16)

White crystal, Mp 144°C, [a] - 52° (c 1.0, CHCl3). IR cm-1: 3300-2600 (OH), 1700 (C=O), 1640 and 850 (C=CH2). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): dH 0.66 (s, 3H-20), 0.75 (s, 3H-19), 0.95 (d, J= 6.0, 3H-16), 0.97 (s, 3H-18), 1.70 and 1.55 (m, 2H-2), 2.30 and 1.90 (m, 2H-14), 3.23 (dd, J= 10.8 and 4.1, H-3), 4.80 (s, 1H-17) and 4.47 (s, 1H-17). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): 35.6 (CH2-1), 27.8 (CH2-2), 78.8 (CH-3), 39.0 (C-4), 51.5 (CH-5), 23.9 (CH2-6), 38.1 (CH2-7), 148.0 (C-8), 56.5 (CH-9), 39.3 (C-10), 21.0 (CH2-11), 37.0 (CH2-12), 30.6 (CH-13), 41.7 (CH2-14), 178.6 (C-15), 19.5 (CH3-16), 106.6 (CH2-17), 28.2 (CH3-18), 15.3 (CH3-19), 14.4 (CH3-20). EIMS 70 eV m/z (rel. int.): 322 ([M]•+, 3), 307 (M-Me•, 2), 304 (M-HO2, 21), 289 (m/z 304 - Me• and/or 307 - H2O, 14), 245 (m/z 304 - •CH2COOH, 4), 193 (16a, 5), 190 (16b, 5), 175 (16c, 21), 135 ( 16d, 100).

METHYL Ent-3b-HYDROXYLABD-8(17)-EN-15-OATE (17)

The crystal of 16 (11.3 mg) was treated with CH2N2 in the usual manner to yield 17 (10.4 mg). 1H (300 MHz) and 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): Table II. EIMS 70 eV m/z (rel. int.): 336 ([M]•+, 1), 321 (M-Me•, 2), 318 (M-H2O, 9), 303 (m/z 318 - Me•, 2), 193 (4), 190 (5), 175 (m/z 193 - H2O and/or m/z 190 - Me•, 21), 135 (16d, 100).

METHYL ent-3-OXO-LABD-8(17)-EN-15-OATE (18)

A soln of 16 (10.7 mg) in Me2CO (10.0 mL) was allowed to stand with slight excess of Jones’ reagent at reflux for 2 hs and usual work-up gave a colorless oil 18 (7.2 mg) after methylation with CH2N2. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): dH 0.79 (s, 3H-20), 0.95 (s, 3H-19), 0.88 (d, J= 6.6, 3H-16), 1.02 (s, 3H-18), 4.82 (s, 1H-17) and 4.49 (s, 1H-17). EIMS 70eV m/z (rel. int.): 334 ([M]•+, 45), 319 (M - Me•, 41), 303 (M - MeO•, 24), 291 (m/z 319 - CO, 15), 236 (18a, 11), 139 (18b,31), 123 (18c, 94).

Ent-3b-HYDROXYLABD-8(17)-EN-15-OL (19)

The crystal of 16 (11.3 mg) was treated with LiAlH4 in the usual manner to yield 19 (10.4 mg). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): dH 0.68 (s, 3H-20), 0.77 (s, 3H-19), 0.90 (d, J = 6.4, 3H-16), 0.99 (s, 3H-18), 4.83 (s, 1H-17) and 4.51 (s, 1H-17), 3.62 (m, 2H-15), 3.25 (dd, J = 11.6 and 4.5, H-3). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): 37.2 (CH2-1), 28.0 (CH2-2), 79.0 (CH-3), 39.2 (C-4), 54.7 (CH-5), 24.1 (CH2-6), 38.3 (CH2-7), 148.4 (C-8), 56.9 (CH-9), 39.5 (C-10), 21.2 (CH2-11), 36.3 (CH2-12), 31.1 (CH-13), 40.3 (CH2-14), 61.3 (CH2-15), 16.6 (CH3-16), 106.8 (CH2-17), 28.4 (CH3-18), 15.5 (CH3-19), 14.6 (CH3-20). EIMS 70 eV m/z (rel. int.): 308 ([M]•+, 6), 293 (M - Me•, 4), 290 (14), 275 (m/z 290 - Me•, 6) 175 (15), 152 (16), 135 (16d, 100).

MONOISOPRENYLATED FLAVONOLS (20-24)

Spectral data have been described in previous papers (Branco et al. 1998, 2001, Branco 2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The crude hexane extract from V. graminifolia was initially analyzed by HRGC and HRGC-MS. The previous knowledge of the heat stable chemical constituents present has been established for retention time (Rt) and comparison of the mass spectral data with those of standards available in our laboratory. The complexity observed in the terpenoid eluting regions in the HRGC chromatogram led to fractionating on open silica gel column in the usual manner (see Experimental), yielding initially two fractions.

The presence of the n-alkanes (C27H56 to C30H62) in the more apolar fraction (eluted with hexane) of the hexane extract have been determined on the basis of mass fragmentograms (m/z 57 and 85) (Silverstein et al. 1995) obtained by HRGC-MS.

The HRGC chromatogram of the second fraction showed the presence of several compounds, containing two principal peaks with retention time 19.0 and 21.9 min (Figure 1A). This mixture was submitted to 1H and 13C NMR analysis involving comparison with literature data (Olea and Roque 1990, Mahato and Kundu 1994), allowing identification of the peaks as olean-12-en-3-one (2) and lup-20(29)-en-3-one (8), respectively. The 2D 1H-C-HMQC-1JCH spectrum of the mixture revealed cross peaks consistent with the structures of these pentacyclic triterpenoids by heteronuclear coupling via one bond between the olefinic hydrogens H-12 [2: d 5.25 (m)] and 2H-29 [8: 4.56 (br s) and 4.68 (br s)] and the corresponding carbons CH-12 of 2 (dC 121.6) and CH2-29 of 8 (dC 109.5).

MINOR PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENES BY HRGC-MS

The fraction containing 2 and 8 was submitted to recrystallization to remove components in major percentage to improve the analysis of the minor components by HRGC-MS.

HRGC-MS analysis (Figure 1B) of the fraction obtained by the above procedure revealed the presence of the peaks in the mass spectra compatible with the fragmentation patterns of pentacyclic triterpenoids (Shiojima et al. 1992, Ogunkoya 1981). The mass spectra of these compounds are summarized in Table I. The triterpene with retention time at 27.8 min (peak h, Figure 1B) was recognized as lup-20(29)-en-3b-ol (9), which was confirmed by co-injection technique in HRGC using authentic sample (Patitucci et al. 1995)

The chromatographic profile observed by HRGC-MS analysis showed in the chromatogram ion total (Figure 1B) two distinct patterns of elution to pentacyclic triterpenoids: monoxygenated (24 to 28 min) and di- or trioxygenated (28 to 35 min), respectively. This profile is similar to other triterpenes isolated from Vellozia species (Pinto et al. 1983, 1996a, 1991). On the basis of mass spectra analysis, the compounds that appear at 24.4 (peak a), 25.7 (peak b), 26.1 (peak c), 26.4 (peak e), 26.9 (peak f), 28.0 (peak i) and 28.6 (peak j) min (Figure 1B and Table I) have been characterized as olean-9(11),12-dien-3-one (1) (Barnes et al. 1984), taraxer-14-en-3-one (6) (Sasaki et al. 1965), neo-lup-20(29)-en-3-one (7) (Ageta et al. 1981), olean-18-en-3-one (3) (Budzikiewich et al. 1963), olean-12-en-3-ol (5) and glutin-5-en-3-one (10) (Shiojima et al. 1992), 24-methyl-cycloartan-25-en-3-one (12) (Kostova et al. 1997, Alves 2000), respectively. The 3-oxo-triterpenes acid eluted at 29.9 (peak o) and 30.1 (peak p) min have been characterized as olean-12-en-3-one-23-oic acid (4) and glutin-5-en-3-one-23-oic acid (11), respectively.

The compounds eluted at 32.1 (peak s), 33.3 (peak t) and 33.7 (peak u) min, along with biogenetic considerations (Barnes et al. 1984, Torssell 1997), allowed postulating of the 13, 14 and 15, respectively, as probable structures. This conclusion was supported by peaks at m/z 273 (68%, 13a and 100%, 14a)/ 135 (100%, 13c and 80%, 14c) and by peak at m/z 232 (100%, 13b and 72%, 14b) in the mass spectra of the diketones, a characteristic and well documented peak due to retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation (Budzikiewich et al. 1963).

Thus, the above triterpenoids 1-15 (Figure 3) were identified by their mass spectra (Table I and Figure 4) and by comparison with standards previously isolated from species of Velloziaceae.



Obviously, pentacyclic triterpenoids of the ursane-type may be included as structural alternatives, since the occurrence of mixtures containing oleanane and ursane isomers is relatively common. Secondary biomodifications of triterpenes may involve the introduction of an additional hydroxyl group and double bond, oxidation of hydroxyl functions to carbonyl groups, reduction of double bond, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement and alkylation by S-adenosyl methionine (Torssell 1997).

Ent-3b-HYDROXYLABD-8(17)-EN-15-OIC ACID (16)

The IR spectrum of 16 revealed bands corresponding to a carboxylic acid function (nmax 3300-2600 and 1700 cm-1) and terminal methylene (nmax 1640 and 850 cm-1). The signals corresponding to quaternary, methine, methylene and methyl carbon atoms were deduced by comparative analysis involving HBBD- and DEPT- 13C NMR spectra. This analysis in combination with the low-resolution mass spectrum (m/z 322 [M]+) and 1H NMR spectra allowed the deduction of the molecular formula C20H34O3 = (C)2 (CH2)7 (CH3)4 (CH)4 (C=CH2) (COOH) (OH) for 16. The peaks at m/z 193 (6%), 190 (5%), 175 (21%) and 135 (100%) in the mass spectrum of 16, attributed to ionic fragment 16a, 16b, 16c and 16d, respectively, are characteristic of a diterpene with labdane skeleton oxygenated at C-3 (Figure 5).


The carboxyl function was confirmed by reaction with diazomethane, which furnished the methyl ester derivative 17. This derivative was also characterized by comparative analysis of the HBBD- and DEPT- 13C NMR and 1H NMR [1D and 2D 1H-1H-COSY] spectra (Table II). The 1H NMR spectra showed the presence of signals for an axial carbinolic hydrogen [dH 3.25 (dd, J = 11.7 and 4.1 Hz), H-3], two terminal methylidene hydrogens [dH 4.82 (br s) and 4.49 (br s), 2H-17] and four methyl groups: three tertiary at dH 0.68 (s), 0.77 (s) and 0.99 (s), and one secondary at dH 0.94 (d, J 6.6 Hz).

2D shift-correlated NMR techniques 1H-13C-HMQC-1 JCH and 1H-13C-HMBC-nJCH (Table II) and 1H-1H-NOESY (Table III) of the methyl ester derivative 17 were also used for the correct 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments and stereochemistry deductions of the natural diterpene 16. The HMBC spectrum revealed the long-range heteronuclear couplings between C-8 (dC 148.1) and the hydrogen atoms 2H-11 [dH 1.42, 3JCH], 2H-7 [2.39 (br d, J = 12.5), 2JCH] and H-9 (1.54, 2JCH).

The oxidation with Jones’ reagent of 17 yielded the methyl 3-oxo-labd-8(17)-en-15-oate (18), which was characterized on the basis of spectral data (Experimental).

The diol 19 was obtained by reaction of 17 with LiAlH4. The 1H NMR spectrum of 19 showed the presence of the signal corresponding to hydrogens of a hydroxymethylene group at dH 3.62 (m). The molecular ion at m/z 308 observed in the mass spectrum was also used to characterize the structure of this diol. The negative optical rotation compared with the recently synthesized (+)-3b-hydroxylabd-8(17)-ene-15-ol (Pemp and Seifert 1997) allowed determination of 19 as an ent-labdane.

Thus, the natural diterpene isolated from Vellozia graminifolia was characterized as (-)-3b-hydroxylabd-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (16). To the best of our knowledge 16, is the first diterpene with a labdane skeleton from the Velloziaceae family; its enantiomer was isolated from Araucaria imbricata (Chandra et al. 1964) and from Moldenhawera nutans (David et al. 1998).

MONOISOPRENYLATED FLAVONOLS

The structures of the new prenylated flavonols ( 20-22) (Figure 6) have been identified on the basis of spectral analysis, including 2D NMR techniques such as HMQC, HMBC and NOESY, together with chemical shift correlations (Branco et al. 1998, 2001, Branco 2001). The additional new flavonoids 23 and 24 were characterized by HT-HRGC (high temperature high resolution gas chromatography) and HT-HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry experiments (Branco et al. 2001, Branco 2001).


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)/Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (PADCT), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for grants and fellowships (CNPq). Thanks are also due to Professora Nanuza L. de Menezes (Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) for plant identification.

PEMP A AND SEIFERT K. 1997. Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-labd-8(17)-ene-3b,15-diol and (-)-labd-8(17)-ene-3b,7a,15-triol. Tetrahedron Lett 38: 2081-2084.

Manuscript received on September 20, 2003; accepted for publication on December 1st, 2003;

contributed by ANGELO C. PINTO* * Member of Academia Brasileira de Ciências AND RAIMUNDO BRAZ FILHO* * Member of Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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  • Correspondence to

    Angelo C. Pinto
    E-mail:
  • *
    Member of Academia Brasileira de Ciências
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      23 Aug 2004
    • Date of issue
      Sept 2004

    History

    • Accepted
      01 Dec 2003
    • Received
      20 Sept 2003
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