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Geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collisional ultrapotassic syenites and granites from southernmost Brazil: the Piquiri Syenite Massif

Abstracts

The Piquiri Syenite Massif, southernmost Brazil, is part of the post-collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano-Pan-African Orogenic Cycle. The massif is about 12 km in diameter and is composed of syenites, granites, monzonitic rocks and lamprophyres. Diopside-phlogopite, diopside-biotite-augite-calcic-amphibole, are the main ferro-magnesian paragenesis in the syenitic rocks. Syenitic and granitic rocks are co-magmatic and related to an ultrapotassic, silica-saturated magmatism. Their trace element patterns indicate a probable mantle source modified by previous, subduction-related metasomatism. The ultrapotassic granites of this massif were produced by fractional crystallization of syenitic magmas, and may be considered as a particular group of hypersolvus and subsolvus A-type granites. Based upon textural, structural and geochemical data most of the syenitic rocks, particularly the fine-grained types, are considered as crystallized liquids, in spite of the abundance of cumulatic layers, schlieren, and compositional banding. Most of the studied samples are metaluminous, with K2O/Na2O ratios higher than 2. The ultrapotassic syenitic and lamprophyric rocks in the Piquiri massif are interpreted to have been produced from enriched mantle sources, OIB-type, like most of the post-collisional shoshonitic, sodic alkaline and high-K tholeiitic magmatism in southernmost Brazil. The source of the ultrapotassic and lamprophyric magmas is probably the same veined mantle, with abundant phlogopite + apatite + amphibole that reflects a previous subduction-related metasomatism.

post-collisional magmatism; ultrapotassic syenites; ultrapotassic granites; A-type magmatism; Piquiri Syenite Massif


O Maciço Sienítico Piquirí, situado no extremo sul do Brasil, é parte do magmatismo pós-colisional neoproterozóico relacionado ao Ciclo Brasiliano-Pan-Africano. O maciço tem em torno de 12 km de diâmetro e é composto de sienitos, granitos, rochas monzoníticas e lamprófiros. Diopsídio-flogopita, diopsídio-biotita-augita- anfibólio cálcico são as principaisparagêneses ferromagnesianas nas rochas sieníticas. As rochas sieníticas e graníticas são co-magmáticas e relacionadas ao magmatismo ultrapotássico saturado em sílica. Seus padrões de elementos traços indicam fontes mantélicas previamente afetadas por metassomatismo relacionado com subducção litosférica. Os granitos ultrapotássicos deste maciço foram produzidos por cristalização fracionada a partir de magmas sieníticos e podem ser considerados como representantes de um grupo particular de granitos subsolvus e hipersolvus, ultrapotássicos, do tipo A. Evidências texturais, estruturais e geoquímicas indicam que as rochas do maciço, principalmente os tipos de granulação fina, representam líquidos magmáticos, embora mostrem abundantes feições de acumulação e segregação magmática, como schlieren, fragmentos de cumulados precoces e bandamento composicional. A maior parte das amostras estudadas é metaluminosa com razões K2O/Na2O superiores a 2. Os magmas sieníticos e lamprofíricos que originaram o maciço são interpretados como provenientes de fontes mantélicas enriquecidas, do tipo OIB, como admitido para a maior parte do magmatismo pós-colisional shoshonítico, alcalino sódico e toleítico alto K do sul do Brasil. Essas fontes são provavelmente porções do manto venulado, com abundante flogopita + apatita + anfibólio que refletem o efeito de um prévio metassomatismo causado por fluídos relacionados com subducção litosférica.

magmatismo pós-colisional; sienitos ultrapotássicos; granitos ultrapotássicos; magmatismo do tipo A; Maciço Sienítico Piquirí


EARTH SCIENCES

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of post-collisional ultrapotassic syenites and granites from southernmost Brazil: the Piquiri Syenite Massif

Lauro V.S. NardiI; Jorge Plá-CidII; Maria de Fátima BitencourtI; Larissa Z. StabelI

IInstituto de Geociências, UFRGS, Caixa Postal 15001, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

IIDNPM, Rua Alvaro Millen da Silveira, 151, 88020-180 Florianópolis, SC, Brasil

Correspondence to Correspondence to: Lauro Valentim Stoll Nardi E-mail: lauro.nardi@ufrgs.br

ABSTRACT

The Piquiri Syenite Massif, southernmost Brazil, is part of the post-collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano-Pan-African Orogenic Cycle. The massif is about 12 km in diameter and is composed of syenites, granites, monzonitic rocks and lamprophyres. Diopside-phlogopite, diopside-biotite-augite-calcic-amphibole, are the main ferro-magnesian paragenesis in the syenitic rocks. Syenitic and granitic rocks are co-magmatic and related to an ultrapotassic, silica-saturated magmatism. Their trace element patterns indicate a probable mantle source modified by previous, subduction-related metasomatism. The ultrapotassic granites of this massif were produced by fractional crystallization of syenitic magmas, and may be considered as a particular group of hypersolvus and subsolvus A-type granites. Based upon textural, structural and geochemical data most of the syenitic rocks, particularly the fine-grained types, are considered as crystallized liquids, in spite of the abundance of cumulatic layers, schlieren, and compositional banding. Most of the studied samples are metaluminous, with K2O/Na2O ratios higher than 2. The ultrapotassic syenitic and lamprophyric rocks in the Piquiri massif are interpreted to have been produced from enriched mantle sources, OIB-type, like most of the post-collisional shoshonitic, sodic alkaline and high-K tholeiitic magmatism in southernmost Brazil. The source of the ultrapotassic and lamprophyric magmas is probably the same veined mantle, with abundant phlogopite + apatite + amphibole that reflects a previous subduction-related metasomatism.

Key words: post-collisional magmatism, ultrapotassic syenites, ultrapotassic granites, A-type magmatism, Piquiri Syenite Massif.

RESUMO

O Maciço Sienítico Piquirí, situado no extremo sul do Brasil, é parte do magmatismo pós-colisional neoproterozóico relacionado ao Ciclo Brasiliano-Pan-Africano. O maciço tem em torno de 12 km de diâmetro e é composto de sienitos, granitos, rochas monzoníticas e lamprófiros. Diopsídio-flogopita, diopsídio-biotita-augita- anfibólio cálcico são as principaisparagêneses ferromagnesianas nas rochas sieníticas. As rochas sieníticas e graníticas são co-magmáticas e relacionadas ao magmatismo ultrapotássico saturado em sílica. Seus padrões de elementos traços indicam fontes mantélicas previamente afetadas por metassomatismo relacionado com subducção litosférica. Os granitos ultrapotássicos deste maciço foram produzidos por cristalização fracionada a partir de magmas sieníticos e podem ser considerados como representantes de um grupo particular de granitos subsolvus e hipersolvus, ultrapotássicos, do tipo A. Evidências texturais, estruturais e geoquímicas indicam que as rochas do maciço, principalmente os tipos de granulação fina, representam líquidos magmáticos, embora mostrem abundantes feições de acumulação e segregação magmática, como schlieren, fragmentos de cumulados precoces e bandamento composicional. A maior parte das amostras estudadas é metaluminosa com razões K2O/Na2O superiores a 2. Os magmas sieníticos e lamprofíricos que originaram o maciço são interpretados como provenientes de fontes mantélicas enriquecidas, do tipo OIB, como admitido para a maior parte do magmatismo pós-colisional shoshonítico, alcalino sódico e toleítico alto K do sul do Brasil. Essas fontes são provavelmente porções do manto venulado, com abundante flogopita + apatita + anfibólio que refletem o efeito de um prévio metassomatismo causado por fluídos relacionados com subducção litosférica.

Palavras-chave: magmatismo pós-colisional, sienitos ultrapotássicos, granitos ultrapotássicos, magmatismo do tipo A, Maciço Sienítico Piquirí.

INTRODUCTION

Syenitic or trachytic magmas can occur in the silica-undersaturated or saturated alkaline igneous series (Lameyre and Bowden 1982). Silica-saturated syenites and trachytes can be related to the sodic (Na2O/K2O > 2; Le Maitre 2002) and shoshonitic series (Na2O/K2O » 1; Morrison 1980). Nevertheless, plagioclase-bearing syenites and trachytes having K2O/Na2O higher than 2 are among the most abundant types of syenitic rocks, and are frequently associated with ultrapotassic lamprophyres. They have been reported by several authors (e.g. Holm et al. 1982, Thompson and Fowler 1986, Laflèche et al. 1991, Corriveau and Gorton 1993, Janasi et al.1993, Eklund et al. 1998, Stabel et al. 2001), particularly in one of the largest syenitic provinces in the world, situated in northeastern and eastern Brazil (e.g. Silva Filho et al. 1987, Ferreira and Sial 1993, Conceição 1993, Conceição et al. 1997, Plá Cid et al. 1999, Conceição et al. 2000a). Even though some authors (e.g. Rogers 1992) consider that shoshonitic and ultrapotassic lavas should not be distinguished, since "both types coexist in the same volcano", shoshonitic and ultrapotassic syenites have significant compositional and mineralogical differences, as recognized by Silva Filho et al. (1987), Ferreira and Sial (1993) and Conceição et al. (2000b) among other authors. According to Plá Cid et al. (2000) the alkaline ultrapotassic association defined by Foley et al. (1987) should include the more differentiated intermediate and acid rocks with MgO contentunder 3 wt.%, and K2O/Na2O ratios over 2. Additionally, the shoshonitic series corresponds to the latitic or monzonitic series of Tauson (1983) where, as reported by Lameyre and Bowden (1982), monzonites and quartz-monzonites are the typical and characteristic intermediate plutonic rocks. The presence of syenites and quartz-syenites in the shoshonitic series should be more thoroughly investigated. Some of the so-called shoshonitic syenites may be K-feldspar cumulates, and others would be better classified as differentiates belonging to the alkaline, silica-saturated sodic or ultrapotassic magmatic series.

Syenites and trachytes, according to Thompson and Fowler (1986), are relatively rare rock types that occur mostly in ocean-island and continental rift-related suites, and more rarely in orogenic belts. In the last two decades the importance of syenites and trachytes in post-collisional or post-orogenic settings, where the mantle sources were affected by a previous subduction, has been strongly emphasized. Potassic and ultrapotassic syenitic or trachytic rocks from post-orogenic or post-collisional settings have been described by several authors (e.g. Civetta et al. 1981, Holm et al. 1982, Thompson and Fowler 1986, Silva Filho et al. 1987, Nardi and Bonin 1991, Ferreira and Sial 1993, Conceição 1993, Conceição et al. 1997, 2000a, Eklund et al. 1998, PláCid et al. 1999, Sommer et al. 1999, Wildner et al. 1999, Miller et al. 1999, Stabel et al. 2001, Ilbeyli et al. 2004), and in some Archaean terranes (Laflèche et al. 1991, Bourne and L'Heureux 1991, Corriveau and Gorton 1993). Pliocene ultrapotassic lavas and minettes in a typical post-collisional setting have been described in Sierra Nevada, California, by Feldstain and Lange (1999).

Potassic (or shoshonitic) and ultrapotassic magmatism are frequently associated, either in volcanic sequences like the Roman Province (Civetta et al. 1981) or the Aeolian arc (De Astis et al. 2000), or in plutonic associations, such as those referred by Silva et al. (1987, 1993) and Thompson and Fowler (1986). In many cases, they are related to minettes (Leat et al. 1989, Conceição et al. 1997, Stabel et al. 2001, Paim et al. 2002, Plá Cid et al. 2005, among other authors).

Melting of mantle portions composed mainly of clinopyroxene ± hydrated minerals is largely accepted for the origin of potassic and ultrapotassic magmas (e.g. Lloyd et al. 1985, Foley et al. 1987). Carmichael etal. (1996) described minettes and associated shoshonitic volcanic rocks from Mascota, western Mexico, and proposed that they derive from melting of phlogopite +apatite lherzolites. Shoshonitic basaltic and andesitic melts - K2O/Na2O about 1 - can be produced by decompression melting of a metasomatized mantle containing low amounts of phlogopite and pargasite, as demonstrated by Conceição and Green (2004). The generation of bimodal associations of syenites and more differentiated, co-magmatic rocks from primary intermediate magmas of monzonitic composition was proposed by Bonin and Giret (1984) for the Oslo plutonic province. The importance and viability of intermediate primary magmas are enhanced by the experimental work of Conceição and Green (2004). Alternatively, the derivation of potassic and ultrapotassic trachytes and syenites from magmas of minette compositions are suggested by several authors, such as Thompson and Fowler (1986), Rock (1987), Leat et al. (1989), Janasi et al. (1993), Conceição et al. (2000a), and Plá Cid et al. (2005).

This paper is focused on the whole-rock geochemistry of the Piquiri Syenite Massif - a Neoproterozoic post-collisional association of ultrapotassic syenites,quartz-syenites and granites containing mafic microgranular enclaves of minette composition. Previous studies (Plá Cid et al. 2003, 2005) have proposed that the minette enclaves were generated by melting of a lherzolitic veined mantle, with phlogopite and apatite, under pressures over 3 GPa. A similar source is here proposed for the primary intermediate melts that generated the syenitic and granitic rocks of Piquiri Massif.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING

Shield areas in southern Brazil (Fig. 1) are composed mostly of magmatic rocks, related to the Brasiliano-Pan-African Cycle, emplaced in a metamorphic basement of Paleoproterozoic age (Hartmann et al. 1999, Soliani Jr. et al. 2000). The Brasiliano-Pan-African Cycle is marked by arc magmatism with ages mainly from 700to 760 Ma (Fernandes et al. 1992, Babinski et al. 1997, Chemale Jr. 2000) and a widespread post-collisional magmatism (in the sense of Liégeois 1998), with ages from 550 to 650 Ma (Bitencourt and Nardi 2000).


The post-collisional stage in the eastern portion of this region is marked by voluminous magmatism along the transcurrent lithospheric discontinuities of the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt (Bitencourt and Nardi 2000) which has led to the construction of the Pelotas Batholith (Philipp et al. 2002). The syntectonic magmatism includes early, high-K calc-alkaline granitoids and leucocratic peraluminous granites, granitoids of shoshonitic affinity and, eventually, late to post-transcurrence, dominantly metaluminous, alkaline granites. Except for the leucocratic peraluminous granites, all granitoid typesare associated with coeval basic magmas represented by mafic microgranular enclaves, dikes, and mafic components in co-mingling systems.

The western and northwestern portions represent less deformed areas, where extensional tectonics and the generation of strike-slip basins were predominant. Volcano-sedimentary sequences were deposited during this time interval and intruded by plutonic associations following the same geochemical patterns observed in the eastern part. High-K calc-alkaline granitoids, K-rich tholeiitic mafic magmas, shoshonitic plutono-volcanic associations, and silica-saturated, alkaline to continental tholeiitic plutono-volcanic sequences vary in age from ca. 650 to 570 Ma. Plutonic and volcanic acid to basic rocks of shoshonitic affinity are widespread in the 610-590 Ma age interval (Lima and Nardi 1998a), and arefollowed by (i) voluminous sodic, silica-saturated alkaline magmatism, the Saibro Intrusive Suite (Nardi and Bonin 1991), mostly composed of metaluminous granites, with minor peralkaline components, and (ii) large volcanic plateaus where acid lavas and pyroclastics are dominant, with minor intermediate and basic components (Sommer et al. 1999, Wildner et al. 1999).

GEOLOGY OF THE PIQUIRI SYENITE MASSIF

The Piquiri Syenite Massif is a roughly semi-circular pluton (Fig. 2), approximately 150 Km2 in area, situated in the central-northern part of the Sul-rio-grandense Shield (Jost et al. 1985). It is partly surrounded bymetamorphic rocks and intruded by the Encruzilhada Granitic Complex. This complex, dated at 593 ± 5 Ma (U-Pb in zircon - Babinski et al. 1997), is considered part of the post-collisional Brasiliano Cycle magmatism, and includes metaluminous granitoids related to the silica-saturated alkaline series. The northwestern contact of the syenitic massif, with Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Camaquã Basin sedimentary sequences, is largely tectonic.


Age determinations on the Piquiri syenites produced values of 615 ± 99 Ma (Rb-Sr whole-rock - Soliani Jr et al. 2000), and 611 ± 3 Ma (Pb-Pb data on magmatic zircons - Philipp et al. 2002).

The massif is composed of: (i) medium- to coarse-grained alkali feldspar syenites, which predominate in the inner portions of the intrusion; (ii) fine- to medium-grained syenites to quartz-monzonites, mainly in the pluton borders; (iii) phlogopite-bearing alkali feldspar syenites, which show mingling features with the alkali feldspar syenites; (iv) syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites, which occur mainly in the central part of the pluton, and (v) several types of enclaves.

Internal contacts among the four dominant rock types are generally gradational and suggest that their crystallization was approximately synchronous. Granites represent the last crystallized liquids, crosscutting internal contacts or containing syenitic autoliths.

A magmatic flow foliation is present in all the syenitic rocks, best developed in the coarser-grained alkali feldspar syenites of the pluton center. The finer-grained rocks of the pluton margins have variably-developedorientation intensity. The foliation is marked by well-aligned K-feldspar crystal faces and enhanced by mafic aggregates. No preferential linear alignment is visible. Compositional banding is an early-formed structural feature, and the main foliation is oriented either parallel to or at high angles with it. The mafic layers, often composed of coarse- to very coarse-grained cumulus pyroxenes and amphiboles, are either continuous or disrupted, giving rise to schlieren layering. The segregational character of such layers is enhanced by the presence of country-rock xenoliths, chilled-margin fragments, mafic cumulatic autholiths, and microgranular mafic enclaves. There is no evidence of solid-state deformation.

The fine- to medium-grained syenites and quartz-monzonites are petrographically distinct from the dominant alkali feldspar syenites due to their finer texture, to the presence of quartz and preserved plagioclase crystals, and potassic feldspar with perthite contents lower than 25 vol% (Stabel et al. 2001). Diopside is the dominant pyroxene, whilst in the dominant alkali feldspar syenites, augite is more abundant. The dominant alkali feldspar syenites are leucocratic to mesocratic rocks, whilst the fine- to medium-grained varieties are mostly mesocratic. Plagioclase from the alkali feldspar syenites occurs mostly as partially resorbed inclusions in alkali feldspar, as discussed by Nekvasil (1990) for similar syenitic compositions. Stabel et al. (2001) interpreted the fine- to medium-grained rocks as co-magmatic with the alkali feldspar syenites, resulting from rapidly-crystallized liquids of compositions close to the parental magma. The phlogopite-bearing alkali feldspar syenites were found in drill cores, intimately associated with lamprophyric rocks.

Two types of granites are exposed in about 20% of the Piquiri Syenite Massif area, mostly in the core of the intrusion, and probably close to its roof, as indicated by gently-dipping magmatic-flow foliation (Fig. 2). The most abundant is a medium-grained amphibole-bearing alkali feldspar granite, sometimes grading to quartz-syenite, texturally very similar to the main alkali feldspar syenite. Syenogranites occur as small plutons or dykes crosscutting the syenitic host, sometimes containing syenitic enclaves.

Five distinct types of enclaves are found in the syenitic rocks: (i) mafic microgranular enclaves of dioritic composition; (ii) cumulatic autholiths composed of early-crystallized pyroxene and mica; (iii) fragments of syenitic chilled margins; (iv) xenoliths of metamorphic rocks; (v) swarms of a second type of lamprophyric mafic microgranular enclaves interpreted by Vieira Jr. et al. (1989) as products of co-mingling between the host syenite magma and a lamprophyric one. Plá Cid et al. (2003) interpreted these lamprophyric MME as related to anultrapotassic magma, compositionally close to minettes, produced by melting of a phlogopite-bearing mantle under pressures about 5 GPa. The presence of inclusions in pyroxenes, such as magmatic, potassium-rich pyroxenes, and pyrope-rich garnet containing Na and K (Plá Cid et al. 2003, 2005), are the main evidences for such deep sources.

TEXTURAL AND MINERALOGICAL FEATURES

The chemistry of minerals from the Piquiri Syenite Massif, here summarized, is based mainly on Stabel et al. (2001). Data about the lamprophyric enclaves, including geochemistry of rocks and minerals, are presented and discussed by Plá Cid et al. (2003) and Nardi et al. (2007).

The fine- to medium-grained syenite, interpreted as a rapidly-crystallized border facies, has diopside as the main ferromagnesian phase, followed by magnesium hornblende, edenite and low amounts of biotite. Plagioclase - An21-50 - is an early-crystallized phase and occurs also as inclusions in the major phases. Alkali feldspar contains variable amount of perthite, generally less than 20 vol.% of albite.

The medium- to coarse-grained alkali feldsparsyenites have larger amounts of augite, edenite and magnesium hornblende; early-crystallized diopside is rarely found. Perthitic feldspar has more than 25 vol.% albite, and sometimes forms mesoperthites. It contains partially resorbed inclusions of plagioclase.

Along with magmatic differentiation in the massif, pyroxene evolves from diopside to augite with increasing ferrosilite contents. Small amounts of K2O - 0.19 to 0.35 wt.% - were found in rare diopside grains, which can be interpreted as xenocrysts derived from the lamprophyric magma. The presence of K-bearing clinopyroxene is taken as evidence that the syenitic magma crystallization started under pressures higher than 3 GPa (Plá Cid et al. 2003, 2005). Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios of ferromagnesian phases are higher in the more differentiated, medium- to coarse-grained syenites, which has been interpreted as due to increasing oxygen fugacity during magmatic differentiation.

Amphiboles are magnesium hornblende and edenite that evolved to Si-enriched compositions in the more differentiated alkali feldspar syenites. Late-crystallized actinolite may partially replace the ferromagnesian minerals. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios around 0.7 are similar to those described in amphiboles from shoshonitic rocks (Lima and Nardi 1998b). The compositional evolution of amphiboles in the Piquiri Massif is similar to that of shoshonitic rocks or potassic and ultrapotassic syenites, such as the Santanápolis Syenite (Conceição et al. 1997).

Mica occurs as an early-crystallized phase particularly in the phlogopite-bearing alkali feldspar syenites. Early-crystallized biotite has Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios about 0.45 and plots in the field of micas from magnesian subalkaline or shoshonitic rocks, according to the parameters used by Nachit et al. (1985). Micas from the alkali feldspar syenites are more magnesian - Fe/(Fe+Mg) ~ 0.3 - have lower Ti contents and plot in the field of biotite or phlogopite from alkaline rocks.

Ilmenite, magnetite, fluor-apatite, titanite, and zircon are the main accessory phases.

Textural relations indicate that the syenitic magma crystallized apatite, magnesian biotite or phlogopite, zircon, diopside and plagioclase in the early magmaticstages, followed by alkali feldspar and augite. Calcic amphibole, Fe-Ti oxides, titanite, and quartz are late-crystallized phases, followed by subsolidus biotite, actinolite, carbonates, fluorite and sulfides.

Alkali feldspar granites are medium-grained, heterogranular hypidiomorphic rocks, and have the same mineral phases observed in the alkali feldspar syenites. Titanite, amphibole and biotite are the most abundant mafic phases. The syenogranites are fine- to medium-grained, heterogranular hypidiomorphic rocks, and their alkali feldspar has less than 10 vol.% of fine perthites. Small amounts of biotite, amphibole, apatite, and zircon are found.

GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE PIQUIRI SYENITE MASSIF

Major and trace element contents, including rare earth elements, of 31 samples of the Piquiri Syenite Massif are listed in Tables I and II . Major and trace element were determined at Actlabs, Canada, by ICP/OES and ICP/MS, respectively, after metaborate/tetraborate fusion. Part of the samples were analyzed also in the laboratories of the Instituto de Geociências-UFRGS by X-ray fluorescence (major and trace elements - Ba, Sr, Rb, Zr) and the results were coherent. A precision better than 2% was obtained for major elements, and better than 10% for trace elements. Analytical procedures followed the classical standards as referred by Jeffery and Hutchison (1981).

CUMULATES OR MELTS?

The presence of several structures related to processes of magmatic mineral segregation and accumulation, even in those rocks that are not stricto sensu cumulates, requires an investigation of compositional variations related to these features. As discussed in Bitencourt and Nardi (2004), the effects of these magmatic-flow controlled processes can be detected based on field, petrographic and geochemical integrated studies, thus contributing to the definition of the composition of parental magmas and their co-magmatic liquids.

The behavior of syenitic samples in the following geochemical and petrological diagrams suggests their similarity with trachytic and trachyandesitic compositions. Therefore, although local cumulatic structures are widespread, the selected samples are considered to represent approximate liquid compositions. The fine-grained syenites, interpreted as more rapidly crystallized melts, are considered to represent the parental magma of fine-grained, alkali feldspar syenites and co-magmatic granites.

The variation of selected element contents using SiO2 as a differentiation index is illustrated in Figure 3. The mafic cumulates form a distinct group of low SiO2 values (below 50 wt.%). They are interpreted as accumulations of early-crystallized diopside, augite, biotite-phlogopite, and apatite. The relatively high contents of Cr and of the Zr/Hf ratio confirm that pyroxene, instead of amphibole, was the original cumulus phase. High K2O, Rb, and Cs contents are due to the presence of mica, where partition coefficients for both trace elements are high. REE and Y contents in cumulates reflect the high amounts, up to 10 vol.%, of apatite, as confirmed by the strong positive correlation of phosphorous and REE.


Whole-rock compositions were plotted in the Ab-An-Or diagram. At pressures of 2 kbar and aw = 0.1 (Fig. 4), the solvus curve separates the fine-grained syenites - which plot in the two-feldspar stability field - from both types of alkali feldspar syenites. The fine-grained syenites plot close to the experimentally determined field (Nekvasil 1990) where partial resorption of plagioclase would be expected. The textural and mineralogical evolution of the syenitic rocks in the Piquiri Massif is compatible with that described for trachytic experimental melts performed by Nekvasil (1990), and this is taken as additional evidence that the rocks represent melt compositions.


CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AND AFFINITY

CIPW norm calculations show that most rocks in the Piquiri Massif are SiO2 saturated, and the presence of under-saturated compositions is only common in cumulates, where normative nepheline may reach up to4 wt.%. Normative-quartz contents increase in the more differentiated syenites and alkali feldspar syenites, but among the less differentiated terms normative-olivine contents of up to 14 wt.% may be found, particularly in cumulates. Significant contents of normative corundum or acmite were not observed in the studied samples, and their ACNK values characterize most of them as metaluminous. Norm calculations indicate that the studied syenitic rocks are metaluminous and belong to the silica-saturated magmatic series.

In the R1-R2 diagram (De La Roche 1980) fine-grained syenites plot in the field of monzonites, alkali feldspar syenites spread in the fields of syenites, quartz-syenites and quartz-monzonites, and the phlogopite- bearing alkali feldspar syenites plot in the syenodiorite field. The fine-grained and phlogopite-bearing syenites plot in the fields of syenodiorites and monzonites mainly because of their relatively high amounts of diopside, which cause an increase of R2 parameter due to Ca abundance.

Rocks with less than 50 wt.% SiO2 (Fig. 5) are hornblende-biotite pyroxenites and correspond to samples interpreted as cumulates based on field and textural evidences. Most syenitic samples have SiO contents in the range of 54 to 66 wt.% and correspond to magmatic liquids of trachytic and trachyandesitic or latitic compositions (Le Maitre 2002). Fine- to medium-grained syenites are slightly SiO2-enriched and poorer in alkali elements when compared to the coarser grained alkali feldspar syenites (Fig. 5). The phlogopite-bearing alkali feldspar syenites plot very close to the lamprophyric enclaves in the TAS diagram. Both hypersolvus and subsolvus granites correspond to rhyolitic compositions in the TAS diagram. The least differentiated syenitic rocks of Piquiri Massif plot as trachyandesites in the field of silica-saturated alkaline series and could be classified as shoshonitic or potassic, as referred by Le Maitre (2002), since their K2O contents are higher than (Na2O - 2). However, the K2O/Na2O ratios of Piquiri Massif syenitic rocks are higher than 2, which are not usual in shoshonitic rocks, as discussed by Plá Cid et al. (2000). Therefore, following the suggestion of these authors, the Piquiri Massif syenitic rocks are considered ultrapotassic, and not shoshonitic. The trend defined in the FMA diagram (Brown 1981) (Fig. 6a) is similar to that observed in non-tholeiitic liquids. In the Mn-Ti-P diagram (Mullen 1983) (Fig. 6b) most of the samples plot in the field of ocean island andesites. Diagrams based on trace elements such as Zr/Ti versus Nb/Y (Fig. 6c) (Winchester and Floyd 1977) confirm the compositional similarity of fine-grained syenites with trachyandesites, as well as the mildly alkaline character of this magmatism. REE chondrite-normalized patterns (Fig. 7) show high LREE to HREE ratio (CeN/YbN 30-50) and sharp LREE enrichment, with CeN values about 400-600. Similar patterns have been described, for example, in ultrapotassic syenites of Archaean age from Quebéc (Laflèche et al. 1991), lamproitic ultrapotassic rocks from the Aeolian arc (De Astis et al. 2000), and in ultrapotassic syenites from Santanápolis Massif, northeastern Brazil (Conceição et al. 2000b). Eu does not show significant anomalies in the syenitic rocks, which confirms that they are not feldspar cumulates. Mafic cumulates are REE-enriched because of the relatively high amounts of apatite, whilst the late granitic differentiates show the most depleted patterns - CeN around 100 - with small, negative and positive Eu anomalies due to magmatic flow segregation of feldspars.





The granite rocks from Piquiri Syenite Massif share some important features with A-type granites such as the high alkali contents and the genetic relationship with alkaline rocks, and so can be considered as A-type rocks.

The lamprophyric mafic microgranular enclaves were described from a geochemical point-of-view by Nardi et al. (2007) and were described as slightly silica-undersaturated, ultrapotassic and metaluminous, with K2O/Na2O ratios around 2-3, and with about 4-7 wt.% of K2O.

MAGMATIC SOURCES AND SETTINGS

K2O and TiO2 contents, as well as Th/U and Rb/Sr ratios, are similar to those of the potassic magmatism in the Italian Province, where Rogers (1992) took these geochemical features as indicative of sources affected by subduction, including a sedimentary component. The same influence of lithospheric subduction on the mantle source is indicated by Zr versus Nb contents (Leat et al. 1986) and by the relationship of MgO-FeOT-Al2O3, illustrated in the diagram suggested by Pearce et al. (1977, Fig. 8a). The Nb contents, generally varying from 10 to 35 ppm in the Piquiri Massif samples, are also consistent with magmatic sources affected by lithospheric subduction. Higher values are observed in rocks with probable accretion of amphibole and mica by magmatic flow mineral segregation, both effective Nb-carriers (Plá Cidet al. 2005).



The similarity of the studied syenitic compositions with those of basaltic differentiates generated at destructive plate margins is suggested by the Th-Ta-Hf diagram (Wood 1980) (Fig. 8b).

Spidergrams were constructed comparing the less differentiated Piquiri syenitic rocks. Compared withMORB, E-MORB, N-MORB, and OIB patterns, the mantle-incompatible element trends found in the Piquiri Massif rocks are best approximated by the ocean island basalts - OIB patterns (Fig. 9). The fine-grained syenites, presumably representative of the Piquiri parental magmas, show HRE- and HFS-element patterns similar to those of OIB, with slight LREE and Sr enrichmentand much higher concentrations of LILE, Th and U, elements of high incompatibility in the mantle. The spidergrams also illustrate the deep anomalies of Nb and Ta in relation to LREE, which have been interpreted as typical of magmas produced from sources affected by lithospheric subduction or delamination (Kay and Mahlburg-Kay 1991).


According to Pearce (1982), subduction-related melts compared to OIB or MORB's show different relationships between K, Ta, and Yb. Rogers (1992) used the K/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagram for characterizing the source of potassic rocks from the Italian Province as related to subduction. The Piquiri Massif rocks plot in the same field as leucititic high-potassium orogenic volcanic rocks described by that author. Such geochemical trends are comparable to those of magmatic rocks derived from phlogopite-apatite-amphibole-bearing heterogeneous and enriched mantle, which results from previous metasomatism related to lithospheric subduction (Foley 1992, Carmichael et al. 1996).

PETROGENESIS OF SYENITIC AND GRANITIC ROCKS

Assuming that the Piquiri syenitic rocks, in spite of their abundant cumulate structures, dominantly representcrystallized melts, their probable parental magma would be approximately represented by the faster-crystallized and less differentiated, fine- to medium-grained syenites. Such trachytic or syenitic magma, as assumed by most authors (e.g. Thompson and Fowler 1986), could either be derived from lamprophyric magmas by fractional crystallization or represent a primary magma of intermediate composition, as suggested by Conceição and Green (2004). Melzer and Foley (2000) have demonstrated the possibility of generating quartz-bearing rocks from SiO-saturated or undersaturated mafic or ultramafic magmas when phlogopite is one of the fractionated phases.

Nardi et al. (2007), comparing the compositions of lamprophyric MME and the fine-grained syenitic rocks of the Piquiri Massif, concluded that the higher contents of Cs, Rb, LREE, U, and Sr in the enclaves, and the different Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, and TH/U ratios in both magmas, are not consistent with the evolution of co-magmatic liquids. They concluded that both magmas were produced from similar sources, a veined phlogopite-apatite-clinopyroxene-bearing mantle, and that the observedcompositional differences probably reflect slight variations in the source mineralogy or in the fraction of extracted melt. As discussed by Foley (1992), a heterogeneous, veined mantle, with abundant phlogopite and apatite, is the most probable source of such incompatible-element enriched melts. Metasomatism related to a Brasiliano/Pan-African subduction ( ca. 700-760 Ma) would have caused the "orogenic" trace element signature of syenitic parental magmas and promoted, as well, the abundance of volatile-bearing phases in the mantle source.

The fine-grained syenites represent the parental magma of most Piquiri rocks, and their relatively rapid crystallization has led to the preservation of near-liquidus phases, such as plagioclase. The dominant alkali feldspar syenites result from slower crystallization of more evolved liquids, with lesser amounts of maficphases, where mineral segregation, cumulate structures and mafic microgranular enclaves, are widespread. Hypersolvus crystallization is caused by the lower amounts of An-component. Both, syenites and granites, have major and trace element patterns indicative of their co-magmatic character, and may be explained as products of fractional crystallization (Plá Cid and Nardi 2006). Compositional variation is increased by mineral segregation and cumulative features, as discussed from petrographic and field evidences.

The phlogopite-bearing alkali feldspar syenites can be interpreted as a different magmatic pulse. They are mineralogical and compositionally so similar to lamprophyric enclaves that one must consider the possibility that they represent the lamprophyric magma mixed in variable proportions with the syenitic one, and crystallized under plutonic conditions, as discussed by Nardi et al. (2007).

The alkali feldspar granites and syenogranites from the Piquiri Massif are interpreted in accordance to the following statement (Nekvasil 1992, p.601): "Trachytes crystallizing under H2O-buffered conditions could readily produce only high-temperature granites during late stage crystallization. Differentiation of high T syenitic magmas, as long as the syenitic magma crystallizes under H2O-unbuffered conditions, can produce low T wet granites". The estimation of zircon crystallization temperatures based on zircon solubility (Watson and Harrison 1983) indicates about 730ºC for the syenogranites and 820ºC for the alkali feldspar granites, which are consistent with such interpretation and with the hypersolvus and subsolvus character of both granites.

Mass balance calculations for major elements were done with the program GENESIS developed by Leo Fernandes, based on a modification of XLFRAC (Stormer and Nicholls 1978). According to this, fractionation of about 70-90 wt.% of an assemblage with alkali feldspar (36 wt.%) + diopside (23 wt.%) + mica (23 wt.%) + andesine (15 wt.%) + apatite (3 wt.%) could have generated granitic compositions similar to those of the Piquiri granites considering an initial composition equivalent to the fine-grained syenites. The slight variations in granite REE patterns, particularly for Eu, are ascribed to mineral segregation controlled by magmatic flow. Negative Eu anomalies are not produced by feldspar fractionation due to the effect of apatite, which concentrates much less divalent Eu than the trivalent REE. The bulk distribution coefficient of Eu and their trivalent neighbors in the fractionated assemblage is close to 2.

Based on field relations and on the consistency of petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data, the co-magmatic character of granites and syenitic rocks, as well as their origin by fractional crystallization, are assumed. This granite type can not be considered as shoshonitic, since it is co-magmatic with ultrapotassic syenites and has higher K2O/Na2O ratios and alkali contents than typical shoshonitic granites. The Piquiri syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites are, therefore, ultrapotassic granites, and could be considered as anothersub-group of A-type or, more properly, as granites belonging to the silica-saturated ultrapotassic series, assuggested by Plá Cid and Nardi (2006). The same type of granite has been described elsewhere by Bourne and L'Heureux (1991) and Plá Cid et al. (2000) among other authors.

FINAL REMARKS

From a geotectonic viewpoint the Piquiri Syenite Massif, like the Siluro-Ordovician syenites from the Scottish Caledonides referred by Thompson and Fowler (1986), are post-orogenic or post-collisional. The very expressive syenitic magmatism in northeastern Brazil is, at least partially, not temporally related with lithospheric consumption, but most authors have recognized its mantle source as previously affected by subduction. Therefore, a large part of syenites, and probably trachytes as well, are derived from sources modified by subduction in post-collisional or "anorogenic" settings. Rock et al. (1992), in agreement with Middlemost et al. (1988), suggested that a cogenetic continuum exists between minettes and lamproites. The evidence from ultrapotassic syenites and associated lamprophyryc enclaves - minettes - leads to speculate that this continuum should be widened to include the silica-saturated ultrapotassic and shoshonitic magmatism, in agreement with Rogers' (1992, p. 88) statement "...it seems most unlikely that potassium enrichment processes as reflected by the ultrapotassic rocks are specific to this category alone". Therefore, shoshonitic, silica-saturated ultrapotassic, minette and lamproite melts could be envisaged as products of veined peridotic mantle with increasing amounts of phlogopite, apatite, and amphibole. Leucite-bearing ultrapotassic magmas should probably be included near lamproites.

Ultrapotassic syenites and granites may be distinguished from shoshonitic and from other A-type granites mainly by their high K2O/Na2O ratios, and by their association with ultrapotassic lamprophyres, their presence being evidence for mantle sources affected by a previous lithospheric subduction.

The sources of syenitic magmatism, like the mantle sources of most post-collisional magmatism in southern Brazil (Wildner et al. 2002), are OIB-type sources, and that can be understood from the models for OIB source evolution suggested by Hofmann and White (1982) and re-emphasized by Davies (2002).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) through Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência (PRONEX Nº 04/0825-3) and Universal funding programs.

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THOMPSON RN AND FOWLER MB. 1986. Subduction-related shoshonitic and ultrapotassic magmatism: a study of Siluro-Ordovician syenites from the Scottish Caledonides. Contrib Mineral Petr 94: 507–522.

VIEIRA JR N, FERNANDES LAD, KOESTER E AND SCHERER CS. 1989. Enclaves Microgranulares do Maciço de Piquiri – RS. Acta Geol Leopold 29: 185–206.

WATSON EB AND HARRISON TM. 1983. Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet Sci Let 64: 295–304.

WILDNER W, NARDI LVS AND LIMA EF. 1999. Post-Collisional Alkaline Magmatism on the Taquarembó Plateau: A Well Preserved Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Plutono-Volcanic Association In Southern Brazil. Int Geol Rev 41: 1082–1098.

WILDNER W, LIMA EF, NARDI LVS AND SOMMER CA. 2002. Volcanic Cycles and Setting in the Neoproterozoic III to Ordovician Camaquã Basin Succession in Southern Brazil: Characteristics of Post-Collisional Magmatism. J Volcanol Geother Res 2495: 1–23.

WINCHESTER JA AND FLOYD PA. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and theiur differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem Geol 20: 325–343.

WOOD DA. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth Planet Sci Let 50: 11–30.

Manuscript received on January 17, 2006; accepted for publication on July 3, 2007; contributed by LAURO V. S. NARDI* * Member Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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  • Correspondence to:

    Lauro Valentim Stoll Nardi
    E-mail:
  • *
    Member Academia Brasileira de Ciências
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      14 May 2008
    • Date of issue
      June 2008

    History

    • Accepted
      03 July 2007
    • Received
      17 Jan 2006
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