Hidrocefalia conseqüente à varíola incidindo no período fetal

Almeida, Gilberto Machado de

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1964000300002

Resumos

A partir de 1941, muito tem sido escrito a respeito da possibilidade de que uma infecção, incidindo em gestante, determine malformação. O papel da rubéola como causa de embriopatias está comprovado; entretanto, não há, até agora, demonstração cabal de que outras viroses também as determinem. No que diz respeito à possibilidade de existir embriopatia causada por varíola, encontramos apenas o caso de Jellife, para o qual esta etiologia foi sugerida. Com relação às malformações causadas por fetopatias, a toxoplasmose e a citomegalia constituem as únicas bem estudadas e caracterizadas. Morquio, em 1903, registrou três pacientes hidrocefálicos para os quais a etiologia variólica é sugerida; êste trabalho não foi citado na literatura ulterior. A possibilidade de a varíola atingir o feto, determinando hidrocefalia, não foi mais referida, se bem que seja relativamente numerosa a bibliografia a respeito das conseqüências desta virose quando incide durante a gravidez. Dentre 450 pacientes hidrocefálicas que tivemos a oportunidade de examinar, encontramos 15 nos quais pôde ser demonstrado que a varíola, incidindo após o quarto mês de gestação, atingiu o feto determinando fetopatia cujo elemento mais característico foi a hidrocefalia. O quadro clínico e anátomo-patológico apresentado por êstes doentes tem algumas características semelhantes às encontradas em casos de citomegalia e toxoplasmose. O estudo dêstes pacientes e da literatura correlata permitiu chegar às seguintes conclusões: 1. A varíola incidindo em gestante, nos dois últimos trimestres da gravidez, pode atingir o feto determinando lesões encefálicas graves e hidrocefalia. 2. Nos casos de crianças que apresentam sinais de hidrocefalia deve ser indagada a ocorrência de doença eruptiva materna, varíola em particular, durante a gestação. Mesmo quando se trate de mães imunes à varíola por vacinação ou por moléstia anterior e que não refiram erupção durante a gravidez, deve ser indagada a ocorrência da moléstia em pessoas coabitantes, pois, ao simples contacto, têm sido atribuídos casos de peto-patias. 3. Para melhor conhecimento da ação do vírus variólico na determinação de malformações há necessidade, não só de anamnese pormenorizada, mas, também, de estudos prospectivos, partindo de gestantes atingidas por varíola em qualquer período da gravidez, ou que tiveram contacto com paciente varioloso.

Since 1941 much has been written about the possibility that an infection occurring in a pregnant woman may determine a malformation. The role of rubeola as a cause of embryopathies is already proved; however there has not been any convincent proof that other viral diseases may also cause them. As to the possibility of embryopathies caused by smallpox, we only found Jellife's case, in which this etiology was suggested. Regarding the malformations caused by fetopathies, toxoplasmosis and cytomegaly are the only ones well studied and characterized. Morquio, in 1903, reported three hydrocephalic patients for whose disease smallpox was suggested as the etiology; this work was not registered in the literature hence forwards. The possibility that smallpox might involve the fetus bringing about hydrocephalus was not referred to any more, although there is quite a large number of works about the consequences of this viral disease when it occurs during pregnancy. Among 459 hydrocephalic patients that were examined, we found 15 in whom it could be demonstrated that smallpox, occurring after the fourth month of pregnancy, involved the fetus determining a fetopathy which was characterized mainly by hydrocephalus. The clinical and anatomo-pathological pictures presented by these patients are in some characteristics similar to those found in cases of cytomegaly and toxoplasmosis. The study of these patients and of the literature allowed us to reach the following conclusions: 1. Smallpox occurring in a pregnant woman in the two last trimesters of pregnancy may involve the fetus determining serious encephalic damage and hydrocephalus. 2. When a child presents signs of hydrocephalus it is necessary to ask the mother whether she had an eruptive fever, smallpox in particular, during her pregnancy. Even when the mother is immune to smallpox due to vaccination or actual disease, and does not refer any rash during her pregnancy, it must be asked whether other people in the same house had the disease, for fetopathies have been attributed to a mere contact. 3. In order to know the role of the smallpox virus in the determination of malformations it is necessary to have not only a detailed story but also prospective studies from pregnant women who contracted the disease in any stage of their pregnancies or who had any contact with a diseased person.

Gilberto Machado de Almeida

Médico assistente de Clínica Neurológica (Prof. Adherbal Tolosa)

RESUMO

A partir de 1941, muito tem sido escrito a respeito da possibilidade de que uma infecção, incidindo em gestante, determine malformação. O papel da rubéola como causa de embriopatias está comprovado; entretanto, não há, até agora, demonstração cabal de que outras viroses também as determinem. No que diz respeito à possibilidade de existir embriopatia causada por varíola, encontramos apenas o caso de Jellife, para o qual esta etiologia foi sugerida. Com relação às malformações causadas por fetopatias, a toxoplasmose e a citomegalia constituem as únicas bem estudadas e caracterizadas. Morquio, em 1903, registrou três pacientes hidrocefálicos para os quais a etiologia variólica é sugerida; êste trabalho não foi citado na literatura ulterior. A possibilidade de a varíola atingir o feto, determinando hidrocefalia, não foi mais referida, se bem que seja relativamente numerosa a bibliografia a respeito das conseqüências desta virose quando incide durante a gravidez.

Dentre 450 pacientes hidrocefálicas que tivemos a oportunidade de examinar, encontramos 15 nos quais pôde ser demonstrado que a varíola, incidindo após o quarto mês de gestação, atingiu o feto determinando fetopatia cujo elemento mais característico foi a hidrocefalia. O quadro clínico e anátomo-patológico apresentado por êstes doentes tem algumas características semelhantes às encontradas em casos de citomegalia e toxoplasmose. O estudo dêstes pacientes e da literatura correlata permitiu chegar às seguintes conclusões:

1. A varíola incidindo em gestante, nos dois últimos trimestres da gravidez, pode atingir o feto determinando lesões encefálicas graves e hidrocefalia.

2. Nos casos de crianças que apresentam sinais de hidrocefalia deve ser indagada a ocorrência de doença eruptiva materna, varíola em particular, durante a gestação. Mesmo quando se trate de mães imunes à varíola por vacinação ou por moléstia anterior e que não refiram erupção durante a gravidez, deve ser indagada a ocorrência da moléstia em pessoas coabitantes, pois, ao simples contacto, têm sido atribuídos casos de peto-patias.

3. Para melhor conhecimento da ação do vírus variólico na determinação de malformações há necessidade, não só de anamnese pormenorizada, mas, também, de estudos prospectivos, partindo de gestantes atingidas por varíola em qualquer período da gravidez, ou que tiveram contacto com paciente varioloso.

ABSTRACT

Since 1941 much has been written about the possibility that an infection occurring in a pregnant woman may determine a malformation. The role of rubeola as a cause of embryopathies is already proved; however there has not been any convincent proof that other viral diseases may also cause them. As to the possibility of embryopathies caused by smallpox, we only found Jellife's case, in which this etiology was suggested. Regarding the malformations caused by fetopathies, toxoplasmosis and cytomegaly are the only ones well studied and characterized. Morquio, in 1903, reported three hydrocephalic patients for whose disease smallpox was suggested as the etiology; this work was not registered in the literature hence forwards. The possibility that smallpox might involve the fetus bringing about hydrocephalus was not referred to any more, although there is quite a large number of works about the consequences of this viral disease when it occurs during pregnancy.

Among 459 hydrocephalic patients that were examined, we found 15 in whom it could be demonstrated that smallpox, occurring after the fourth month of pregnancy, involved the fetus determining a fetopathy which was characterized mainly by hydrocephalus. The clinical and anatomo-pathological pictures presented by these patients are in some characteristics similar to those found in cases of cytomegaly and toxoplasmosis. The study of these patients and of the literature allowed us to reach the following conclusions:

1. Smallpox occurring in a pregnant woman in the two last trimesters of pregnancy may involve the fetus determining serious encephalic damage and hydrocephalus.

2. When a child presents signs of hydrocephalus it is necessary to ask the mother whether she had an eruptive fever, smallpox in particular, during her pregnancy. Even when the mother is immune to smallpox due to vaccination or actual disease, and does not refer any rash during her pregnancy, it must be asked whether other people in the same house had the disease, for fetopathies have been attributed to a mere contact.

3. In order to know the role of the smallpox virus in the determination of malformations it is necessary to have not only a detailed story but also prospective studies from pregnant women who contracted the disease in any stage of their pregnancies or who had any contact with a diseased person.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do grau de Doutor

Nota do autor - Aos dirigentes e assistentes da Clínica Neurológica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo os nossos agradecimentos pela orientação e pelo apoio que têm dado ao nosso trabalho.

Clinica Neurológica - Faculdade de Medicina da USP - Caixa Postal 3461 - São Paulo, Brasil

1. LAMARE, R. - Patogenia das deformações congênitas. An. bras. Ginec, 22: 41-54, 1946.
2. GRUENWALD, P. - Mechanisms of abnormal development. Arch. Path., 44:398-436; 495-559; 648-664, 1947.
3. WARKANY, J. - Etiology of congenital malformations. Advanc. Pediat., 2:1-63, 1947.
4. KITE, J. H. - Congenital deformities. Arch. Surg., 58:107-128, 1949.
5. LAMY, M. - Malformations congénitales et malformations héréditaires. Sem. Hôp. Paris 25:2339-2343, 1949.
6. SINCOCK, H. A. - Etiology of congenital malformations. Wis. med. J., 48:427-429, 1949.
7. BAMATTER, F. - Deux maladies infectieuses à transmission diaplacentaires et leurs effects sur le système nerveux central (toxoplasmose et embryopathie rubéoleuse). Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 65:384-390, 1950.
8. CAUSSADE; NEI-MANN & GINSBOURGER - Considérations sur l'étiologie des anomalies congénitales engendrées au cours de la gravidité. Pédiatrie 39:567-581, 1950.
9. STEVENSON, S. S.; WORCESTER, J. & RICE, R. G. - 677 congenitally malformed infants and associated gestational characteristics: general considerations. Pediatrics 6:37-50, 1950.
10. CARVALHO PINTO, V. A. - Etiologia dos vícios congênitos. Pediat. prát. (São Paulo) 22:165-170, 1951.
11. LAMY, M.; MINKOWSKI, A. & CHOUCROUN, J. - Les embryopathies d'origine infectieuse. In Rapports au XIII^e Congrès des Pédiatres de Langue Française. L'Expansion scient. franc., Alger, 1951, pp. 140-174.
12. BAMATTER, F. - L'image pathognomonique clinique et anatomopathologique des embryopathies. In Rapports au XIII^o Congrès des Pédiatres de Langue Française. L'Expansion scient. franç., Alger, 1951, pp. 183-200.
13. SHANKS, R. A. - Congenital abnormalities and infectious diseases. Med. ill. (London) 6:108-110, 1952.
14. DELASCIO, D. & CIARI Jr., C. - Etiologia dos vícios congênitos. Matern. e Inf. (São Paulo) 12:127-164, 1953.
15. HUBER, H. - Virusinfektion und Schwangerschaft. Med. Klin., 48:1304-1306, 1953.
16. ARAUJO, J. - Vícios de conformação. Observações sôbre 6365 recém-nascidos. Rev. Hosp. N. S. Aparecida (São Paulo) 7:171-182, 1954.
17. CORNELLI, F. - Sull'eziologia delle malformazione congenite. Arch. Ortop. (Milano) 68:411-436, 1955.
18. TURPIN, R. - Essai sur l'étiologie des malformations. Presse méd., 63:857-860, 1955.
19. FRANÇOIS, J. & VERRIEST, G. - Les effects malformatifs chez l'enfant des infections virales de la mère. Ann. Oculist. (Paris) 189:269-302, 1956.
20. WIEDERHOLD, A. - Patologia prenatal. Rev. chil. Pediat., 27:329-347, 1956.
21. AUSSANNAIRE, M. & FRÈZAL, J. - Conséquences des infections maternelles pour le foetus. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 7:2961-2967, 1957.
22. JAMMET, M. L. - L'embryopathie rubéolique. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 8:3649-3658, 1958.
23. KAPLAN, M. - L'infection péri-natale. Introduction. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 8:3645-3646, 1958.
24. KARTE, H. - Ursachen und Verhütung von Fehlbildungen. Medizinische 1:583-587, 1958.
25. TAKALA, M. E. - Paternal and maternal factors in the etiology of congenital malformations. Ann. Chir. Gynaec. Fenn., 47 (suppl. 77): 1-168, 1958.
26. DELASCIO, D. - Radiações ionizantes e malformações congênitas. Matern. Inf. (São Paulo) 18:313-330, 1959.
27. HEUYER, G.; FELD, M. & GRUNER, J. - Malformations Congénitales du Cerveau. Colloque International sur les Malformations Congénitales de l'Encephale. Masson, Paris, 1959.
28. THALHAMMER, O. - über einige Probleme der pränatalen Pathologie. Wien med. Wschr., 109:576-580, 1959.
29. ROHMER, A. - De l'intérêt d'une enquête complexe devant toute embryo ou fcetopathie. Bull. Féd. Soc. Gynec. Obstét. franç., 12:629-632, 1960.
30. WILSON, J. G. - Factors involved in causing congenital malformations. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 36:143-157, 1960.
31. ROSSOLINI, A. - Embriopatie e fetopatie. Riv. Clin, pediat., 65:385-397, 1960.
32. ALAGILLE, D. - Les fetopathies. Rev. franç. Etud. clin, biol., 6:431-434, 1961.
33. HARING, O. M. & LEWIS, F. J. - The etiology of congenital developmental anomalies. Int. Abstr. Surg., 113:1-18, 1961.
34. MITOLO, G. R. & GRASSI, G. - Malformazioni fetali da malattie infettive. Ann. Ostet. Ginec, 83:1083-1100, 1961.
35. WARKANY, J. & KALTER, H. - Congenital malformations. New Engl. J. Med., 265:992-1001; 1046-1052, 1961.
36. BROWN, N. J. - Congenital malformations. Aetiology and pathology. Med. J. S.-W., 77:53-59, 1962.
37. EICHENWALD, H. F. & SHINEFIELD, H. R. - Viral infections of the fetus and of the premature and newborn infant. Advane. Pediat., 12:249-305, 1962.
38. BALLANTYNE, J. W. - Manual of Antenatal Pathology and Hygiene. The Embryo. Green, Edinbourg, 1904.
39. GREGG, N. McA. - Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans. ophthalm. Soc. Aust., 3:35-46, 1941.
40. SWAN, C; TOSTEVIN, A. L.; MOORE, B.; MAYO, H. & BARHAM BLACK, C. H. - Congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy. Med. J. Aust., 2:201-210, 1943.
41. AYCOCK, W. L. & INGALLS, T. H. - Maternal disease as a principle in the epidemiology of congenital anomalies. With a review of rubella. Amer. J. Med. Sci., 212:366-379, 1946.
42. SWAN, C; TOSTEVIN, L. & BARHAM BLACK, G. H. - Final observations on congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy, with special reference of rubella. Med. J. Aust., 2:889-907, 1946.
43. LAFORET, E. G. & LYNCH Jr., C. L. - Multiple congenital defects following maternal varicella. New Engl. J. Med., 236:534-537, 1947.
44. BASS, M. H. - Fetal defects resulting from illness of the pregnant mother with special reference to virus diseases. N.Y. St. J. Med., 48:11807-1813, 1948.
45. LANDTMAN, B. - On the relationship between maternal conditions during pregnancy and congenital malformations. Arch. Dis. Child., 23:237-249, 1948.
46. LE-FEBVRE, G. & MERLEN, J. - La place de la rubéole et des autres facteurs in-fectieux ou toxiques survenus en cours de gestation dans la genèse des malformations et dystrophies congénitales. Ann. paediat. (Basel) 171:266-278, 1948.
47. WEEKERS, L. - Les affections congénitales résultant d'une maladie de la mère pendant la grossesse. Rev. méd. Liège 4:681-684, 1949.
48. DUMAS, L. R. - Troubles de dévelopement du fcetus et de l'embryon et leurs conséquences chez le nouveauné. Sem. Hôp. Paris 26:4691-4695, 1950.
49. LANDE, L. - Congenital malformations with severe damage to the centrous nervous system due to early fetal virus infection. J. Pediat., 36:625-634, 1950.
50. LAPLANE, R.; BREGEAT, P. & OSSIPOVSKI, B. - Un cas d'embryopathie consécutive à une varicelle maternelle. Arch, franç. Pédiat., 7:530, 1950.
51. REZENDE, J. - Viroses maternas, embriopatias e malformações fetais. An. Bras. Ginec, 35:333-341, 1953.
52. SCHEIDEGGER, D. - Experimental viral infections in the embryo and fetus. Preliminary notes on pathologic findings with viruses of psitacosis, ectromelia and rabies. Amer. J. Path., 29:185- 197, 1953.
53. DE SANTIS, U. - Due osservazioni di anencefalia da virosi materne. Arch. De Vecchi Anat. pat., 22:813-819, 1954.
54. MARTINI, J. L. - Virosis materna y malformaciones fetales. El problema del aborto provocado. Obstet. Ginec. lat. amer, 12:271-281; 357-380; 422-433; 495-512, 1954.
55. ADAMS, J. M.; HEATH, H. D.; IMAGAWA, D. T.; JONES, M. H. & SHEAR, H. H. - Viral infections in the embryo. J. Dis. Child., 92:109-114, 1956.
56. MEDINA, C. A. - Síndrome de Gregg y oligofrenias. Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) 24:663-670, 1956.
57. ABRAMOVITZ, L. J. - Vaccination and virus disease during pregnancy. S. Afr. med. J., 31:1-3, 1957.
58. CAVAZZUTI, C. B.; CANOSSI, G. C. & BERGONZINI, R. - L'idrocefalo infantile. G. Psichiat. Neuropat., 85:827-874, 1957.
59. DUMONT, M. - Role de l'exposition des femmes enceintes aux maladies a virus dans l'étiologie des malformations congénitales. Gynéc. et Obstét., 56:99-105, 1957.
60. ARAUJO, J. O. - Viroses em obstetrícia. Rev. Ginec. Obstet. (Rio de Janeiro) 104:483-502, 1959.
61. FRASER, F. C. - Causes of congenital malformations in human beings. J. chron. Dis., 10: 97-110, 1959.
62. DUMONT, M. - Viroses inapparentes et malformations foetales. Presse méd., 68:1087-1089, 1960.
63. GRASSO, E. - Malattie in gravidanza e loro riflessi sul neonato Minerva pediat., 12:44-47, 1960.
64. GULKEVICH, Yu. V.; LAZYUK, G. I. & GULKEVICH, K. Yu. - Causative genesis of malformations and specificity of teratogenic action. Arkh. Pat., 22(12):3-19, 1960.
65. MAUTNER, H. - Prenatal infections. Exp. Med. Surg., 18:98-103, 1960.
66. AUZÉPY, Ph. - Le role des virus dans l'étiologie des malformations congénitales. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 11:2069-2071, 1961.
67. BENEVENTO, L. - Le virosi in gravidanza e loro riflessi sul prodotto del concepimento. Aggiorn. pediat., 12:273-280, 1961.
68. RHODES, A. J. - Virus infections and congenital malformations. In Congenital Malformations; Papers and Discussions Presented at the First International Conference. Lipincott, Philadelphia, 1961, pp. 106-116.
69. BIEGELEISEN Jr., J. Z.; SCOTT, L. V. & JOEL, W. - Further evidence of fetal infection with herpes simplex virus. Amer. J. clin. Path., 37:289-293, 1962.
70. GAZZOLA, D. - Permeabilità della placenta alle malattie infettive. Riv. Ostet. Ginec. prat., 44:75-102, 1962.
71. FOX, M. J.; KRUMBIEGEL, E. R. & TERESI, J. L. - Maternal measles, mumps and chickenpox as a cause of congenital anomalies. Lancet 1:746-749, 1948.
72. BELLOWS, M. T.; HYMAN, M. E. & MERRITT, K. K. - Effect of smallpox vaccination on the outcome of pregnancy. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Washington) 64:319-323, 1949.
73. GREENBERG, M.; YANKAUER Jr., A.; KRUGMAN, S.; OSBORN, J. J.; WARD, R. S. & DANCIS, J. - The effect of smallpox vaccination during pregnancy on the incidence of congenita] malformations. Pediatrics 3:456-467, 1949.
74. CARTER, C. O. - Maternal estates in relations to congenital malformations. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp., 57: 897-911, 1950.
75. FRASER, F. C. & FAINSTAT, T. D. - Causes of congenital defects. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 82:593-603, 1951.
76. HARTMAN, E. E. & KENNEDY, R. L. J. - Illness in the first trimester of pregnancy: its lack of significance in relation to congenital anomaly of the offspring and to full-term pregnancy, prematurity and stillbirth. J. Pediat., 38:306-309, 1951.
77. LAMY, M.; MINKOWSKI, A. & CHOUCROUN, J. - Embryopathies d'origine infectieuse. Sem. méd. (Paris) 27:989-992, 1951.
78. BASS, M. H. - Disease of the preganant woman affecting the offspring. Advanc. intern. Med., 5:5-58, 1952.
79. DODS, L. - Pre-natal paediatrics. Med. J. Aust., 1:205-211, 1952.
80. WEINSTEIN, L. - Infection and pregnancy. Trans. New Engl. obstet. gynec. Soc, 6:91-106, 1952.
81. KAYE, B. M.; ROSNER, D. C. & STEIN, J. F. - Viral disease in pregnancy and their effect upon the embryo and fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 65:109-119, 1953.
82. GARCIA, J. A. - Peligros de los contagios por virus en la gestación, como causas de anormalidades neuropsiquiátricas infantiles. Rev. esp. Oto-neuro-oftal., 13:184-189, 1954.
83. LOGAN, W. P. D. - The effects of virus infections in pregnancy. Med. ill. (London) 8:502-504, 1954.
84. GIROUD, A. - Les malformations congénitales et leurs causes. Biol. méd. (Paris) 44:524-609, 1S55.
85. WALLS, E. W. - Congenital malformation: a review. Arch. Middx. Hosp., 5:3-20, 1955.
86. WESSELHOEFT, C. - Acute infectious diseases in pregnancy. Ann. intern. Med., 42:555-561, 1955.
87. EDITORIAL - Virus diseases in pregnancy. Brit. med. J., 2:932-933, 1933.
88. HILL, A. B.; DOLL, R.; GALLOWAY, T. McL. & HUGHES, J. P. W. - Virus diseases in pregnancy and congenital defects. Brit. J. prev. Soc. Med., 12:1-7, 1958.
89. HOET, J. P.; MEYER-DOYEN, L. & MEYER, R. - Embryopathies virales et embryopathies métaboliques. Rev. méd. Liège 13:112-126, 1958.
90. WEINSTEIN, L. - Viral infections in pregnancy. Trans. New Engl, obstet. gynec. Soc, 12:131-140, 1958.
91. BASS, M. H. - Viral and parasitic diseases of the pregnant woman affecting the fetus. Clin. Obstet. Gynec, 2:627-638, 1959.
92. LAMY, M. & FRÉZAL, J. - Les facteurs étiologiques dans les malformations congénitales de l'encephale chez l'homme. In HEUYER, G.; FELD, M. & GRUNER, J.: Malformations Congénitales du Cerveau. Colloque International sur les Malformations Congénitales de l'Encephale. Masson, Paris, 1959, pp. 65-79.
93. SIEGEL, M. & GREENBERG, M. - Virus diseases in pregnancy and their effects on the fetus. Preliminary report of a controlled, prospective study. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 77:620-627, 1959.
94. GERMER, W. D. - Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung bei Viruskrankheiten. Munch, med. Wschr., 102:138, 1960.
95. DI TORO, R. - Su alcuni recenti contributi in tema di etiología delle malformazioni congenite. Pediatria (Napoli) 68:314-321, 1960.
96. EDITORIAL - Virus infections during pregnancy. Lancet 2:800-801, 1961.
97. POTHER, E. L. - The effect on the fetus of viral disease in the mother. Clin. Obstet. Gynec, 4:327-340, 1961.
98. GIROUD, A. & TUCHMANN-DUPLESSI, H. - Malformations congénitales. Role des facteurs exogènes. Path, et Biol., 10:119-151, 1962.
99. KAYE, B. M. & REANEY, B. V. - Virus diseases in pregnancy: prevention and fetal effects. Obstet. Gynec, 19:618-622, 1962.
100. REID, D. E. - A Textbook of Obstetrics. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1962, p. 996.
101. JELLIFFE, D. B. - Congenital cataract and maternal smallpox. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 55:99-100, 1952.
102. STREETER - A case of small-pox, after vaccination, in infancy, occurring in a woman, in the seventh month of her pregnancy, of a semi-confluent character; with remarks on the influence of pregnancy on the disease, and treatment of the mother; on the influence of smallpox on the foetus in utero, and on the causes which prevent the perfect exemption of the vaccinated from variola. Lancet 1:611-614, 1837-1838.
103. GIBSON, M. H. - Confluent small-pox after vaccination in infancy, occurring during pregnancy; labor produced followed by gangrene of the genital organs, and terminating in a recto-vaginal fistula. Lancet 1:432-435, 1839-1840.
104. LEBERT, M. - Foetus de 4 mois atteint de variole. C. R. Soc Biol. (Paris) 1:28, 1849.
105. TAYLOR, W. T. - Variola in the foetus. Amer. J. Med. Sci., 26:127-129, 1853.
106. VIDAL, M. - Fcetus venu ao monde vivant et couvert de pustules varioliques sans que la mère, vaccinée, ait jamais subi aucune de la variole. Bull. Acad. Med. (Paris) 9:620-622, 1880.
107. ARNAUD, G. - Avortement dans la convalescence de la variole. Gaz. Hôp. (Paris) 65:811-813, 1892.
108. AUCHÉ, M. B. - Passage des microbes a travers le placenta des femmes enceintes atteintes de variole. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 44(4):922-924, 1892.
109. ROBERTS, A. S. - A case of small-pox during pregnancy; premature labour; recovery. Brit. med. J., 1:700, 1900.
110. RUTEHRFURD, H. - Case of scars and deformities due to intra-uterine small-pox. Trans. Glasg. Path. Clin. Soc, 9:127-128, 1902-1S03.
111. FRANKLIN, J. H. - A case of smallpox in the foetus. Med. Rec. (New York) 64:377, 1903.
112. MORQUIO, L. - Viruela congenita sin viruela materna. Hidrocefalia. Rev. Méd. Urug., 6:106-110, 1903.
113. WARNER, A. - Smallpox in the foetus. Lancet 2:95-96, 1903.
114. FERRARI, A. - Um feto varioloso. Brasil-méd., 18:129, 1904.
115. QUEIREL - Variole et grossesse. Ann. Gynéc. Obstét., 4:137-147, 1907.
116. RONGEL, A. - Sôbre um caso de varíola congênita com imunidade materna. Brasil-méd., 22:301-303, 1908.
117. PUIG Y ROIG, P. - Cas de variole foetale sans variole maternelle. Gynéc. Obstét., 6:176-183, 1922.
118. COGLIEVINA, B. - Dell'infezione fetale: rivista sintética. Policlinico, Sez. prát., 34:962-966, 1927.
119. MARSDEN, J. P. - Metastatic calcification, notes un twins born shortly after an attack of smallpox in the mother. Brit. J. Child. Dis., 27:193-200, 1930.
120. HORNING, B. G - Smallpox in utero. New Engl. J. Med., 207:663, 1932.
121. LYNCH, F. W. - Dermatologic conditions of the fetus, with particular reference to variola and vaccinia. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago) 26:997-1019, 1932.
122. GREENGILL, J. P. - Acute (extragenital) infections in pregnancy labor and the puerperium. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 25:760-772, 1933.
123. MARSDEN, J. P. & GREENFIELD, C. R. M. - Inherited smallpox. Arch. Dis. Childh., 9:309-314, 1934.
124. EHRENFEST, H. - Pregnancy and disease. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 40:596-602, 1940.
125. BRIQUET, R. - Infecções agudas gerais na gesta-ção. Arch. Cirurg. clin, exp., 6:903-910, 1942.
126. GOODPASTURE, E. W. - Virus infection of the mammalian fetus. Science 85:391-396, 1942.
127. VIGNES, H. - Variole, vaccine et grossesse. Presse méd., 50:364, 1942.
128. BULL, C. - The effect on the fetus of diseases of the mother during pregnancy. Arch. Pediat., 62:289-299, 1945.
129. BALLANTYNE, J. W. - Manual of Antenatal Pathology and Hygiene. The foetus. Green, Edinbourg, 19C2.
130. HINSELMANN, H. - Normales und pathologisches Verhalten der Placenta und des Fruchtwassers. In HALBAN, J. & SEITZ, L.: Biologie des Weibes. Urban., Berlin, 1925, vol. 6, parte 1, pp. 241-574.
131. JEANNIN, C. & ÉCALLE, G. - Maladies infectieuses. In BRINDEAU, A.: La Pratique de l'Art des Accouchements. Vigot Frères, Paris, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 1-94.
132. SEITZ, L. - Procesos patológicos en el organismo de la madre curante el embarazo y el parto. In STOECKEL, W.: Tratado de Obstetricia. 2ª ed. espanhola, traduzido pela 3ª ed. alemã por M. M. POZA e M. M. TOUTAIN. Modesto Usón, Barcelona, 1931, vol. 2, pp. 1-60.
133. NOVAK, L. - Sobre las relaciones de las enfermedades infecciosas con los procesos normales y patológicos de los genitales femininos. In HALBAN, J. & SEITZ, L.: Biología y Patología de la Mujer. Tradução do alemão por A. S. LOPEZ. Plus Ultra, Madrid, 1933, vol. 12, pp. 498-568.
134. VIGNES, H. - Maladies des Femmes Enseintes. Masson, París, 1935, vol. 3, pp. 53-69.
135. DöDERLEIN, A. - Tratado de Obstetricia. 2º ed. espanhola, Labor, Barcelona, 1938, vol. 2, pp. 198-210.
136. PEREZ, M. L. - Tratado de Obstetricia. Aniceto López, Buenos Aires, 1945, vol. 2, pp. 79-134.
137. BRIQUET, R. - Patologia da Gestação. Renascença, São Paulo, 1948, pp. 75-84.
138. EASTMAN, N. J. - Williams Obstetrics. 10ª ed., Appleton, New York, 1950, pp. 706-712.
139. BROWNE, F. J. - Antenatal and Postnatal Care. 7º ed., Churchill, London, 1951, pp. 449-456.
140. JUNCADELLA, E. - Viruela y vacuna. In NUBIOLA, P. & ZARATE, E.: Tratado de Obstetricia. Labor, Barcelona, 1951, vol. 2, pp. 360-361.
141. BROWNE, F. J. - Disease associated with pregnancy. In HOLLAND, E. & BOURNE, H.: British Obstetric and Gynaecological Practice. Heinemann, London, 1955, pp. 337-420.
142. DOWNIE, A. W. - Smallpox, cawpox and vaccinia. In RIVERS, T. M. & HORSFALL Jr., F. L.: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man. 3ª ed., Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 673-700.
143. BASS, M. H. & MOLOSHOK, R. E. - Viral and parasitic disease. In GUTTMACHER, A. F. & ROVINSKI, J. J.: Medical, Surgical and Gynecological Complications of Prgenancy. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1960. pp. 519-536.
144. SCHICK, B. - Diaplacental infection on the foetus with the virus of German measles despite immunity of the mother. Analogous observations in smallpox. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 38:563-570, 1949.
145. DOWNIE, A. W. - Infection and immunity in smallpox. Lancet 1:419-422, 1951.
146. Me CARTHY, K.; DOWNIE, A. W. & BRADLEY, W. H. - The antibody response in man following infection with viruses of the pox group: II - Antibody response following vaccination. J. Hyg. (London) 56:466-478, 1958.
147. DOWNIE, A. W. & MCCARTHY, K. - The antibody response in man following infection with viruses of the pox group: III - Antibody response in smallpox. J. Hyg. (London) 56:479-487, 1958.
148. KEMPE, C. H. & BENENSON, A. S. - Vaccinia. Passive immunity in newborn infants. J. Pediat., 42:525-531, 1953.
149. GRASSI, A. - Meningoencefalite fetale e parotite materna. Minerva ginec, 2:238-239, 1950.
150. KÄSS, A. - Congenital hydrocephalus in a newborn infant. Epidemic hepatitis in the mother in the second-third month of pregnancy. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 40:238-248, 1951.
151. GASSER, C. & SCHWARZ, E. - Foetale Missbildungen mit abnormen Verkal-kungen als Folge intrauteriner Infektionen (Toxoplasmose, Röteln in gravitate usw). Helv. paediat. Acta 2:351-370, 1947.
152. SABIN, A. B. & FELDMAN, H. A. - Chorioretinopathy associated with other evidence of cerebral damage in childhood. J. Pediatry 35:296-309, 1949.
153. BOGDAN, A. - Microcephaly with chorioretinopathy, cerebral calcification and internal hydrocephalus. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 44: 225-226, 1951.

Hidrocefalia conseqüente à varíola incidindo no período fetal

Hydrocephalus due to smallpox occurring in the fetal period

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
16 Ago 2013
Data do Fascículo
Set 1964

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. LAMARE, R. - Patogenia das deformações congênitas. An. bras. Ginec, 22: 41-54, 1946.

[2] 2. GRUENWALD, P. - Mechanisms of abnormal development. Arch. Path., 44:398-436; 495-559; 648-664, 1947.

[3] 3. WARKANY, J. - Etiology of congenital malformations. Advanc. Pediat., 2:1-63, 1947.

[4] 4. KITE, J. H. - Congenital deformities. Arch. Surg., 58:107-128, 1949.

[5] 5. LAMY, M. - Malformations congénitales et malformations héréditaires. Sem. Hôp. Paris 25:2339-2343, 1949.

[6] 6. SINCOCK, H. A. - Etiology of congenital malformations. Wis. med. J., 48:427-429, 1949.

[7] 7. BAMATTER, F. - Deux maladies infectieuses à transmission diaplacentaires et leurs effects sur le système nerveux central (toxoplasmose et embryopathie rubéoleuse). Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 65:384-390, 1950.

[8] 8. CAUSSADE; NEI-MANN & GINSBOURGER - Considérations sur l'étiologie des anomalies congénitales engendrées au cours de la gravidité. Pédiatrie 39:567-581, 1950.

[9] 9. STEVENSON, S. S.; WORCESTER, J. & RICE, R. G. - 677 congenitally malformed infants and associated gestational characteristics: general considerations. Pediatrics 6:37-50, 1950.

[10] 10. CARVALHO PINTO, V. A. - Etiologia dos vícios congênitos. Pediat. prát. (São Paulo) 22:165-170, 1951.

[11] 11. LAMY, M.; MINKOWSKI, A. & CHOUCROUN, J. - Les embryopathies d'origine infectieuse. In Rapports au XIII^e Congrès des Pédiatres de Langue Française. L'Expansion scient. franc., Alger, 1951, pp. 140-174.

[12] 12. BAMATTER, F. - L'image pathognomonique clinique et anatomopathologique des embryopathies. In Rapports au XIII^o Congrès des Pédiatres de Langue Française. L'Expansion scient. franç., Alger, 1951, pp. 183-200.

[13] 13. SHANKS, R. A. - Congenital abnormalities and infectious diseases. Med. ill. (London) 6:108-110, 1952.

[14] 14. DELASCIO, D. & CIARI Jr., C. - Etiologia dos vícios congênitos. Matern. e Inf. (São Paulo) 12:127-164, 1953.

[15] 15. HUBER, H. - Virusinfektion und Schwangerschaft. Med. Klin., 48:1304-1306, 1953.

[16] 16. ARAUJO, J. - Vícios de conformação. Observações sôbre 6365 recém-nascidos. Rev. Hosp. N. S. Aparecida (São Paulo) 7:171-182, 1954.

[17] 17. CORNELLI, F. - Sull'eziologia delle malformazione congenite. Arch. Ortop. (Milano) 68:411-436, 1955.

[18] 18. TURPIN, R. - Essai sur l'étiologie des malformations. Presse méd., 63:857-860, 1955.

[19] 19. FRANÇOIS, J. & VERRIEST, G. - Les effects malformatifs chez l'enfant des infections virales de la mère. Ann. Oculist. (Paris) 189:269-302, 1956.

[20] 20. WIEDERHOLD, A. - Patologia prenatal. Rev. chil. Pediat., 27:329-347, 1956.

[21] 21. AUSSANNAIRE, M. & FRÈZAL, J. - Conséquences des infections maternelles pour le foetus. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 7:2961-2967, 1957.

[22] 22. JAMMET, M. L. - L'embryopathie rubéolique. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 8:3649-3658, 1958.

[23] 23. KAPLAN, M. - L'infection péri-natale. Introduction. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 8:3645-3646, 1958.

[24] 24. KARTE, H. - Ursachen und Verhütung von Fehlbildungen. Medizinische 1:583-587, 1958.

[25] 25. TAKALA, M. E. - Paternal and maternal factors in the etiology of congenital malformations. Ann. Chir. Gynaec. Fenn., 47 (suppl. 77): 1-168, 1958.

[26] 26. DELASCIO, D. - Radiações ionizantes e malformações congênitas. Matern. Inf. (São Paulo) 18:313-330, 1959.

[27] 27. HEUYER, G.; FELD, M. & GRUNER, J. - Malformations Congénitales du Cerveau. Colloque International sur les Malformations Congénitales de l'Encephale. Masson, Paris, 1959.

[28] 28. THALHAMMER, O. - über einige Probleme der pränatalen Pathologie. Wien med. Wschr., 109:576-580, 1959.

[29] 29. ROHMER, A. - De l'intérêt d'une enquête complexe devant toute embryo ou fcetopathie. Bull. Féd. Soc. Gynec. Obstét. franç., 12:629-632, 1960.

[30] 30. WILSON, J. G. - Factors involved in causing congenital malformations. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 36:143-157, 1960.

[31] 31. ROSSOLINI, A. - Embriopatie e fetopatie. Riv. Clin, pediat., 65:385-397, 1960.

[32] 32. ALAGILLE, D. - Les fetopathies. Rev. franç. Etud. clin, biol., 6:431-434, 1961.

[33] 33. HARING, O. M. & LEWIS, F. J. - The etiology of congenital developmental anomalies. Int. Abstr. Surg., 113:1-18, 1961.

[34] 34. MITOLO, G. R. & GRASSI, G. - Malformazioni fetali da malattie infettive. Ann. Ostet. Ginec, 83:1083-1100, 1961.

[35] 35. WARKANY, J. & KALTER, H. - Congenital malformations. New Engl. J. Med., 265:992-1001; 1046-1052, 1961.

[36] 36. BROWN, N. J. - Congenital malformations. Aetiology and pathology. Med. J. S.-W., 77:53-59, 1962.

[37] 37. EICHENWALD, H. F. & SHINEFIELD, H. R. - Viral infections of the fetus and of the premature and newborn infant. Advane. Pediat., 12:249-305, 1962.

[38] 38. BALLANTYNE, J. W. - Manual of Antenatal Pathology and Hygiene. The Embryo. Green, Edinbourg, 1904.

[39] 39. GREGG, N. McA. - Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans. ophthalm. Soc. Aust., 3:35-46, 1941.

[40] 40. SWAN, C; TOSTEVIN, A. L.; MOORE, B.; MAYO, H. & BARHAM BLACK, C. H. - Congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy. Med. J. Aust., 2:201-210, 1943.

[41] 41. AYCOCK, W. L. & INGALLS, T. H. - Maternal disease as a principle in the epidemiology of congenital anomalies. With a review of rubella. Amer. J. Med. Sci., 212:366-379, 1946.

[42] 42. SWAN, C; TOSTEVIN, L. & BARHAM BLACK, G. H. - Final observations on congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy, with special reference of rubella. Med. J. Aust., 2:889-907, 1946.

[43] 43. LAFORET, E. G. & LYNCH Jr., C. L. - Multiple congenital defects following maternal varicella. New Engl. J. Med., 236:534-537, 1947.

[44] 44. BASS, M. H. - Fetal defects resulting from illness of the pregnant mother with special reference to virus diseases. N.Y. St. J. Med., 48:11807-1813, 1948.

[45] 45. LANDTMAN, B. - On the relationship between maternal conditions during pregnancy and congenital malformations. Arch. Dis. Child., 23:237-249, 1948.

[46] 46. LE-FEBVRE, G. & MERLEN, J. - La place de la rubéole et des autres facteurs in-fectieux ou toxiques survenus en cours de gestation dans la genèse des malformations et dystrophies congénitales. Ann. paediat. (Basel) 171:266-278, 1948.

[47] 47. WEEKERS, L. - Les affections congénitales résultant d'une maladie de la mère pendant la grossesse. Rev. méd. Liège 4:681-684, 1949.

[48] 48. DUMAS, L. R. - Troubles de dévelopement du fcetus et de l'embryon et leurs conséquences chez le nouveauné. Sem. Hôp. Paris 26:4691-4695, 1950.

[49] 49. LANDE, L. - Congenital malformations with severe damage to the centrous nervous system due to early fetal virus infection. J. Pediat., 36:625-634, 1950.

[50] 50. LAPLANE, R.; BREGEAT, P. & OSSIPOVSKI, B. - Un cas d'embryopathie consécutive à une varicelle maternelle. Arch, franç. Pédiat., 7:530, 1950.

[51] 51. REZENDE, J. - Viroses maternas, embriopatias e malformações fetais. An. Bras. Ginec, 35:333-341, 1953.

[52] 52. SCHEIDEGGER, D. - Experimental viral infections in the embryo and fetus. Preliminary notes on pathologic findings with viruses of psitacosis, ectromelia and rabies. Amer. J. Path., 29:185- 197, 1953.

[53] 53. DE SANTIS, U. - Due osservazioni di anencefalia da virosi materne. Arch. De Vecchi Anat. pat., 22:813-819, 1954.

[54] 54. MARTINI, J. L. - Virosis materna y malformaciones fetales. El problema del aborto provocado. Obstet. Ginec. lat. amer, 12:271-281; 357-380; 422-433; 495-512, 1954.

[55] 55. ADAMS, J. M.; HEATH, H. D.; IMAGAWA, D. T.; JONES, M. H. & SHEAR, H. H. - Viral infections in the embryo. J. Dis. Child., 92:109-114, 1956.

[56] 56. MEDINA, C. A. - Síndrome de Gregg y oligofrenias. Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) 24:663-670, 1956.

[57] 57. ABRAMOVITZ, L. J. - Vaccination and virus disease during pregnancy. S. Afr. med. J., 31:1-3, 1957.

[58] 58. CAVAZZUTI, C. B.; CANOSSI, G. C. & BERGONZINI, R. - L'idrocefalo infantile. G. Psichiat. Neuropat., 85:827-874, 1957.

[59] 59. DUMONT, M. - Role de l'exposition des femmes enceintes aux maladies a virus dans l'étiologie des malformations congénitales. Gynéc. et Obstét., 56:99-105, 1957.

[60] 60. ARAUJO, J. O. - Viroses em obstetrícia. Rev. Ginec. Obstet. (Rio de Janeiro) 104:483-502, 1959.

[61] 61. FRASER, F. C. - Causes of congenital malformations in human beings. J. chron. Dis., 10: 97-110, 1959.

[62] 62. DUMONT, M. - Viroses inapparentes et malformations foetales. Presse méd., 68:1087-1089, 1960.

[63] 63. GRASSO, E. - Malattie in gravidanza e loro riflessi sul neonato Minerva pediat., 12:44-47, 1960.

[64] 64. GULKEVICH, Yu. V.; LAZYUK, G. I. & GULKEVICH, K. Yu. - Causative genesis of malformations and specificity of teratogenic action. Arkh. Pat., 22(12):3-19, 1960.

[65] 65. MAUTNER, H. - Prenatal infections. Exp. Med. Surg., 18:98-103, 1960.

[66] 66. AUZÉPY, Ph. - Le role des virus dans l'étiologie des malformations congénitales. Rev. Prat. (Paris) 11:2069-2071, 1961.

[67] 67. BENEVENTO, L. - Le virosi in gravidanza e loro riflessi sul prodotto del concepimento. Aggiorn. pediat., 12:273-280, 1961.

[68] 68. RHODES, A. J. - Virus infections and congenital malformations. In Congenital Malformations; Papers and Discussions Presented at the First International Conference. Lipincott, Philadelphia, 1961, pp. 106-116.

[69] 69. BIEGELEISEN Jr., J. Z.; SCOTT, L. V. & JOEL, W. - Further evidence of fetal infection with herpes simplex virus. Amer. J. clin. Path., 37:289-293, 1962.

[70] 70. GAZZOLA, D. - Permeabilità della placenta alle malattie infettive. Riv. Ostet. Ginec. prat., 44:75-102, 1962.

[71] 71. FOX, M. J.; KRUMBIEGEL, E. R. & TERESI, J. L. - Maternal measles, mumps and chickenpox as a cause of congenital anomalies. Lancet 1:746-749, 1948.

[72] 72. BELLOWS, M. T.; HYMAN, M. E. & MERRITT, K. K. - Effect of smallpox vaccination on the outcome of pregnancy. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Washington) 64:319-323, 1949.

[73] 73. GREENBERG, M.; YANKAUER Jr., A.; KRUGMAN, S.; OSBORN, J. J.; WARD, R. S. & DANCIS, J. - The effect of smallpox vaccination during pregnancy on the incidence of congenita] malformations. Pediatrics 3:456-467, 1949.

[74] 74. CARTER, C. O. - Maternal estates in relations to congenital malformations. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp., 57: 897-911, 1950.

[75] 75. FRASER, F. C. & FAINSTAT, T. D. - Causes of congenital defects. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 82:593-603, 1951.

[76] 76. HARTMAN, E. E. & KENNEDY, R. L. J. - Illness in the first trimester of pregnancy: its lack of significance in relation to congenital anomaly of the offspring and to full-term pregnancy, prematurity and stillbirth. J. Pediat., 38:306-309, 1951.

[77] 77. LAMY, M.; MINKOWSKI, A. & CHOUCROUN, J. - Embryopathies d'origine infectieuse. Sem. méd. (Paris) 27:989-992, 1951.

[78] 78. BASS, M. H. - Disease of the preganant woman affecting the offspring. Advanc. intern. Med., 5:5-58, 1952.

[79] 79. DODS, L. - Pre-natal paediatrics. Med. J. Aust., 1:205-211, 1952.

[80] 80. WEINSTEIN, L. - Infection and pregnancy. Trans. New Engl. obstet. gynec. Soc, 6:91-106, 1952.

[81] 81. KAYE, B. M.; ROSNER, D. C. & STEIN, J. F. - Viral disease in pregnancy and their effect upon the embryo and fetus. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 65:109-119, 1953.

[82] 82. GARCIA, J. A. - Peligros de los contagios por virus en la gestación, como causas de anormalidades neuropsiquiátricas infantiles. Rev. esp. Oto-neuro-oftal., 13:184-189, 1954.

[83] 83. LOGAN, W. P. D. - The effects of virus infections in pregnancy. Med. ill. (London) 8:502-504, 1954.

[84] 84. GIROUD, A. - Les malformations congénitales et leurs causes. Biol. méd. (Paris) 44:524-609, 1S55.

[85] 85. WALLS, E. W. - Congenital malformation: a review. Arch. Middx. Hosp., 5:3-20, 1955.

[86] 86. WESSELHOEFT, C. - Acute infectious diseases in pregnancy. Ann. intern. Med., 42:555-561, 1955.

[87] 87. EDITORIAL - Virus diseases in pregnancy. Brit. med. J., 2:932-933, 1933.

[88] 88. HILL, A. B.; DOLL, R.; GALLOWAY, T. McL. & HUGHES, J. P. W. - Virus diseases in pregnancy and congenital defects. Brit. J. prev. Soc. Med., 12:1-7, 1958.

[89] 89. HOET, J. P.; MEYER-DOYEN, L. & MEYER, R. - Embryopathies virales et embryopathies métaboliques. Rev. méd. Liège 13:112-126, 1958.

[90] 90. WEINSTEIN, L. - Viral infections in pregnancy. Trans. New Engl, obstet. gynec. Soc, 12:131-140, 1958.

[91] 91. BASS, M. H. - Viral and parasitic diseases of the pregnant woman affecting the fetus. Clin. Obstet. Gynec, 2:627-638, 1959.

[92] 92. LAMY, M. & FRÉZAL, J. - Les facteurs étiologiques dans les malformations congénitales de l'encephale chez l'homme. In HEUYER, G.; FELD, M. & GRUNER, J.: Malformations Congénitales du Cerveau. Colloque International sur les Malformations Congénitales de l'Encephale. Masson, Paris, 1959, pp. 65-79.

[93] 93. SIEGEL, M. & GREENBERG, M. - Virus diseases in pregnancy and their effects on the fetus. Preliminary report of a controlled, prospective study. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 77:620-627, 1959.

[94] 94. GERMER, W. D. - Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung bei Viruskrankheiten. Munch, med. Wschr., 102:138, 1960.

[95] 95. DI TORO, R. - Su alcuni recenti contributi in tema di etiología delle malformazioni congenite. Pediatria (Napoli) 68:314-321, 1960.

[96] 96. EDITORIAL - Virus infections during pregnancy. Lancet 2:800-801, 1961.

[97] 97. POTHER, E. L. - The effect on the fetus of viral disease in the mother. Clin. Obstet. Gynec, 4:327-340, 1961.

[98] 98. GIROUD, A. & TUCHMANN-DUPLESSI, H. - Malformations congénitales. Role des facteurs exogènes. Path, et Biol., 10:119-151, 1962.

[99] 99. KAYE, B. M. & REANEY, B. V. - Virus diseases in pregnancy: prevention and fetal effects. Obstet. Gynec, 19:618-622, 1962.

[100] 100. REID, D. E. - A Textbook of Obstetrics. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1962, p. 996.

[101] 101. JELLIFFE, D. B. - Congenital cataract and maternal smallpox. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 55:99-100, 1952.

[102] 102. STREETER - A case of small-pox, after vaccination, in infancy, occurring in a woman, in the seventh month of her pregnancy, of a semi-confluent character; with remarks on the influence of pregnancy on the disease, and treatment of the mother; on the influence of smallpox on the foetus in utero, and on the causes which prevent the perfect exemption of the vaccinated from variola. Lancet 1:611-614, 1837-1838.

[103] 103. GIBSON, M. H. - Confluent small-pox after vaccination in infancy, occurring during pregnancy; labor produced followed by gangrene of the genital organs, and terminating in a recto-vaginal fistula. Lancet 1:432-435, 1839-1840.

[104] 104. LEBERT, M. - Foetus de 4 mois atteint de variole. C. R. Soc Biol. (Paris) 1:28, 1849.

[105] 105. TAYLOR, W. T. - Variola in the foetus. Amer. J. Med. Sci., 26:127-129, 1853.

[106] 106. VIDAL, M. - Fcetus venu ao monde vivant et couvert de pustules varioliques sans que la mère, vaccinée, ait jamais subi aucune de la variole. Bull. Acad. Med. (Paris) 9:620-622, 1880.

[107] 107. ARNAUD, G. - Avortement dans la convalescence de la variole. Gaz. Hôp. (Paris) 65:811-813, 1892.

[108] 108. AUCHÉ, M. B. - Passage des microbes a travers le placenta des femmes enceintes atteintes de variole. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 44(4):922-924, 1892.

[109] 109. ROBERTS, A. S. - A case of small-pox during pregnancy; premature labour; recovery. Brit. med. J., 1:700, 1900.

[110] 110. RUTEHRFURD, H. - Case of scars and deformities due to intra-uterine small-pox. Trans. Glasg. Path. Clin. Soc, 9:127-128, 1902-1S03.

[111] 111. FRANKLIN, J. H. - A case of smallpox in the foetus. Med. Rec. (New York) 64:377, 1903.

[112] 112. MORQUIO, L. - Viruela congenita sin viruela materna. Hidrocefalia. Rev. Méd. Urug., 6:106-110, 1903.

[113] 113. WARNER, A. - Smallpox in the foetus. Lancet 2:95-96, 1903.

[114] 114. FERRARI, A. - Um feto varioloso. Brasil-méd., 18:129, 1904.

[115] 115. QUEIREL - Variole et grossesse. Ann. Gynéc. Obstét., 4:137-147, 1907.

[116] 116. RONGEL, A. - Sôbre um caso de varíola congênita com imunidade materna. Brasil-méd., 22:301-303, 1908.

[117] 117. PUIG Y ROIG, P. - Cas de variole foetale sans variole maternelle. Gynéc. Obstét., 6:176-183, 1922.

[118] 118. COGLIEVINA, B. - Dell'infezione fetale: rivista sintética. Policlinico, Sez. prát., 34:962-966, 1927.

[119] 119. MARSDEN, J. P. - Metastatic calcification, notes un twins born shortly after an attack of smallpox in the mother. Brit. J. Child. Dis., 27:193-200, 1930.

[120] 120. HORNING, B. G - Smallpox in utero. New Engl. J. Med., 207:663, 1932.

[121] 121. LYNCH, F. W. - Dermatologic conditions of the fetus, with particular reference to variola and vaccinia. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago) 26:997-1019, 1932.

[122] 122. GREENGILL, J. P. - Acute (extragenital) infections in pregnancy labor and the puerperium. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 25:760-772, 1933.

[123] 123. MARSDEN, J. P. & GREENFIELD, C. R. M. - Inherited smallpox. Arch. Dis. Childh., 9:309-314, 1934.

[124] 124. EHRENFEST, H. - Pregnancy and disease. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec, 40:596-602, 1940.

[125] 125. BRIQUET, R. - Infecções agudas gerais na gesta-ção. Arch. Cirurg. clin, exp., 6:903-910, 1942.

[126] 126. GOODPASTURE, E. W. - Virus infection of the mammalian fetus. Science 85:391-396, 1942.

[127] 127. VIGNES, H. - Variole, vaccine et grossesse. Presse méd., 50:364, 1942.

[128] 128. BULL, C. - The effect on the fetus of diseases of the mother during pregnancy. Arch. Pediat., 62:289-299, 1945.

[129] 129. BALLANTYNE, J. W. - Manual of Antenatal Pathology and Hygiene. The foetus. Green, Edinbourg, 19C2.

[130] 130. HINSELMANN, H. - Normales und pathologisches Verhalten der Placenta und des Fruchtwassers. In HALBAN, J. & SEITZ, L.: Biologie des Weibes. Urban., Berlin, 1925, vol. 6, parte 1, pp. 241-574.

[131] 131. JEANNIN, C. & ÉCALLE, G. - Maladies infectieuses. In BRINDEAU, A.: La Pratique de l'Art des Accouchements. Vigot Frères, Paris, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 1-94.

[132] 132. SEITZ, L. - Procesos patológicos en el organismo de la madre curante el embarazo y el parto. In STOECKEL, W.: Tratado de Obstetricia. 2ª ed. espanhola, traduzido pela 3ª ed. alemã por M. M. POZA e M. M. TOUTAIN. Modesto Usón, Barcelona, 1931, vol. 2, pp. 1-60.

[133] 133. NOVAK, L. - Sobre las relaciones de las enfermedades infecciosas con los procesos normales y patológicos de los genitales femininos. In HALBAN, J. & SEITZ, L.: Biología y Patología de la Mujer. Tradução do alemão por A. S. LOPEZ. Plus Ultra, Madrid, 1933, vol. 12, pp. 498-568.

[134] 134. VIGNES, H. - Maladies des Femmes Enseintes. Masson, París, 1935, vol. 3, pp. 53-69.

[135] 135. DöDERLEIN, A. - Tratado de Obstetricia. 2º ed. espanhola, Labor, Barcelona, 1938, vol. 2, pp. 198-210.

[136] 136. PEREZ, M. L. - Tratado de Obstetricia. Aniceto López, Buenos Aires, 1945, vol. 2, pp. 79-134.

[137] 137. BRIQUET, R. - Patologia da Gestação. Renascença, São Paulo, 1948, pp. 75-84.

[138] 138. EASTMAN, N. J. - Williams Obstetrics. 10ª ed., Appleton, New York, 1950, pp. 706-712.

[139] 139. BROWNE, F. J. - Antenatal and Postnatal Care. 7º ed., Churchill, London, 1951, pp. 449-456.

[140] 140. JUNCADELLA, E. - Viruela y vacuna. In NUBIOLA, P. & ZARATE, E.: Tratado de Obstetricia. Labor, Barcelona, 1951, vol. 2, pp. 360-361.

[141] 141. BROWNE, F. J. - Disease associated with pregnancy. In HOLLAND, E. & BOURNE, H.: British Obstetric and Gynaecological Practice. Heinemann, London, 1955, pp. 337-420.

[142] 142. DOWNIE, A. W. - Smallpox, cawpox and vaccinia. In RIVERS, T. M. & HORSFALL Jr., F. L.: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man. 3ª ed., Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 673-700.

[143] 143. BASS, M. H. & MOLOSHOK, R. E. - Viral and parasitic disease. In GUTTMACHER, A. F. & ROVINSKI, J. J.: Medical, Surgical and Gynecological Complications of Prgenancy. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1960. pp. 519-536.

[144] 144. SCHICK, B. - Diaplacental infection on the foetus with the virus of German measles despite immunity of the mother. Analogous observations in smallpox. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 38:563-570, 1949.

[145] 145. DOWNIE, A. W. - Infection and immunity in smallpox. Lancet 1:419-422, 1951.

[146] 146. Me CARTHY, K.; DOWNIE, A. W. & BRADLEY, W. H. - The antibody response in man following infection with viruses of the pox group: II - Antibody response following vaccination. J. Hyg. (London) 56:466-478, 1958.

[147] 147. DOWNIE, A. W. & MCCARTHY, K. - The antibody response in man following infection with viruses of the pox group: III - Antibody response in smallpox. J. Hyg. (London) 56:479-487, 1958.

[148] 148. KEMPE, C. H. & BENENSON, A. S. - Vaccinia. Passive immunity in newborn infants. J. Pediat., 42:525-531, 1953.

[149] 149. GRASSI, A. - Meningoencefalite fetale e parotite materna. Minerva ginec, 2:238-239, 1950.

[150] 150. KÄSS, A. - Congenital hydrocephalus in a newborn infant. Epidemic hepatitis in the mother in the second-third month of pregnancy. Acta paediat. (Uppsala) 40:238-248, 1951.

[151] 151. GASSER, C. & SCHWARZ, E. - Foetale Missbildungen mit abnormen Verkal-kungen als Folge intrauteriner Infektionen (Toxoplasmose, Röteln in gravitate usw). Helv. paediat. Acta 2:351-370, 1947.

[152] 152. SABIN, A. B. & FELDMAN, H. A. - Chorioretinopathy associated with other evidence of cerebral damage in childhood. J. Pediatry 35:296-309, 1949.

[153] 153. BOGDAN, A. - Microcephaly with chorioretinopathy, cerebral calcification and internal hydrocephalus. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 44: 225-226, 1951.