Potenciales cerebrales ligados a eventos: clasification y uso clínico

Lolas, Fernando

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1979000300006

Resúmenes

Los potenciales ligados a eventos (PLE) constituyen actividad eléctrica cerebral temporalmente asociada a estímulos sensoriales, respuestas motoras y procesos asociativos, registrable mediante promediación por computador. Se presenta una clasificación simplificada de Ias diversas variedades de PLE. Algunos princípios metodológicos son enfatizados en la medida de su relevância clínica en neurologia y psiquiatria. Las principales áreas de aplicación de los PLE son ilustradas mediante datos de la literatura.

Event-related potentials (ERP) constitute an heterogeneous group of brain electrical signals time-locked to sensory stimulation, motor responses, and associative processes, recorded using computer averaging. Several kinds of brain electrical activity are encompassed by the generic term "event related potentials": sensory evoked potentials, time-coherent cerebral events related to motor acta, long-latency potentials associated with psychological variables, slow potential shifts linked to psychological constructs, and "emitted" cerebral events of endogenous origin. Shortcomings of this classification are pointed out and a simpler one is proposed, distinguishing between sensory, motor, and associative time-locked potentials. Their clinical use is illustrated under six major headings: testing of sensory function, localization of lesions, maturation of the central nervous system, genetic markers, evaluation of pharmacologic agents, and indicators of cognitive processes, borne methodological issues relevant to the clinical use of ERP are discussed.

Potenciales cerebrales ligados a eventos clasification y uso clínico

Cerebral event-related potentials: classification and clinical use

Fernando Lolas

Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina Santiago Norte, Chile

RESUMEN

Los potenciales ligados a eventos (PLE) constituyen actividad eléctrica cerebral temporalmente asociada a estímulos sensoriales, respuestas motoras y procesos asociativos, registrable mediante promediación por computador. Se presenta una clasificación simplificada de Ias diversas variedades de PLE. Algunos princípios metodológicos son enfatizados en la medida de su relevância clínica en neurologia y psiquiatria. Las principales áreas de aplicación de los PLE son ilustradas mediante datos de la literatura.

SUMMARY

Event-related potentials (ERP) constitute an heterogeneous group of brain electrical signals time-locked to sensory stimulation, motor responses, and associative processes, recorded using computer averaging. Several kinds of brain electrical activity are encompassed by the generic term "event related potentials": sensory evoked potentials, time-coherent cerebral events related to motor acta, long-latency potentials associated with psychological variables, slow potential shifts linked to psychological constructs, and "emitted" cerebral events of endogenous origin. Shortcomings of this classification are pointed out and a simpler one is proposed, distinguishing between sensory, motor, and associative time-locked potentials. Their clinical use is illustrated under six major headings: testing of sensory function, localization of lesions, maturation of the central nervous system, genetic markers, evaluation of pharmacologic agents, and indicators of cognitive processes, borne methodological issues relevant to the clinical use of ERP are discussed.

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Departamento de Fiaiologia y Biofísica - Universidad de Chile - Casilla 652k - Santiago 7 - Chile.

1. BECK, E. C; DUSTMAN, R. E. & LEWIS, E. C. - The use of the averaged evoked potential in the evaluation of central nervous system disorders. Int. J. Neurol. 9:211, 1975.
2. BRAOCHITTA, H.; LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HAMUY, T. - Slow cortical potentials (SCP) recorded at different sites of the motor and sensory cortex during avoidance conditioning in the rabbit. Neuropsychologia 11:67, 1973.
3. CALLAWAY, E. - Brain Electrical Potentials and Individual Psychological Differences, G-rune and Stratton, New York, 1975.
4. CHIORINI, J. R. - Slow potential changes from cat cortex and classical aversive conditioning. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26:399, 1969.
5. DAVIS, H. - Principles of electric response audiometry. Ann. Otology, Rhinology and Laringology, Supp. 28, 1976.
6. DEECKE, L.; SCHEID, P. & KORNHUBER, H. H. - Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Exp. Brain Res. 7:158, 1969.
7. DONGIER, M.; DUBROVSKY, B. & ENGELSMANN, F. - Event related slow potentials: recent data on clinical significance of CNV and PINV. Res. Comm. Psychol. Psychiat. Behav. 1:91, 1976.
8. DUSTMAN, R. E.; SCHENKENBERG, T. & BECK, E. C. - The development of the evoked response as a diagnostic and evaluative procedure. In R. Karrer (Ed.) - Develoçmental Psychophysiology of Mental Retardation, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1976.
9. FRANZEN, O. & OFFENLOCH, K. - Evoked response correlates of psychophysical magnitude: estimates for tactile stimulation in man. Exp. Brain Res. 8:1, 1969.
10. GILDEN, L.; VAUGHAN, H. G. & COSTA, L. D. - Summated human EEG potentials with voluntary movements. Electroenceph. clin. Neuro-physiol. 20: 433, 1966.
11. GLASER, E. M. & RUCHKIN, D. S. - Principles of Neurobiological Signal Analysis. Academic Press, New York, 1976.
12. GOFF, W. R. - Human average evoked potentials: procedures for stimulation and recording. In R. F. Thompson (Ed.) - Methods in Physiological Psychology, vol. I/B. Academic Press, New York, 1974.
13. HOEPPNER, T. & LOLAS, F. - Visual evoked responses and visual symptoms in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 41:493, 1978.
14. JOHN, E. R. - Assessment of acuity, color vision and shape perception by statistical evaluation of evoked potentials. Ann. Ophthal. 6:55, 1974.
15. JOHN, E. R. - Neurometries: Clinical Applications of Quantitative Electrophy-siology, Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, 1977.
16. JOHN, E. R.; BARTLETT, F.; SHIMOKOCHI, M. & KLEINMAN, D. - Neural readout from memory. J. Neurophysiol. 36:893, 1973.
17. KARRER, R. - Develogmental Psychophysiology of Mental Retardation. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1976.
18. KORNHUBER, H. H. & DEECXE, L. - Hirnpotentiallanderungen bei Willktirbe-wegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reaffereiite Potentiale. Pfltigers Arch. ges. Physiol. 284:1, 1965.
19. LICKET, M. E. & FOX, S. S. - Localization and habituation of sensory evoked DC responses in cat cortex. Exp. Neurol. 15:437, 1966.
20. LIPTON, M. A.; DIMASCIO, A. & KILLAM, K. F. - Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, 1978.
21. LOLAS, F. - Event-related solw brain potentials, cognitive processes, and alexi-thymia. Psychother. Peychosom. 30:116, 1978.
22. LOLAS, F. & DE ANDRACA, I. - NeurOticism, extraversion and solw brain potentials. Neuropsychobiology 3:12, 1977.
23. LOLAS, F.; DE LA PARRA, G. & GRAMEGNA, G. - Event-related slow potential (ERSP) correlates of thyroid gland function level. Psychosom, Med. 40:226, 1978.
24. LOLAS, F. & DE LA PARRA, G. - Rasgo y estado en la investigación psico-fisiológica. Arch. Med. Biol. Exper. 11:194, 1978.
25. LOLAS, F. & GARCIA, H. - Potenciales cerebrales ligados a la estimulaciôn visual: inversion de pattern y flash. Acta Neurol. Latinoam. 23:155, 1977.
26. LOLAS, F. & HOEPPNER, T. - Brainstem auditory evoked response: clinical perspectives and normative data. Acta Neurol. Latino-am. 23:175, 1977.
27. LOLAS, F. & HOEPPNER, T. - El potencial evocado por inversion de pattern y la sintomatologia visual en la esclerosis multiple. Rev. Méd. Chile 106:581, 1978.
28. LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HANUY, T. - Potenciales lentos corticales y contenido infor-macional del estímulo. In S. Bloch & R. Aneiros (Eds.) - Psicobiologia del Aprendizaje, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Chile, 1973.
29. LOW, M. D.; BORDA, R. P.; FROST, J. D. & KELLAWAY, P. - Surface-negative, slow-potential shift associated with conditioning in man. Neurology (Minneapolis) 16:771, 1966.
30. MARCZYNSKI, T. J.; YORK, J. L.; ALLEN, S. L.; RICK, J. H. & SHERRY, C. J. - Steady potential correlates of positive reinforcement and sleep onset in the cat: reward contingent positive variation (RCPV). Brain Res. 26:305, 1971.
31. McADAM, D. W. & SEALES, D. M. - Bereitschaftspotential enhancement with increased level of motivation. Electroenceph. clin. Neuro-physiol. 27:73, 1969.
32. MONETA, M. E.; LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HAMUY, T. - Response variables and motor slow cortical potentials (SCP) during performance of learned movements in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Neuropsychologia 12:477, 1974.
33. O'LEARY, J. & GOLDRING, S. - DC potentials of the brain. Physiol. Rev. 44:91, 1964.
34. PINTO-HAMUY, T. & LOLAS, F. - Algunos procesos eléctricos corticales conduc-tualmente relevantes. I Congreso Latinoamericano de Psicobiología, Resumenes de Comunicaciones, São Paulo, Brasil, pp. 84-85, 1973.
35. PORJESZ, B. & BEGLEITER, H. - The effects of stimulus expectancy on evoked brain potentials. Psychophysiology 12:152, 1975.
36. REGAN, D. - Evoked Potentials in Psychology, Sensory Physiology and Clinical Medicine, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1972.
37. RITTER. W. & VAUGHAN, H. C. - Averaged evoked responses in vigilance and discrimination: a reassessment. Science (New York) 164:326, 1969.
38. SHAGASS, C. - Evoked Brain Potentials in Psychiatry. Plenum Press, New York, 1972.
39. SHAGASS, C. - Evoked potentials in psychopathology and psychiatric treatment. In N. Burch & H. L. Altshuler (Eds.) - Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity, Plenum Press, New York, 1976.
40. SHAGASS, C. - Twisted thoughts, twisted brain waves?. In C. Shagass, S. Gershon & A. J. Friedhoff (Eds.) - Psychopathology and Brain Dysfunction, Raven Press, New York, 1977.
41. SQUIRES, K. C. & DONCHIN, E. - Beyond averaging: the use of discriminant functions to recognize event-related potentials elicited by single auditory stimuli. Electroenceph. cKn. Neurophysiol. 41:449, 1976.
42. SUTTON, S.; BRAREN, M.; ZUBIN, J. & JOHN, E. R. - Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science (New York) 150:1187, 1965.
43. SUTTON, S. & TUETING, P. - Evoked potentials and diagnosis. In R. L. Spitzer and D. F. Klein (Eds.) - Critical Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis. Raven Press, New York, 1978.
44. SUTTON, S.; TUETING, P.; ZUBIN, J. & JOHN, E. R. - Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential. Science (New York) 155:1436, 1967.
45. TEOCE, J. J. - Contingent negative variation (CNV) and psychological processes in man. Psychol. Bull. 77:73, 1972.
46. VAUGHAN, H. G. - The relationship of brain activity to scalp recordings of event-related potentials. In E. Donchin, & D. B. Lindreley (Eds.) - Averaged Evoked Potentials, NASA SP-191, Washington DC, 1969.
47. WALTER, W. G.; COOPER, R.; ALDRIDGE, V. J.; McCALLUM, W. C. & WINTER, A. L. - Contingent negative variation: an electrical sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature (London) 203:380, 1964.
48. WALTER, W. G. - Slow potential changes in the human brain associated with expectancy, decision and intention. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26: 123, 1967.
49. WEINBERG, H.; WALTER, W. C; COOPER, R. & ALDRIDGE, V. J. - Emitted cerebral events. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 36:449, 1974.

Fechas de Publicación

Publicación en esta colección
21 Ago 2012
Fecha del número
Set 1979

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. BECK, E. C; DUSTMAN, R. E. & LEWIS, E. C. - The use of the averaged evoked potential in the evaluation of central nervous system disorders. Int. J. Neurol. 9:211, 1975.

[2] 2. BRAOCHITTA, H.; LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HAMUY, T. - Slow cortical potentials (SCP) recorded at different sites of the motor and sensory cortex during avoidance conditioning in the rabbit. Neuropsychologia 11:67, 1973.

[3] 3. CALLAWAY, E. - Brain Electrical Potentials and Individual Psychological Differences, G-rune and Stratton, New York, 1975.

[4] 4. CHIORINI, J. R. - Slow potential changes from cat cortex and classical aversive conditioning. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26:399, 1969.

[5] 5. DAVIS, H. - Principles of electric response audiometry. Ann. Otology, Rhinology and Laringology, Supp. 28, 1976.

[6] 6. DEECKE, L.; SCHEID, P. & KORNHUBER, H. H. - Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Exp. Brain Res. 7:158, 1969.

[7] 7. DONGIER, M.; DUBROVSKY, B. & ENGELSMANN, F. - Event related slow potentials: recent data on clinical significance of CNV and PINV. Res. Comm. Psychol. Psychiat. Behav. 1:91, 1976.

[8] 8. DUSTMAN, R. E.; SCHENKENBERG, T. & BECK, E. C. - The development of the evoked response as a diagnostic and evaluative procedure. In R. Karrer (Ed.) - Develoçmental Psychophysiology of Mental Retardation, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1976.

[9] 9. FRANZEN, O. & OFFENLOCH, K. - Evoked response correlates of psychophysical magnitude: estimates for tactile stimulation in man. Exp. Brain Res. 8:1, 1969.

[10] 10. GILDEN, L.; VAUGHAN, H. G. & COSTA, L. D. - Summated human EEG potentials with voluntary movements. Electroenceph. clin. Neuro-physiol. 20: 433, 1966.

[11] 11. GLASER, E. M. & RUCHKIN, D. S. - Principles of Neurobiological Signal Analysis. Academic Press, New York, 1976.

[12] 12. GOFF, W. R. - Human average evoked potentials: procedures for stimulation and recording. In R. F. Thompson (Ed.) - Methods in Physiological Psychology, vol. I/B. Academic Press, New York, 1974.

[13] 13. HOEPPNER, T. & LOLAS, F. - Visual evoked responses and visual symptoms in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 41:493, 1978.

[14] 14. JOHN, E. R. - Assessment of acuity, color vision and shape perception by statistical evaluation of evoked potentials. Ann. Ophthal. 6:55, 1974.

[15] 15. JOHN, E. R. - Neurometries: Clinical Applications of Quantitative Electrophy-siology, Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, 1977.

[16] 16. JOHN, E. R.; BARTLETT, F.; SHIMOKOCHI, M. & KLEINMAN, D. - Neural readout from memory. J. Neurophysiol. 36:893, 1973.

[17] 17. KARRER, R. - Develogmental Psychophysiology of Mental Retardation. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Illinois), 1976.

[18] 18. KORNHUBER, H. H. & DEECXE, L. - Hirnpotentiallanderungen bei Willktirbe-wegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reaffereiite Potentiale. Pfltigers Arch. ges. Physiol. 284:1, 1965.

[19] 19. LICKET, M. E. & FOX, S. S. - Localization and habituation of sensory evoked DC responses in cat cortex. Exp. Neurol. 15:437, 1966.

[20] 20. LIPTON, M. A.; DIMASCIO, A. & KILLAM, K. F. - Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, 1978.

[21] 21. LOLAS, F. - Event-related solw brain potentials, cognitive processes, and alexi-thymia. Psychother. Peychosom. 30:116, 1978.

[22] 22. LOLAS, F. & DE ANDRACA, I. - NeurOticism, extraversion and solw brain potentials. Neuropsychobiology 3:12, 1977.

[23] 23. LOLAS, F.; DE LA PARRA, G. & GRAMEGNA, G. - Event-related slow potential (ERSP) correlates of thyroid gland function level. Psychosom, Med. 40:226, 1978.

[24] 24. LOLAS, F. & DE LA PARRA, G. - Rasgo y estado en la investigación psico-fisiológica. Arch. Med. Biol. Exper. 11:194, 1978.

[25] 25. LOLAS, F. & GARCIA, H. - Potenciales cerebrales ligados a la estimulaciôn visual: inversion de pattern y flash. Acta Neurol. Latinoam. 23:155, 1977.

[26] 26. LOLAS, F. & HOEPPNER, T. - Brainstem auditory evoked response: clinical perspectives and normative data. Acta Neurol. Latino-am. 23:175, 1977.

[27] 27. LOLAS, F. & HOEPPNER, T. - El potencial evocado por inversion de pattern y la sintomatologia visual en la esclerosis multiple. Rev. Méd. Chile 106:581, 1978.

[28] 28. LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HANUY, T. - Potenciales lentos corticales y contenido infor-macional del estímulo. In S. Bloch & R. Aneiros (Eds.) - Psicobiologia del Aprendizaje, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Chile, 1973.

[29] 29. LOW, M. D.; BORDA, R. P.; FROST, J. D. & KELLAWAY, P. - Surface-negative, slow-potential shift associated with conditioning in man. Neurology (Minneapolis) 16:771, 1966.

[30] 30. MARCZYNSKI, T. J.; YORK, J. L.; ALLEN, S. L.; RICK, J. H. & SHERRY, C. J. - Steady potential correlates of positive reinforcement and sleep onset in the cat: reward contingent positive variation (RCPV). Brain Res. 26:305, 1971.

[31] 31. McADAM, D. W. & SEALES, D. M. - Bereitschaftspotential enhancement with increased level of motivation. Electroenceph. clin. Neuro-physiol. 27:73, 1969.

[32] 32. MONETA, M. E.; LOLAS, F. & PINTO-HAMUY, T. - Response variables and motor slow cortical potentials (SCP) during performance of learned movements in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Neuropsychologia 12:477, 1974.

[33] 33. O'LEARY, J. & GOLDRING, S. - DC potentials of the brain. Physiol. Rev. 44:91, 1964.

[34] 34. PINTO-HAMUY, T. & LOLAS, F. - Algunos procesos eléctricos corticales conduc-tualmente relevantes. I Congreso Latinoamericano de Psicobiología, Resumenes de Comunicaciones, São Paulo, Brasil, pp. 84-85, 1973.

[35] 35. PORJESZ, B. & BEGLEITER, H. - The effects of stimulus expectancy on evoked brain potentials. Psychophysiology 12:152, 1975.

[36] 36. REGAN, D. - Evoked Potentials in Psychology, Sensory Physiology and Clinical Medicine, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1972.

[37] 37. RITTER. W. & VAUGHAN, H. C. - Averaged evoked responses in vigilance and discrimination: a reassessment. Science (New York) 164:326, 1969.

[38] 38. SHAGASS, C. - Evoked Brain Potentials in Psychiatry. Plenum Press, New York, 1972.

[39] 39. SHAGASS, C. - Evoked potentials in psychopathology and psychiatric treatment. In N. Burch & H. L. Altshuler (Eds.) - Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity, Plenum Press, New York, 1976.

[40] 40. SHAGASS, C. - Twisted thoughts, twisted brain waves?. In C. Shagass, S. Gershon & A. J. Friedhoff (Eds.) - Psychopathology and Brain Dysfunction, Raven Press, New York, 1977.

[41] 41. SQUIRES, K. C. & DONCHIN, E. - Beyond averaging: the use of discriminant functions to recognize event-related potentials elicited by single auditory stimuli. Electroenceph. cKn. Neurophysiol. 41:449, 1976.

[42] 42. SUTTON, S.; BRAREN, M.; ZUBIN, J. & JOHN, E. R. - Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science (New York) 150:1187, 1965.

[43] 43. SUTTON, S. & TUETING, P. - Evoked potentials and diagnosis. In R. L. Spitzer and D. F. Klein (Eds.) - Critical Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis. Raven Press, New York, 1978.

[44] 44. SUTTON, S.; TUETING, P.; ZUBIN, J. & JOHN, E. R. - Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential. Science (New York) 155:1436, 1967.

[45] 45. TEOCE, J. J. - Contingent negative variation (CNV) and psychological processes in man. Psychol. Bull. 77:73, 1972.

[46] 46. VAUGHAN, H. G. - The relationship of brain activity to scalp recordings of event-related potentials. In E. Donchin, & D. B. Lindreley (Eds.) - Averaged Evoked Potentials, NASA SP-191, Washington DC, 1969.

[47] 47. WALTER, W. G.; COOPER, R.; ALDRIDGE, V. J.; McCALLUM, W. C. & WINTER, A. L. - Contingent negative variation: an electrical sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature (London) 203:380, 1964.

[48] 48. WALTER, W. G. - Slow potential changes in the human brain associated with expectancy, decision and intention. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26: 123, 1967.

[49] 49. WEINBERG, H.; WALTER, W. C; COOPER, R. & ALDRIDGE, V. J. - Emitted cerebral events. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 36:449, 1974.

Brasil

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Potenciales cerebrales ligados a eventos: clasification y uso clínico

Cerebral event-related potentials: classification and clinical use

Resúmenes

Fechas de Publicación