Occurrence of the alcoholic tolerance phenomenon and their relationships with daily frequency of ethanol doses and with the presence of an withdrawal interval, in an experimental model of alcoholism in rats

Cardeal, J. O.; Cavalheiro, E. A.

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1987000100001

Abstracts

In this paper we present the effects of the number of daily toxic doses of alcohol and of the duration of withdrawal period on alcohol tolerance in rats submitted to cycles of 21 doses each. It was observed that alcohol tolerance was increased in animals which received less number of alcohol doses by day and that some degree of tolerance can be detected even after a withdrawal interval of 15 days.

Os autores apresentam os resultados de estudo sobre as influências do número diário de doses intoxicantes da droga e da presença de intervalo de abstinência, sobre a tolerância alcoólica em ratos submetidos a ciclos de 21 doses. Observou-se que o aumento da tolerância foi mais acentuado nos animais que receberam menor número diário de doses, e que certo grau de tolerância pode ser detectado após um intervalo de abstinência de 15 dias.

Ocorrência do fenômeno de tolerância alcoólica e suas relações com a freqüência diária das doses de etanol e com a presença de um intervalo de abstinência, em um modelo experimental de alcoolismo em ratos

Occurrence of the alcoholic tolerance phenomenon and their relationships with daily frequency of ethanol doses and with the presence of an withdrawal interval, in an experimental model of alcoholism in rats

J. O. Cardeal; E. A. Cavalheiro

Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Disciplina de Neurologia Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina. Trabalho financiado pelo CNPq, FAPESP e FINEP

RESUMO

Os autores apresentam os resultados de estudo sobre as influências do número diário de doses intoxicantes da droga e da presença de intervalo de abstinência, sobre a tolerância alcoólica em ratos submetidos a ciclos de 21 doses. Observou-se que o aumento da tolerância foi mais acentuado nos animais que receberam menor número diário de doses, e que certo grau de tolerância pode ser detectado após um intervalo de abstinência de 15 dias.

SUMMARY

In this paper we present the effects of the number of daily toxic doses of alcohol and of the duration of withdrawal period on alcohol tolerance in rats submitted to cycles of 21 doses each. It was observed that alcohol tolerance was increased in animals which received less number of alcohol doses by day and that some degree of tolerance can be detected even after a withdrawal interval of 15 days.

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Full text available only in PDF format.

Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Disciplina de Neurología Clínica, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Caixa Postal 20265 - 01000, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.

1. ALKANA, R.L.; FINN, D.A. & MALCOLM, R.D. - The importance of experience in the development of tolerance to ethanol hypothermia. Life Sci. 32:2685, 1983.
2. CICERO, T.J. - Tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol: behavioral and neurobiological mechanism. In: M.A. Lipton et al. (eds.): Psychopharmocology, a Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, 1978, pg. 1613.
3. CICERO, T.J.; SNIDER, S.R.; PEREZ, V.J. & SWANSON, L.W. - Physical dependence on and tolerance to alcohol in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 6:191, 1971.
4. CORFIELD-SUMNER, P.K. & STOLERMAN, I.P. - Behavioral tolerance. In: D.E. Blackman & D.J. Sanger (eds.): Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology. Plenum Press, New York, 1978, pg. 401.
5. GALLAHER, E.J.; PARSONS, L.M. & GOLDSTEIN, D.B. - The rapid onset of tolerance to ataxic effects of ethanol in mice. Psychopharmacology 78 : 67, 1982.
6. HAWKINS, R.D.; KALANT, H. & KHANNA, J.M. - Effects of chronic intake of ethanol on rate of ethanol metabolism. Can. J. Physiol, Pharmacol. 44:241, 1966.
7. ISBELD, H.; FRASER, H.F.; WIKLER, A.; BELLEVILLE, R.E. & EISENMAN, A.J. - An experimental study of the etiology of «rum fits» and delirium tremens. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 16:1, 1955.
8. JELLINEK, E.M. - The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Hill House Press, New Haven, 1960.
9. JORGENSEN, H.A. & HOLE, K. - Learned tolerance to ethanol in the spinal cord. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 20:789, 1984.
10. KALANT, H - Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohols: effect on biological membranes. In: B. Kissin & M.M. Begleiter (eds.): The biology of alcoholism. Plenum Press; New York, 1971.
11. KALANT, H.; LeBLANC, A.E. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs. Pharmacol. Rev. 23:135, 1971.
12. KATER, R.M.H.; CARTJLLI, N. & IBER, F.L. - Differences in the rate of ethanol metabolism in recently drinking alcoholism and non-drinking subjects. A.mer. J. clin. Nutr. 22:1608, 1969.
13. KHANNA, J.M.; Le, A.D. & LeBLANC, A.E. - Reversal of tolerance to ethanol: a possible consequence of ethanol brain damage. Acta psychiatr. scand., suppl. 286: 129, 1980.
14. LeBLANC, A.E. & CAPPELL, H. - Tolerance as adaptation with behavior and parallels to other adaptive processes. In: K. Blun (ed.): Alcohol and Opiates, Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York, 1977, pg. 65.
15. LeBLANC, A.E.; GIBBINS, R.J. & KALANT, H. - Behavioural augmentation of tolerance to ethanol in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 30:117, 1973.
16. LeBLANC, A.E.; KALANT, H. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol by rat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 168:244, 1969.
17. LeBLANC, A.E.; KALANT H. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Acquisition and loss of behaviourally augmented tolerance to ethanol in the rat. Psychopharmacology 48: 153, 1976.
18. LIEBER, C.S. & DeCARLI, L.M. - Hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: in vitro characteristics and adaptive properties in vivo. J. biol. Chem. 245 : 2505, 1970.
19. LIEBER, C.S. & DeCARLI, L.M. - Ethanol dependence and tolerance: a nutritionally controlled experimental model in the rat. Res. Comm. chem. path. Pharm. 6:983, 1973.
20. MANN, R.E. & VOGEL-SPROTT, M. - Control of alcohol tolerance by reinforcement in nonalcoholics. Psychopharmacology 75:315, 1981.
21. MANSFIELD, J.G.; BENEDICT, R.S, & WOODS, S.C. - Response specificity of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol supports a learning interpretation. Psychopharmacology 79:94, 1983.
22. MENDELSON, J.H. - Experimentally induced chronic intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholics. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol, suppl. 2:1, 1964.
23. MISRA, P.S.; LEFÉVRE, A.; ISHII, H.; RUBIN, E. & LIEBER, C.S. - Increase of ethanol meprobamate and pentobarbital metabolism after chronic ethanol administration in man and rats. Amer. J. Med. 51:346, 1971.
24. NEWMAN, H.W. - Acute Alcohol Intoxication. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 1941.
25. TABAKOFF, B.; MELCHIOR, C.L. & HOFFMAN, P. - Factors in alcohol tolerance. Science 224:523, 1984.
26. TOBON, F. & MEZEI, E. - Effect of ethanol administration on hepatic ethanol and drugs-metabolizing enzymes and on rates of ethanol degradation. J. Lab. clin. Med. 77:110, 1971.
27. TROSHINA, A.E. - On the mechanism of habituation of the organism to alcohol. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol. 20:783, 1959.
28. VICTOR, A. & ADAMS, R.D. - The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. In H.H. Meritt & C.C. Hare (eds.): Metabolism and Toxic Diseases of the Nervous System. Williams & Williams, Baltimore, 1953.
29. WALLGREN, H. - Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of ethanol: effect on biological membranes. In J. Trémoliéres (ed.): International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Alcohols and Derivates. Pergamon Press, New York, 1970, vol. 1, pg. 161.
30. WALLGREN, H. & LINDBOHM, R. - Adaptation to ethanol in rats with special reference to brain tissue respiration. Biochem. Pharmacol. 8:423, 1961.
31. WENGER, J.R.; BERLIN, V. & WOODS, S.C. - Learned tolerance to the behaviorally disruptive effects of ethanol. Behav. Neurol. Biol. 28:418, 1980.
32. WENGER, J.R.; TIFFANY, T.M.; BOMBARDIER, C.; NICHOLLS, K. & WOODS, S.C. - Ethanol tolerance in the rat is learned. Science 213:575, 1981.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
22 June 2011
Date of issue
Mar 1987

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. ALKANA, R.L.; FINN, D.A. & MALCOLM, R.D. - The importance of experience in the development of tolerance to ethanol hypothermia. Life Sci. 32:2685, 1983.

[2] 2. CICERO, T.J. - Tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol: behavioral and neurobiological mechanism. In: M.A. Lipton et al. (eds.): Psychopharmocology, a Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, 1978, pg. 1613.

[3] 3. CICERO, T.J.; SNIDER, S.R.; PEREZ, V.J. & SWANSON, L.W. - Physical dependence on and tolerance to alcohol in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 6:191, 1971.

[4] 4. CORFIELD-SUMNER, P.K. & STOLERMAN, I.P. - Behavioral tolerance. In: D.E. Blackman & D.J. Sanger (eds.): Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology. Plenum Press, New York, 1978, pg. 401.

[5] 5. GALLAHER, E.J.; PARSONS, L.M. & GOLDSTEIN, D.B. - The rapid onset of tolerance to ataxic effects of ethanol in mice. Psychopharmacology 78 : 67, 1982.

[6] 6. HAWKINS, R.D.; KALANT, H. & KHANNA, J.M. - Effects of chronic intake of ethanol on rate of ethanol metabolism. Can. J. Physiol, Pharmacol. 44:241, 1966.

[7] 7. ISBELD, H.; FRASER, H.F.; WIKLER, A.; BELLEVILLE, R.E. & EISENMAN, A.J. - An experimental study of the etiology of «rum fits» and delirium tremens. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 16:1, 1955.

[8] 8. JELLINEK, E.M. - The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Hill House Press, New Haven, 1960.

[9] 9. JORGENSEN, H.A. & HOLE, K. - Learned tolerance to ethanol in the spinal cord. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 20:789, 1984.

[10] 10. KALANT, H - Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohols: effect on biological membranes. In: B. Kissin & M.M. Begleiter (eds.): The biology of alcoholism. Plenum Press; New York, 1971.

[11] 11. KALANT, H.; LeBLANC, A.E. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs. Pharmacol. Rev. 23:135, 1971.

[12] 12. KATER, R.M.H.; CARTJLLI, N. & IBER, F.L. - Differences in the rate of ethanol metabolism in recently drinking alcoholism and non-drinking subjects. A.mer. J. clin. Nutr. 22:1608, 1969.

[13] 13. KHANNA, J.M.; Le, A.D. & LeBLANC, A.E. - Reversal of tolerance to ethanol: a possible consequence of ethanol brain damage. Acta psychiatr. scand., suppl. 286: 129, 1980.

[14] 14. LeBLANC, A.E. & CAPPELL, H. - Tolerance as adaptation with behavior and parallels to other adaptive processes. In: K. Blun (ed.): Alcohol and Opiates, Neurochemical and Behavioral Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York, 1977, pg. 65.

[15] 15. LeBLANC, A.E.; GIBBINS, R.J. & KALANT, H. - Behavioural augmentation of tolerance to ethanol in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 30:117, 1973.

[16] 16. LeBLANC, A.E.; KALANT, H. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol by rat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 168:244, 1969.

[17] 17. LeBLANC, A.E.; KALANT H. & GIBBINS, R.J. - Acquisition and loss of behaviourally augmented tolerance to ethanol in the rat. Psychopharmacology 48: 153, 1976.

[18] 18. LIEBER, C.S. & DeCARLI, L.M. - Hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: in vitro characteristics and adaptive properties in vivo. J. biol. Chem. 245 : 2505, 1970.

[19] 19. LIEBER, C.S. & DeCARLI, L.M. - Ethanol dependence and tolerance: a nutritionally controlled experimental model in the rat. Res. Comm. chem. path. Pharm. 6:983, 1973.

[20] 20. MANN, R.E. & VOGEL-SPROTT, M. - Control of alcohol tolerance by reinforcement in nonalcoholics. Psychopharmacology 75:315, 1981.

[21] 21. MANSFIELD, J.G.; BENEDICT, R.S, & WOODS, S.C. - Response specificity of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol supports a learning interpretation. Psychopharmacology 79:94, 1983.

[22] 22. MENDELSON, J.H. - Experimentally induced chronic intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholics. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol, suppl. 2:1, 1964.

[23] 23. MISRA, P.S.; LEFÉVRE, A.; ISHII, H.; RUBIN, E. & LIEBER, C.S. - Increase of ethanol meprobamate and pentobarbital metabolism after chronic ethanol administration in man and rats. Amer. J. Med. 51:346, 1971.

[24] 24. NEWMAN, H.W. - Acute Alcohol Intoxication. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 1941.

[25] 25. TABAKOFF, B.; MELCHIOR, C.L. & HOFFMAN, P. - Factors in alcohol tolerance. Science 224:523, 1984.

[26] 26. TOBON, F. & MEZEI, E. - Effect of ethanol administration on hepatic ethanol and drugs-metabolizing enzymes and on rates of ethanol degradation. J. Lab. clin. Med. 77:110, 1971.

[27] 27. TROSHINA, A.E. - On the mechanism of habituation of the organism to alcohol. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol. 20:783, 1959.

[28] 28. VICTOR, A. & ADAMS, R.D. - The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. In H.H. Meritt & C.C. Hare (eds.): Metabolism and Toxic Diseases of the Nervous System. Williams & Williams, Baltimore, 1953.

[29] 29. WALLGREN, H. - Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of ethanol: effect on biological membranes. In J. Trémoliéres (ed.): International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Alcohols and Derivates. Pergamon Press, New York, 1970, vol. 1, pg. 161.

[30] 30. WALLGREN, H. & LINDBOHM, R. - Adaptation to ethanol in rats with special reference to brain tissue respiration. Biochem. Pharmacol. 8:423, 1961.

[31] 31. WENGER, J.R.; BERLIN, V. & WOODS, S.C. - Learned tolerance to the behaviorally disruptive effects of ethanol. Behav. Neurol. Biol. 28:418, 1980.

[32] 32. WENGER, J.R.; TIFFANY, T.M.; BOMBARDIER, C.; NICHOLLS, K. & WOODS, S.C. - Ethanol tolerance in the rat is learned. Science 213:575, 1981.