Considerações sobre as relações neurais e etológicas na avaliação das alterações do controle motor: I. Substratos neurais da motricidade

Garcia-Cairasco, Norberto

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1989000200007

Resumos

O movimento é a expressão final da ativação harmônica de múltiplos sistemas cerebrais e musculares. Na natureza ele medeia respostas primárias de profundo valor adaptativo como a reprodução, predação e fuga, entre outras. A descrição dos movimentos como atos ou padrões motores correspondeu inicialmente à Etologia. Com o avanço nas Neurociências, hoje é proposta abordagem neuroetológica para a pesquisa nesta área. Quando se apresentam disfunções do movimento, praticamente os mesmos sistemas musculares e cerebrais são utilizados, só que de maneira aberrante, tanto no tempo quanto no espaço. Nesta revisão são ilustrados os principais sistemas envolvidos no controle motor normal, particularmente córtex, gânglios basais, cerebelo, tronco cerebral, medula, periferia muscular receptora e efetora.

Movement is the final expression of the harmonius activation of multiple brain and muscle systems. In nature, movement measures primary responses of profound adaptative value such as reproduction, predation and flight, among others. The description of movements as motor acts or patterns was first the task of Ethology. With the recent advances in the Neurosciences, a neuroethological approach is proposed today for research in this area. When dysfunctions in motion occur, practically the same brain and muscle systems are utilized, but in an aberrant manner both in time and space. In the present review, we illustrate the major systems involved in normal motor control, in particular the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, medulla, and receptor and effector muscle periphery.

Considerações sobre as relações neurais e etológicas na avaliação das alterações do controle motor: I. Substratos neurais da motricidade

Neural and ethological considerations on the evaluation of motor control dysfunction: I. Neural substrates of motricity

Norberto Garcia-Cairasco

Laboratório de Neurofisiologia e Neuroetologia Experimental, Disciplina de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

RESUMO

O movimento é a expressão final da ativação harmônica de múltiplos sistemas cerebrais e musculares. Na natureza ele medeia respostas primárias de profundo valor adaptativo como a reprodução, predação e fuga, entre outras. A descrição dos movimentos como atos ou padrões motores correspondeu inicialmente à Etologia. Com o avanço nas Neurociências, hoje é proposta abordagem neuroetológica para a pesquisa nesta área. Quando se apresentam disfunções do movimento, praticamente os mesmos sistemas musculares e cerebrais são utilizados, só que de maneira aberrante, tanto no tempo quanto no espaço. Nesta revisão são ilustrados os principais sistemas envolvidos no controle motor normal, particularmente córtex, gânglios basais, cerebelo, tronco cerebral, medula, periferia muscular receptora e efetora.

SUMMARY

Movement is the final expression of the harmonius activation of multiple brain and muscle systems. In nature, movement measures primary responses of profound adaptative value such as reproduction, predation and flight, among others. The description of movements as motor acts or patterns was first the task of Ethology. With the recent advances in the Neurosciences, a neuroethological approach is proposed today for research in this area. When dysfunctions in motion occur, practically the same brain and muscle systems are utilized, but in an aberrant manner both in time and space. In the present review, we illustrate the major systems involved in normal motor control, in particular the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, medulla, and receptor and effector muscle periphery.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Agradecimentos - A Silvia M. Nishida, João Pereira Leite e Maria Carolina Doretto, pela leitura crítica e comentários ao manuscrito. A Denise de Paula Hussar, pelo excelente trabalho datilográfico.

Este trabalho é a primeira parte de estudo baseado em conferência apresentada na mesa redonda «Modelos Neurobiológicos para o Estudo do Comportamento», no V Encontro de Etologia (Jaboticabal. SP, Brasil, 1 a 3 de outubro de 1987).

Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP - 14049 Ribeirão Preto SP - Brasil

1. Bandler R, DePaulis A, Vergnes M - Identification of midbrain neurones mediating defensive behavior in the rat by microinjections of excitatory amino acids. Behav Brain Res 15: 107, 1985.
2. Cahmi JM - Neuroethology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1984.
3. DiDomenico R, Eaton RC - A neuroethological concept of command. Brain Behav Evol 1986, in press.
4. Eaton RC, DiDomenico R - Command and the neural causation of behavior: a theoretical analysis of the necessity and suficiency paradigm. Brain Behav Evol 27: 134, 1985.
5. Ewert JP - Neuroethology: An Introduction to the Neurophysiological Fundamentals of Behaviour (Translation of the German Edition of 1976). Springer, Berlin, 1980.
6. Ewert JP - Concepts in vertebrate neuroethology. Anim Behav 33:1, 1985.
7. Fentress JC - The analysis of behavioral networks. In Ewert JP, Capranica RR, Ingle DJ (eds): Advances in Vertebrate Neuroethology. Plenum, New York, 1983.
8. Fentress JC - Ethology and the neural sciences. In Campan It, Zayan R (eds): Relevance of Models and Theories in Ethology. Privat, Toulouse, 1986.
9. Garcia Rill E, Skinner RD, Fitzgerald JA - Chemical activation of the mesensephalic locomotor region. Brain Res 330:43, 1986.
10. Garcia Rill E - The basal ganglia and the locomotor regions. Brain Res Rev 11:47, 1986.
11. Grillner S, Zangger P - How detailed is the central pattern generator for locomotion? Brain Res 88:367, 1975.
12. Grillner S - Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In Brooks VB (ed): Handbook of Physiology, Sect 1, Vol 2. The Nervous System, Motor Control. Am Physiol Soc. Waverly, Maryland, 1981, pg 1179.
13. Grillner S - Neurobiological bases of rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates. Science 228: 143, 1985.
14. Grillner S, Wallen P - Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Ann Rev Neurosci 8: 233, 1985.
15. Guthrie DM - Neuroethology. Blackwell, London, 1980.
16. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH - Principles of Neural Sciences. Elsevier North Holland, New York, 1985.
17. Kornhuber HH - Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia: an introduction to their motor functions. In Schmith, Worden (eds): The Neuroscience. Thd Study Program. Massachusetts, 1974, pg 267.
18. Kupfermann I, Weiss RW - The command neuron concept. Behav Brain Sci 1:3, 1978.
19. Lidsky TI, Manetto C, Schneider JS - A consideration of sensory factors involved in motor functions of the basal ganglia. Brain Res Rev 9:133, 1985.
20. Lorenz K - The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symposia Soc Exper Biology, IV. Cambridge. 1950.
21. Luria AR - Las Funciones Corticales Superiores del Hombre. Ed Científico-Técnica, La Habana, 1982.
22. Mogenson GJ - Limbic-motor integration. In Epstein AN, Morrison AR (eds): Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. Vol 12. Academic Press, New York, 1987.
23. Nolen TG, Hoy RR - Initiation of behavior by single neurons: the role of behavioral context. Science 226: 992, 1984.
24. Noiton S - The study of sequences of motor behavior. In Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds): Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology. Handbook of Psychophar-macology, Vol 7. Plenum Press, New York, 1977.
25. Olson GC, Krasne FB - The crayfish lateral giants as command neurons for escape behavior. Brain Res 214:89, 1981.
26. Selverston AI - Are central pattern generators understandable ? Behav Brain Sci 3:535, 1980.
27. Sinnamon HM - Glutamate and picrotoxin injections into the preoptic basal forebrain initiate locomotion in the anesthetized rat. Brain Res 400:270, 1987.
28. Skiner RD, Garcia Rill E - The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the rat. Brain Res 323:385, 1984.
29. Sparks DL, Nelson JS - Sensory and motor maps in the mammalian superior colliculus. TINS 10:312, 1987.
30. Sperry RW - Mind-brain interaction: mentalism, yes; dualism, no. Neuroscience 5: 195, 1980.
31. Szentágothai J - The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: a functional interpretation. Proc R Soc Lond B 201: 219, 1978.
32. Villablanca JR, Olmstead CE - The striatum: a fine tuner of the brain. Acta Neurobiol Exp 42: 227, 1982.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
06 Jun 2011
Data do Fascículo
Jun 1989

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Bandler R, DePaulis A, Vergnes M - Identification of midbrain neurones mediating defensive behavior in the rat by microinjections of excitatory amino acids. Behav Brain Res 15: 107, 1985.

[2] 2. Cahmi JM - Neuroethology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1984.

[3] 3. DiDomenico R, Eaton RC - A neuroethological concept of command. Brain Behav Evol 1986, in press.

[4] 4. Eaton RC, DiDomenico R - Command and the neural causation of behavior: a theoretical analysis of the necessity and suficiency paradigm. Brain Behav Evol 27: 134, 1985.

[5] 5. Ewert JP - Neuroethology: An Introduction to the Neurophysiological Fundamentals of Behaviour (Translation of the German Edition of 1976). Springer, Berlin, 1980.

[6] 6. Ewert JP - Concepts in vertebrate neuroethology. Anim Behav 33:1, 1985.

[7] 7. Fentress JC - The analysis of behavioral networks. In Ewert JP, Capranica RR, Ingle DJ (eds): Advances in Vertebrate Neuroethology. Plenum, New York, 1983.

[8] 8. Fentress JC - Ethology and the neural sciences. In Campan It, Zayan R (eds): Relevance of Models and Theories in Ethology. Privat, Toulouse, 1986.

[9] 9. Garcia Rill E, Skinner RD, Fitzgerald JA - Chemical activation of the mesensephalic locomotor region. Brain Res 330:43, 1986.

[10] 10. Garcia Rill E - The basal ganglia and the locomotor regions. Brain Res Rev 11:47, 1986.

[11] 11. Grillner S, Zangger P - How detailed is the central pattern generator for locomotion? Brain Res 88:367, 1975.

[12] 12. Grillner S - Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods and fish. In Brooks VB (ed): Handbook of Physiology, Sect 1, Vol 2. The Nervous System, Motor Control. Am Physiol Soc. Waverly, Maryland, 1981, pg 1179.

[13] 13. Grillner S - Neurobiological bases of rhythmic motor acts in vertebrates. Science 228: 143, 1985.

[14] 14. Grillner S, Wallen P - Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Ann Rev Neurosci 8: 233, 1985.

[15] 15. Guthrie DM - Neuroethology. Blackwell, London, 1980.

[16] 16. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH - Principles of Neural Sciences. Elsevier North Holland, New York, 1985.

[17] 17. Kornhuber HH - Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia: an introduction to their motor functions. In Schmith, Worden (eds): The Neuroscience. Thd Study Program. Massachusetts, 1974, pg 267.

[18] 18. Kupfermann I, Weiss RW - The command neuron concept. Behav Brain Sci 1:3, 1978.

[19] 19. Lidsky TI, Manetto C, Schneider JS - A consideration of sensory factors involved in motor functions of the basal ganglia. Brain Res Rev 9:133, 1985.

[20] 20. Lorenz K - The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symposia Soc Exper Biology, IV. Cambridge. 1950.

[21] 21. Luria AR - Las Funciones Corticales Superiores del Hombre. Ed Científico-Técnica, La Habana, 1982.

[22] 22. Mogenson GJ - Limbic-motor integration. In Epstein AN, Morrison AR (eds): Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. Vol 12. Academic Press, New York, 1987.

[23] 23. Nolen TG, Hoy RR - Initiation of behavior by single neurons: the role of behavioral context. Science 226: 992, 1984.

[24] 24. Noiton S - The study of sequences of motor behavior. In Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds): Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology. Handbook of Psychophar-macology, Vol 7. Plenum Press, New York, 1977.

[25] 25. Olson GC, Krasne FB - The crayfish lateral giants as command neurons for escape behavior. Brain Res 214:89, 1981.

[26] 26. Selverston AI - Are central pattern generators understandable ? Behav Brain Sci 3:535, 1980.

[27] 27. Sinnamon HM - Glutamate and picrotoxin injections into the preoptic basal forebrain initiate locomotion in the anesthetized rat. Brain Res 400:270, 1987.

[28] 28. Skiner RD, Garcia Rill E - The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the rat. Brain Res 323:385, 1984.

[29] 29. Sparks DL, Nelson JS - Sensory and motor maps in the mammalian superior colliculus. TINS 10:312, 1987.

[30] 30. Sperry RW - Mind-brain interaction: mentalism, yes; dualism, no. Neuroscience 5: 195, 1980.

[31] 31. Szentágothai J - The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: a functional interpretation. Proc R Soc Lond B 201: 219, 1978.

[32] 32. Villablanca JR, Olmstead CE - The striatum: a fine tuner of the brain. Acta Neurobiol Exp 42: 227, 1982.