Household task demands for quiet and focused behavior facilitate performance by ADHD youth

Demandas de tarefas domésticas por comportamento quieto e focado facilitam o desempenho de jovens com TDAH

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the associations among symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents’ performance in household tasks and assistance provided by caregivers. Parents of children from 6 to 14 years old with ADHD (n = 67) were interviewed with the Children Helping Out: Responsibilities, Expectations, and Supports (CHORES) instrument. Significant correlations were found between symptoms of ODD and assistance in self-care tasks (r = −0.31; p = 0.01); symptoms of hyperactivity correlated with assistance in self-care (r = −0.30, p = 0.01); and family-care (r = −0.25, p = 0.04) tasks. Age was directly associated with the number of tasks performed by children and inversely related to the assistance provided by caregivers. A greater number of ODD symptoms resulted in more household assistance from caregivers. Characteristics of ODD symptoms, such as disobedience and hostility in the face of authority, may limit these children in accessing household tasks by their own initiative, requiring assistance from caregivers.

environment; behavior; attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; caregivers

RESUMO

Este estudo avaliou transversalmente a correlação entre sintomas de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e de oposição com desempenho de crianças e adolescentes nas tarefas domésticas e assistência disponibilizada pelos cuidadores. Pais de crianças e adolescentes com TDAH (n = 67), de 6 a 14 anos, foram entrevistados com o children helping out: responsibilities, expectations and supports (CHORES). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre sintomas de oposição e assistência em cuidado próprio (r = -0,31; p = 0,01) e de hiperatividade com assistência em cuidado próprio (r = -0,30, p = 0,01) e em cuidado familiar (r = -0,25, p = 0,04). Idade está diretamente correlacionada ao número de tarefas desempenhadas pela criança e inversamente associada à assistência disponibilizada pelos cuidadores. Maior número de sintomas de oposição resultou em maior assistência disponibilizada. Características dos sintomas de oposição, como a desobediência e hostilidade frente às autoridades, são limitantes para que essas crianças acessem as tarefas por iniciativa própria, demandando maior assistência dos cuidadores.

meio ambiente; comportamento; transtorno do deficit de atenção com hiperatividade; cuidadores

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous condition associated with functional impact on several dimensions of a child’s life¹. This heterogeneity may be partially explained by the diversity of symptoms contributing to clinical presentations with distinct functional compromise²,³. ADHD is characterized by variable degrees of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattentive symptoms, affecting children’s participation in school and in their household routine⁴.

In school, children with ADHD usually exhibit worse academic performance than children developing typically³,⁵. In addition, individuals with ADHD show difficulties in interpersonal relationships and emotional-behavioral control and often have low self-esteem¹,⁶. Psychiatric comorbidities affect almost 70% of individuals with ADHD and account for increases in the long-term complexity of ADHD⁷.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is frequently preceded by and associated with ADHD. ODD includes a pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward any authority figure⁸,⁹. Thus, it negatively affects the condition’s course and prognosis, family dynamics, and the child or adolescent’s academic and social functioning¹⁰,¹¹,¹². ODD increases the risk of conduct disorder and of antisocial personality disorder¹³ and thus, it is essential to account for ODD symptoms in ADHD research.

The household environment is a primary reference context for children, where the presence of ADHD leads to significant functional disturbances. Dunn and collaborators¹⁴ showed that ADHD children were more dependent in performing household tasks than children developing typically, although children with ADHD performed a similar number of household tasks compared with their typical peers. These authors also observed that ADHD diagnosis along with age, the presence of an older sibling, the importance parents give to the child’s involvement in family routine, and the parents’ level of stress were predictors of the number of tasks performed by children and of the type of assistance provided by their parents for their household task performance. The home environment encompasses rich and intense parent–child interactive routines around the engagement in and performance of household chores; thus, it is likely to be sensitive to the course of ADHD and ODD. Uncovering the impact of ADHD and ODD symptoms on the functional profiles of children’s household engagement may help shed light onto the functional manifestations of these disorders.

Till date, the impact of ADHD on household participation has traditionally been investigated by comparing ADHD children with children developing typically. Such an investigative strategy has provided evidence on comparative profiles of children with and without ADHD. However, ADHD is known to be a heterogeneous condition with a wide variation in the clinical presentation, presence and course of symptoms, and associated comorbidities; thus, distinct functional profiles within this group of children are possible¹⁵,¹⁶. Understanding how ADHD’s different characteristics interact with and impact on the participation of children and adolescents in household tasks may contribute to the diagnostic process as well as help to guide clinical diagnostic and intervention procedures aimed towards this population in a more predictive manner (i.e., a quantitative/dimensional approach)¹⁷. In addition, the present study increased the age range that has been investigated so far, including children with ADHD from 6 to 14 years of age, thus adding to the age range from previous studies that included children and adolescents from 9 to 11 years of age.

The objective of this study was to assess the association between symptoms (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional and defiant behaviors) and potential confounders, such as age, gender, and intelligence, with ADHD children’s performance in household tasks, as well as with the amount of caregiver assistance provided. This study also sought to identify predictive factors of ADHD children’s participation in household tasks.

METHOD

Participants

Participants who attended the child psychiatry university outpatient clinic were recruited by convenience and included in the study according to the following criteria: age between 6 and 14 years, a medical diagnosis of ADHD, and a percentile of at least 10% in the Raven’s progressive matrices test of intelligence (Raven’s CP)¹⁸. All participants had recently started drug treatment (within no more than one month). Two subjects were excluded because they had history of seizures (n = 1) and associated head trauma (n = 1).

The study sample consisted of a group of 67 children and adolescents with ADHD and their parents or caregivers. They were divided into two age groups (6 to 10 years and 11 to 14 years). Participants’ characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of the sample (n =67).

Characteristic	Frequency and (percent)
ADHD children
Age (years)
6–10	47 (70)
11–14	20 (30)
Sex
Male	54 (81)
Female	13 (19)
SES
B	20 (30)
C	45 (67)
D	02 (03)
Caregivers
Respondents
Mother	51(76)
Father	5(7)
Grandmother	11(16)
Schooling
Elementary	3(4)
High school	30(44)
Undergraduate	4(5)
Age (years)*	43(12)

• ADHD: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; SES: family socioeconomic status; *numbers indicate mean and (standard deviation).

Regarding the sample’s clinical characteristics, 30 children (44.7%) had a mental disorder other than ADHD. Of these children, 21 (33.3%) had ODD, seven (10.4%) had anxiety disorders, one (1.4%) had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and four (5.9%) had hyperactivity. Regarding fluid intelligence, most children (n = 41) obtained a percentile over 50%. The mean values for the sum of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and ODD symptoms were 19.7 (SD = 4.8), 18.3 (SD = 5.9), and 11.9 (SD = 5.9), respectively.

Measures

All subjects were diagnosed according to the DSM-5¹⁹ criteria by an experienced pediatrician who was previously trained by a child psychiatrist. In order to guarantee consistency, examiners were tested and an agreement index of 98% was obtained. The diagnostic protocol included parent and child interviews with the Brazilian version of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children/present and lifetime version (KSADS-PL)²⁰, questionnaires to identify symptoms and their severity, neuropsychological tests, and clinical observations. The KSADS-PL was administered either by a child psychiatrist or by a resident (R4) with the diagnosis established by the combination between the results of the instrument (KSADS-PL) and the confirmatory interview conducted by the child psychiatrist.

The Brazilian version of Raven’s CPM¹⁸ is a well-established non-verbal test of inductive reasoning and often regarded as a good marker of general intelligence. A trained neuropsychologist administered this test on all participants.

Families’ socioeconomic level was classified by the criteria proposed by the Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Pesquisa²¹.

Parents completed the Brazilian version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham–version IV (SNAP-IV) for evaluation of their children’s ADHD symptoms²². This is a screening questionnaire for ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) that is based on the “A” criteria established by the DSM¹⁹. The scale includes 26 items separated into three subscales: inattention, hyperactivity/impulsiveness, and oppositional behavior. The items are scored on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all, 1 = just a little, 2 = quite a bit, and 3 = very much)²². Participants’ symptoms were characterized by the sum of items’ ratings for each subscale.

Children’s participation in household tasks was documented using the Brazilian version of the children helping out: responsibilities, expectations, and supports (CHORES) instrument²³. Parents and caregivers were interviewed with this 34-item structured questionnaire and provided information on the participation of their children and adolescents (ages 6 to 14 years) in household tasks, categorized into two subscales: self-care tasks and family-care tasks²³,²⁴. Self-care tasks refer to caring for own belongings and own needs, e.g., “puts away own clothes” and “makes self a snack.” Family-care tasks include caring for family needs and belongings, e.g., “brings in or puts away groceries,” “sets or clears the table,” and “prepares part of a cold meal for the family”²³. The performance and assistance scores for each task are added up, producing partial scores for the self-care and family-care subscales, as well as total scores. High performance scores suggest that the child performs a large number of household tasks; high assistance scores indicate self-initiated performance or greater independence in performing household tasks²³,²⁴,²⁵.

The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the CHORES showed indices of test-retest reliability greater than 0.90, illustrating strong consistency when administered within an interval up to 14 days²³,²⁵.

Procedures

The CHORES²⁴ and the criteria proposed by the Brazilian Criterion of Economic Classification²¹ were administered during participants’ visits to the child psychiatric outpatient clinic from the university hospital during an interview with parents, conducted by a single, previously trained examiner. The interviews lasted approximately 30 min.

This study is part of a research project entitled “Multidimensional assessment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” from the Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina (UFMG), which was approved by the University’s Ethics Review Committee (CAE: 02899412.9.0000.5149). All participants signed informed consent forms.

Data Analyses

Initial checking of the distributions was conducted to ensure that there were no violations of the assumptions of normality. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.

Frequency counts described participants according to their sociodemographic characteristics and fluid intelligence. Mean and standard deviation values summarized information on children’s symptoms. Pearson’s correlation coefficients tested bivariate associations between inattention, hyperactivity, ODD symptoms, and the descriptive variables (age and intelligence) with performance and assistance in self-care and family-care household tasks. Variables that showed significant associations with each of the outcomes were selected for the regression models. Finally, multiple regression analyses with stepwise selection tested the predictive strength of these variables with the household performance and assistance outcomes.

RESULTS

Association between symptoms and demographic features with children’s performance and caregiver assistance in self-care and family-care tasks

Age was associated with performance and with caregiver assistance in both self-care and family-care household tasks; older children performed more tasks and showed more independence in household tasks. Fluid intelligence was not associated with either participation outcomes. There were significant correlations between hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and assistance in self-care and in family-care tasks, and between ODD symptoms and assistance in self-care tasks. These coefficients were negative and of weak to moderate magnitude. Table 2 shows these associations.

Table 2
Pearson correlation coefficients describing the associations between symptoms, age, and fluid intelligence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) child’s performance in household tasks and assistance provided by caregivers.

Descriptive variables	PSC	PFC	ASC	AFC
Age	0.38*	0.26*	0.43*	0.25*
Fluid intelligence	-0.17	-0.22	-0.18	-0.20
AD	0.03	0.09	0,003	0.13
HI	-0.21	-0.23	-0.30*	-0.25*
OD	-0.23	-0.18	0.31*	-0.19

• PSC: performance in self-care tasks; PFC: performance in family-care tasks; ASC: assistance in self-care tasks; AFC: assistance in family-care tasks; AD: attention-deficit symptoms; HI: hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms; OD: oppositional symptoms; *significant correlation coefficient (p < 0.05).

Analyses by age showed significant correlations between hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and assistance provided in self-care tasks (r = −0.55; p = 0.011) only for the 11 to 14-year-old age group. In this same age group, ODD symptoms were negatively associated with performance (r = −0.49; p = 0.044), assistance in self-care tasks (r = −0.59; p = 0.006), and assistance in family-care tasks (r = −0.44; p = 0.049). Analyses by gender revealed significant correlations only in the male group. Table 3 shows the correlation coefficients for the boys with ADHD.

Table 3
Pearson correlation coefficients describing the associations between symptoms and performance of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in household tasks and assistance provided by caregivers.

Symptoms	PSC	PFC	ASC	AFC
AD	0.04	0.11	0.01	0.14
HI	-0.41*	-0.27*	-0.48*	-0.29*
OD	-0.36*	-0.20	-0.39*	-0.21

• PSC: performance in self-care tasks; PFC: performance in family-care tasks; ASC: assistance in self-care tasks; AFC: assistance in family-care tasks; AD: attention-deficit symptoms; HI: hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms; OD: oppositional symptoms; *significant correlation coefficient (p < 0.05).

Predictors of household participation in children with ADHD

ODD symptoms, but not ADHD symptoms, were predictive of assistance in self-care tasks. The higher the number of symptoms of ODD the higher is the assistance in self-care tasks among our participants with ADHD.

Regarding the importance among predictors of household participation, age was consistently present in all models (Table 4). Although hyperactivity-impulsivity showed a significant association with the outcomes in the preliminary bivariate analyses, its effect was not observed in the presence of other predictors.

Table 4
Predictive models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children’s household participation.

Predictive models of household participation	B	Error	VIF	p-value
PSC (R2 = 0.25, F = 10.76)				0.001
Age (years)	0.41	0.11	1.0	0.001
Gender	-2.12	0.71	1.0	0.004
PFC (R2 = 0.06, F = 4.59)				0.0001
Age (years)	0.25	0.12	1.0	0.036
ASC (R2 = 0.32, F = 10.19)				0.0001
Age (years)	2.26	0.55	1.003	0.0001
OD	-0.62	0.23	1.003	0.009
Gender	-8.18	3.45	1.001	0.021
AFC (R2 = 0.06, F = 4.43)				0.039
Age (years)	1.32	0.63	1.0	0.039

• B: Beta coefficient; VIF: variance inflation factor; PSC: performance in self-care tasks; PFC: performance in family-care tasks; ASC: assistance in self-care tasks; OD: oppositional symptoms; AFC: assistance in family-care tasks.

Variance inflation factor (VIF) values between 1.0 and 2.0 revealed an absence of multicollinearity problems in the different predictors selected by the models.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we observed that hyperactivity-impulsivity severity, but not inattention, was associated with increased parental assistance in both self-care and family-care task performance. Additionally, ODD symptoms were associated with higher assistance in self-care tasks among our participants with ADHD. However, the associations seemed to be moderated by age and gender, with stronger coefficients observed among older children with ADHD (11 to 14 years old) and boys. The children’s age was the strongest predictor of outcome in all models. These findings suggest that ADHD children’s participation in household tasks tends to ameliorate with age (i.e., performance in more tasks and higher independence observed in older children). These results are in agreement with previous studies conducted in children with ADHD, revealing a positive association between age and performance in self-care and family-care tasks; however, there was no correlation with assistance in household tasks. This difference could be explained by the inclusion of older children and adolescents (ages 11 to 14 years) in our study, while the samples from previous studies were restricted to 9- to 11-year-olds. The use of various types and/or amounts of assistance to accomplish household tasks seems to be an issue among older children and adolescents.

The role of ODD symptoms in household task participation is also worth noting. For children with ADHD, higher levels of ODD symptoms increased the assistance provided by caregivers in self-care tasks, even when taking age and gender into consideration. Engagement in household tasks is built on the daily parent-child relationships, which are influenced by their previous interactions, personalities, and preferences or expectations. While caregivers should allow children and adolescents to engage in household tasks and provide opportunities for their learning, children’s ability to accept an adult’s requests, orders, and/or guidance, as well as their readiness to start, continue, and repeat the domestic experiences that enable the construction of their independence, also play important roles¹⁴,²³,²⁶. Because ODD symptoms are characterized by negative, disobedient, and hostile behaviors toward authority figures⁸, they may restrict children from accessing household tasks by their own initiative, thus requiring more and sometimes constant assistance from their caregivers. It is possible that household task participation function as an indirect marker of the families that did or did not succeed in building an appropriate environment in which to engage their child with ADHD in the household routine.

Differently from the literature that reported school difficulties among children and adolescents with ADHD, our results showed that hyperactive-impulsive symptoms did not appear as relevant predictors of the household task participation models. This result could be explained by the relationship between these children and adolescents’ behaviors and the specificities of household tasks, which affect the type and amount of effort demanded to perform them²⁷. Hyperactivity is characterized by motor restlessness and difficulty in demonstrating focus and concentration to maintain task performance²². For instance, some household tasks require greater body movement and spatial displacement (i.e., sweeping, cleaning, and setting the table) than school tasks. It is possible that hyperactive symptoms do not restrict children and adolescents with ADHD from engaging in and performing such tasks. In addition, parents tend to maintain control of the household environment and the routine is less formal and structured than that of the school environment. The decreased demands for quiet and focused behavior from household tasks compared with school tasks may contribute to facilitating the performance by ADHD children and adolescents²⁸,²⁹.

Limitations

No participant from this study had been taking medication for ADHD for more than four weeks. Consequently, our results do not capture the impact of medication on these children’s engagement in household tasks. In addition, as most of our sample was derived from families of low-to-middle socioeconomic level, our results are restricted to household task participation typically observed in these socioeconomic classes. Investigations on the generalization of our results to higher SES families are warranted.

In conclusion, our study investigated how ADHD and ODD symptoms interact with and impact the participation of children and adolescents in household tasks. The role of such symptoms on household engagement by youth should be understood in combination with the characteristics of the family and home environment, which includes the types and quality of parent-child interactions, as well as the guidance and support provided by caregivers. In addition, the organization and structuring of the family’s daily routine, the types of task demands, and the consistency with which children’s and adolescents’ household engagement is required seem to help set the stage to foster and/or hinder their participation at home.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Human support for this study was provided by members of the Núcleo de Investigações sobre a Impulsividade e Atenção (NITIDA) and faculty from the Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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• Support: Financial support for this study was granted by the Brazilian government agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pesssoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and the Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) - LIM34 (Rehabilitation Sciences). Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil, supported the English translation.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  July 2016

History

• Received
  09 July 2015
• Reviewed
  05 Mar 2016
• Accepted
  18 Apr 2016