Validation of the Frenchay activity index on stroke victims

Validação do índice de atividades de Frenchay em indivíduos após AVC

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To evaluate the inter-rater reliability and predictive validity of the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) in patients after stroke.

Methods

One hundred sixty-one patients were selected for consecutive application of the FAI and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Spearman’s test was used for correlation between different scales. The FAI and NIHSS association was evaluated using ordinal logistic regression. Additionally, 36 patients underwent FAI rating on the same day by two independent evaluators.

Results

A negative correlation between the FAI and the NIHSS scores (p = 0.017 r = -0.22) was found. Adjusting all variables with possible association with the NIHSS, ordinal logistic regression showed that the FAI had a significant association with NIHSS scores (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99, p: 0.033). The inter-rater agreement was considered good, k = 0.66 (0.54 to 0.78), p < 0.001.

Conclusions

The FAI is a valid and useful method to assess instrumental activities before acute stroke in a Brazilian population.

stroke; activities of daily living; validation studies

RESUMO

Objetivo

Avaliar a confiabilidade inter-examinador e a validade preditiva do Índice de Atividades de Frenchay (FAI) em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral.

Métodos

161 pacientes foram selecionados para aplicação consecutiva da FAI e NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). O teste de Spearman foi utilizado para correlação entre as diferentes escalas. A associação FAI e NIHSS foi avaliada por meio de regressão logística ordinal. Adicionalmente, 36 pacientes foram submetidos à aplicação do FAI por dois avaliadores independentes, no mesmo dia.

Resultados

Foi encontrada uma correlação negativa entre o FAI e o NIHSS (r = -0,22; p = 0,017). Ajustando todas as variáveis com possível associação com NIHSS, a regressão logística ordinal demonstrou que o FAI tem associação significativa com o NIHSS (OR 0,93, 95% CI 0,87-0,99, p: 0,033). A concordância entre avaliadores foi considerada boa, k = 0,66 (0,54-0,78), p < 0,001.

Conclusões

FAI é um método válido e útil para avaliar atividades instrumentais antes de AVC agudo em uma população brasileira.

acidente vascular cerebral; atividades cotidianas; estudo de validação

Stroke, besides being an important cause of death, is the leading cause of severe disability and dependence, affecting activities of daily living (ADL)¹. According to a study conducted in Latin America, the proportion of stroke survivors requiring care varies between 20% and 39%. A significant proportion of these survivors have a moderate or severe disability and require the assistance of a caregiver, increased family support and resource utilization from the health system and other social institutions².

In recent years, different studies have evaluated the functional prognosis through determinants prior to disease or from the acute/subacute stroke phases³,⁴. Activities of the individual prior to stroke are identified as a factor that interferes with functional outcome after stroke. According to some authors, a previously active lifestyle, including physical and cognitive activities, can generate a protective effect after stroke⁵,⁶.

Among the pre-morbid activities that can be evaluated are the ADL, which are basic activities carried out by the individual, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), which are more elaborate and thus require higher cognition and interaction with the environment⁷. The Frenchay Activity Index (FAI) was developed to objectively assess instrumental activities performed by the patient in the recent past. Much of the FAI score is based on the frequency with which activities are performed. This evaluation focuses on domestic activities, work/leisure and outdoor activities. It is described as a fast, easy-to-use, reliable and sensitive instrument to measure functionality before and after the stroke, but it is not yet validated in Brazil⁸,⁹,¹⁰. Moreover, an association between the FAI and stroke severity on admission, has not been documented.

The aim of this study is to show the reproducibility and predictive validity of the FAI in patients after stroke.

METHODS

This is a study directed to the validation of the Frenchay Activity Index in a sample of the Brazilian population, with baseline data from a cohort. The sample comprised patients admitted to a public hospital in the city of Salvador, Brazil, with a diagnosis of stroke, who were functionally independent prior to stroke (individuals with a modified Barthel Index equal to 50) and age above 18 years. Stroke was defined as an acute focal neurological deficit, with a duration greater than 24 hours¹¹. The diagnosis of stroke was confirmed by CT and/or MRI, and included ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Exclusion criteria included: individuals who had difficulties understanding the evaluation or had no companion to answer questions; patients who were diagnosed with other neurological or orthopedic pathologies associated with functional impairment; and those who refused to participate in the research. This study was approved by the local ethics committee and all participants provided a signed informed consent.

We initially evaluated 198 patients, with 37 exclusions (five were stroke mimics, two were diagnosed with a second stroke episode after admission into the study and 30 did not undergo a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) assessment upon admission). Thus, a total of 161 patients were analyzed (Figure 1). Individuals participating in the study had a mean age of 57 ± 17.0 years, 69% female. The majority of the cohort comprised individuals with low education (50% with lower secondary education level and 19% illiterate); African-American ethnicity (84%); and low-income (65% ≤ 1 minimum wage).

Figure 1
Flowchart of patients in the study.

Previously-trained investigators applied the scales through structured interviews with the patient or family member, if the patient had aphasia or reduction in the level of consciousness, at the emergency, inpatient or stroke unit. Predictive validity was assessed by association between the FAI and NIHSS scores, sequentially applied in the period of hospital admission after the signs and symptoms of the acute event, from July 2011 to April 2013. To check inter-rater agreement of the Frenchay Activity Index, this scale was applied by two investigators, on the same day, but on different shifts, in a sample of consecutive patients admitted between October and December 2012.

Tool description

The FAI was used to assess IADL three and six months before the stroke. It consists of 15 items measuring complex activities in the categories of domestic activity, work/leisure and outdoor activity⁹. The FAI score is based on the frequency with which activities were performed in the previous three or six months, ranging from 0 (inactive) to 45 (very active) and can be classified as: 0 –15 = inactive; 16–30 = moderately active, and 31–45 = very active¹². The cutoff ≥ 18 was used as a predictor of mild disability after stroke¹³.

Stroke severity was measured by the NIHSS, which establishes a quantitative evaluation of the severity of neurological disability by assessing the level of consciousness, language, neglect, visual field loss, extraocular movements, muscle strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. The higher the score, the more severe the stroke¹⁴. For the present study, we categorized the NIHSS scores into quartiles (0–1, 2–7, 8–13, 14–39).

The modified Barthel Index assesses the functional capacity of patients through quantification of daily activities. Its validity and inter-rater reliability have previously been established. The score ranges from 10 (completely dependent) to 50 (independent) and is classified as follows: 10 = completely dependent; 11 to 30 = severely dependent; 31 to 45 = moderately dependent; 46 to 49 = mildly dependent; and 50 = independent¹⁵.

Statistical analysis

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Spearman’s test was used to correlate scores from different scales. Analysis to measure inter-rater agreement was performed using the kappa coefficient on the total FAI score, considering a cutoff ≥ 18, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the analysis of continuous variables on the total score and the three FAI categories (domestic activity, work/leisure and outdoor activity), defining the degree of association as follows: poor association when < 0.20; weak association from 0.21 to 0.40; moderate from 0.41 to 0.60; good from 0.61 to 0.80 and excellent when ≥ 0.80¹⁶. We used univariable ordinal regression to check which variables are associated with hospital admission NIHSS scores, selecting all variables with a possible association (p < 0.2) with the NIHSS quartiles for inclusion in a model using ordinal logistic regression. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). For the final ordinal logistic regression model, we tested the proportional odds assumption with a likelihood ratio test using STATA software.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the sociodemographic, clinical and functional data. We found a negative correlation between the FAI and stroke severity (NIHSS) (r = - 0.226, p = 0.004) (Figure 2). The univariable ordinal regression showed that the variables: age, gender, education, diabetes, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, alcohol consumption and the FAI were possibly associated with admission NIHSS scores (p < 0.2) (Table 2). Adjusting for all variables with a possible association with the NIHSS, the FAI remained a significant independent predictor of the NIHSS score (OR 0.93 per 1 point increase, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99, p = 0.033) (Table 3). The model was found to be appropriate through proportional odds testing (p = 0.329).

Table 1
Description of sociodemographic, clinical and functional variables of the studied population.

Variables	Patients (n = 161)
Age mean (SD)	57.3 (17.0)
Gender: Female n (%)	111 (68.9)
Ethnicity n (%)
African-American	135 (83.8)
White	17 (10.6)
Others	9 (5.6)
Education n (%)
Illiterate	31 (19.3)
Elementary School	80 (49.7)
High School	40 (24.8)
Others	10 (6.2)
Income ≤ 1 minimum wage n (%)	105 (65.2)
Ischemic stroke n (%)	98 (60.9)
NHISS score median (IQ)	8 (2–15)
Comorbidities n (%)
Hypertension	129 (80.1)
Diabetes	27 (16.8)
Heart disease	30 (18.6)
Atrial Fibrillation	12 (7.5)
Depression	3 (1.9)
Interval of time from stroke (days) median (IQ)	6 (4–12)
Previous lifestyle n (%)
Smoker or ex-smoker	63 (39.2)
Alcohol consumption	75 (46.6)
Physical exercise	26 (16.1)
Reading	37 (23.0)
FAI prior median	21 (16–24)
Admission MBI median (IQ)	32 (23–45)

• FAI: Frenchay activity index; MBI: Modified Barthel Index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale; SD: standard deviation; IQ: range interquartile (Q1/Q3).

Figure 2
Correlation between Frenchay Activity Index (FAI) and stroke severity assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

Table 2
Variables associated with hospital admission NIHSS in 161 patients with stroke, using univariable ordinal regression.

Variables	Odds ratio	95%CI	p
Age	1.02	1.01–1.04	0.002
Gender	0.54	0.27–1.04	0.067
Education (for increasing categories of higher education)	0.52	0.34–0.79	0.002
Income	1.01	0.62–1.64	0.962
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1.29	0.62–2.69	0.493
Diabetes	3.43	1.19–6.89	0.019
Heart disease	1.96	0.90–5.26	0.083
Atrial Fibrillation	2.47	0.67–9.43	0.170
Obesity	2.92	0.86–10.75	0.090
Interval of time from stroke (days)	0.97	0.91–1.02	0.278
Previous lifestyle
Smoker or ex-smoker	1.75	0.65–4.79	0.266
Alcohol consumption	1.69	0.92–3.14	0.090
FAI (for every increase in 1 point)	0.91	0.86–0.96	0.002

• FAI: Frenchay activity index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale; CI: confidence interval.

Table 3
Association between pre-stroke instrumental activities (Frenchay activity index) and hospital admission NIHSS in 161 patients with stroke, using ordinal logistic regression.

Variable	Unadjusted	Adjusted	p
	OR; 95%CI	OR; 95%CI
FAI* (for every increase in 1 point)	0.91; 0.86–0.96	0.93; 0.87–0.99	0.033

• FAI: Frenchay activity index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health STROKE SCALE; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. * Adjusting for all variables with possible association (p <0.2) with NIHSS (diabetes mellitus, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, obesity, alcohol consumption, age, gender, education).

Thirty-six patients were included in the inter-rater agreement analysis, with a mean age of 58.4 ± 17.8 years, 64% female. The majority of the population comprised married individuals (41%), with low education (61%) and African-American ethnicity (70%). The inter-rater agreement, considering a cutoff ≥ 18, was considered moderate to good, k = 0.66 (0.54 to 0.78), p < 0.001. However, correlation between continuous variables for the total score and for the three categories of the FAI was considered good and excellent (Table 4).

Table 4
Analysis of intra-class correlation between the first and second evaluator for continuous scores of FAI.

FAI score	ICC	95%ic	P
Total	0.827	0.69–0.91	< 0.001
Domestic	0.875	0.77–0.93	< 0.001
Work/leisure	0.735	0.54–0.86	< 0.001
Outdoor activities	0.752	0.57–0.87	< 0.001

• FAI: Frenchay Activity Index; CI: confidence interval; Analysis performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

DISCUSSION

The FAI objectively evaluates instrumental activities prior to stroke, quantifying the level of activity and previous social participation of individuals. The present study assessed the reproducibility of FAI scores, previously translated into Portuguese¹³. Our results suggest good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability of the FAI as a measure of patient functionality prior to stroke.

Corroborating these findings, Post and Witte¹⁷ evaluated the FAI in 45 post-stroke patients in rehabilitation centers and demonstrated a good inter-rater reliability. Unlike these results, Green et al.¹⁸ analyzed the test-retest reliability of basic ADL and IADL scales in 22 patients, and demonstrated low reliability for the IADL scale, assessed by the FAI and the Nottingham extended ADL scale. Similar to these findings, Piercy et al.¹⁹ evaluated the inter-rater reliability of the FAI and found that none of the items had an excellent concordance. This divergence may have occurred because individuals in the latter studies were evaluated one year after stroke and the second inter-rater assessment occurred seven to 20 days after the first evaluation. Thus, the results could have been influenced by recall bias or health changes occurring during the period between tests²⁰.

The present study demonstrated a significant correlation, although weak, using Spearman’s test, between the FAI and NIHSS scores in the acute phase, possibly due to the additional association of other variables with the outcome NIHSS scores. Thus, using ordinal logistic regression, we found that the previous lifestyle has a significant association with the hospital admission stroke severity, indicating an independent predictive validity of the FAI to post-stroke status. As in previous research, this study demonstrated a negative correlation between the stroke severity and previous IADL, assessed by the FAI¹³. Some studies suggest that physical activity, besides reducing stroke risk²¹, promotes increased blood flow and decreased neurological injury during brain ischemia⁵.

The Nottingham Extended ADL scale and the FAI have been used as reliable, valid and responsive tools for predicting functional outcome in stroke patients²². One study compared the responsiveness and validity of the two IADL scales and demonstrated that, regarding concurrent validity, they are comparable, although the Nottingham Extended ADL scale showed greater sensitivity. Their use as a functional predictor in the acute phase after stroke, however, is inadequate²²,²³. Neverthless, because the FAI assesses the frequency with which instrumental activities are conducted in the recent past, it may be used in the acute phase as a predictor of stroke severity or functional outcome after stroke⁸.

In a validation study of the FAI developed in Portugal, which analyzed a sample of patients with low education nine months after stroke, researchers reported that the FAI could be difficult to interpret and gave ambiguous results because patients were unfamiliar with several activities prior to stroke event. They suggested that the score, which is originally based on the frequency of activities, be altered to one that measures the individual’s perception about the ability/inability to perform these tasks instead. In the present study, conducted in a heterogeneous post-stroke population, we found the scale easy to use in its original form, used solely to identify the performance of individuals in instrumental activities prior to stroke, through the frequency with which the tasks were performed, with no possibility of ambiguous responses²⁴.

The FAI has been used in studies to assess instrumental activities prior to stroke, as a functional predictor or for evaluation at the end of rehabilitation, applied as an outcome measure⁹,²⁵. Other studies have validated the use of the scale in chronic diseases²⁶ and different populations²⁷,²⁸. In clinical practice, assessment of functional pre-stroke performance assists in setting specific goals early in the process of rehabilitation²⁹. A moderate-to-excellent rate of inter-rater agreement in the FAI application was demonstrated in this study, making it a useful scale with this objective.

Cognition and depression are variables identified in the literature that may influence IADL. However, in this study, these variables were collected from medical records, which limits their reliability as concomitant predictors. Thus, further studies using validated scales to assess the influence of cognition on functional capacity are needed. The FAI was assessed as a functional predictor in the acute phase of stroke; thus, additional experiments are needed to measure the applicability of this index in other populations and as an outcome measure.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that the FAI is a useful tool to assess instrumental activities prior to stroke, with good inter-rater reliability and predictive validity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Camila Gonçalves, Flávia Laís Silva, Layse Tatiane, Mayara Almeida and Tassiana Mendel, for their collaboration in data collection for this research.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar 2017

History

• Received
  25 Nov 2014
• Reviewed
  07 Oct 2016
• Accepted
  21 Nov 2016