"Chicago" no Brasil: a importância da redescoberta da cidade e da "raça"

Eckardt, Frank

doi:10.11606/issn.2316-901X.v0i58p79-103

Resumos

O desenvolvimento das cidades contemporâneas no Brasil levanta muitas questões conceituais para a sociologia urbana. A tradição conceitual da Escola de Chicago parece não ser aplicável, uma vez que sua elaboração de segregação se relaciona com a questão de raça. Assim, assumiu-se que as cidades brasileiras são diferentes. Neste artigo, o autor quer questionar essa perspectiva. Em primeiro lugar, será demonstrado que o legado da Escola de Chicago no Brasil tem mais a oferecer do que geralmente se aceita. Ele também pode ajudar a ver que as cidades brasileiras têm sido "produto" de um equívoco comum entre os estudiosos americanos e brasileiros sobre a sociologia urbana. Em segundo lugar, o artigo defende uma interpretação renovada da Escola de Chicago, no contexto dos debates contemporâneos no Brasil no que diz respeito tanto à questão da desigualdade racial e social quanto ao conceito de favela.

Escola de Chicago; sociologia urbana; relações raciais

The development of contemporary cities in Brazil raises many conceptual questions for urban sociology. The lasting tradition of the Chicago School seems not to be applicable as it is based on the mayor assumption race related segregation. It has been assumed that therefore Brazilian cities are different. In this article, the author wants to question this perspective. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that the legacy of the Chicago School in Brazil had more to offer than generally accepted. It can also help to see that the Brazilian cities have been a "product" of a mutual misconception between American and Brazilian scholars about urban sociology. Secondly, the article argues for a renewed interpretation of the Chicago School against the background of contemporary debates in Brazil with regard to the issue of racial and social inequality and the concept of the favela.

Chicago School; Urban Sociology; Race relations

¹
1 HENNIG, Eike. Chicago School. In: F. Eckhardt (org.). Handbuch Stadtsoziologie Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p. 95-124, 2012.
²
2 PIERSON, Donald. Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contact at Bahia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.
³
3 BACELAR, Jeferson. Donald Pierson e os brancos e pretos na Bahia. Horizontes Antropológicos, n. 7, p. 129-143, Porto Alegre, v. 3, 1997.
⁴
4 LANDES, Ruth. City of Women Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
⁵
5 FREYRE, Gilberto. Casa-grande e senzala Recife: Imprensa Oficial, 1933.
⁶
6 HEALEY, Mark. The Sweet Matriarchy of Bahia: Ruth Landes' Ethnography of Race and Gender. Disposition, Michigan, v. 23, n. 50, p. 87-116, 1998.
⁷
7 VILA NOVA, Sebastião. Donald Pierson e a escola de Chicago na sociologia brasileira: entre humanistas e messiânicos. Lisboa: Vega, 1998.
⁸
8 LIMA, Roberto. La historia en la basura: los archivos perdidos de Donald Pierson. Desacatos, México, n. 34, dez. 2010. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo>.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-92742010000300007&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2014.
⁹
9 EDWARDS, G. Franklin. Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994;
PLATT, Anthony M. E. Franklin Frazier Reconsidered. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991.
10 HELLWIG, David J. African-American Reflections on Brazil's Racial Paradise. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
11 SEIGEL, Micol. Uneven Encounters: Making Race and Nation in Brazil and the United States. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
12 PARK, Robert; BURGESS, Ernest W. Introduction to the Science of Sociology Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921.
¹⁴
14 TUTTLE, William M. Jr. Race Riot Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1978.
¹⁵
15 SMITH, Dennis. The Chicago School: a Liberal Critique of Capitalismo New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.
17 GORDON, Milton Myron. Assimilation in American Life: the Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
18 SALERNO, Roger A. Sociology noir: Studies at the University of Chicago in Loneliness, Marginality, and Deviance, 1915-1935. Jefferson: McFarland, 2007.
19 DEGLER, Carl. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.
20 Cf. SKIDMORE, Thomas A. Bi-racial USA vs. Multi-racial Brazil. Is the Contrast Still Valid?. Journal of Latin American Studies, Cambridge, v. 25, n. 2, p. 383-386, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004703;
SUNDIATA, Ibrahim K. Late Twentieth-Century Patterns of Race Relations in Brazil and United States. Phylon, Atlanta, v. 48, n. 1, p. 62-76, 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/275002;
WINANT, Howard. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/275002;
PENHA-LOPES, Vanha. What Next? On Race and Assimilation in the United States and in Brazil. Journal of Black Studies, v. 26, n. 6, p. 809-826, 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193479602600609
21 YAZBEK, Maria Carmelita. Pobreza no Brasil contemporâneo e formas de seu enfrentamento. Serviço Social & Sociedade, São Paulo v. 32, n. 110, p. 288-323, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-66282012000200005
22 ANDERSON, Benedict R. O'G. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.
23 KARASCH, Mary. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
24 WILLIAMS, Daryle. Culture Wars in Brazil: the First Vargas Regime; 1930-1945. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
25 Cf. LARSEN, Neil. Race, Periphery, Reification: Speculations on "Hybridity" in Light of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-Grande & Senzala. Cultural Critique, Minniapolis, v. 1, p. 1-27, 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cul.2011.0025;
AVELAR, Idelber. Cenas dizíveis e indizíveis: Raça e sexualidade em Gilberto Freyre. Luso-Brazilian Review, Madison, v. 49, n. 1, p.168-187, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lbr.2012.0020;
PALLARES-BURKE, Maria Lúcia G. Gilberto Freyre and Brazilian Self-perception. In: BETHENCOURT, Francisco (org.). Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-speaking World Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p.113-132.
26 SILVA, Denise Ferreira da. Revisiting Racial Democracy: Race and National Identity in Brazilian Thought. Estudos Afro-Asiáticos, Rio de Janeiro, n. 16, p. 157-170, 1989.
27 DAVIS, Darien. Avoiding the Dark: Race and the Forging of National Culture in Modern Brazil. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
28 CICALO, André. Urban Encounters: Affirmative Action and Black Identities in Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
29 FERNANDES, F. A integração do negro na sociedade de classes São Paulo: Ática, 1978. 2 v.
30 HASENBALG, Carlos Alfredo. Estrutura social, mobilidade e raça São Paulo: Vértice, 1988.
31 TURNER, J. Michael Brown into Black: Changing Racial Atitudes of Afro-Braziliann University Students. In: Fontaine, Pierre-Michel (Org.). Race, Classe and Power in Brazil Los Angeles: UCLA, 1985, p.73-94.
32 LOVEMAN, Mara; MUNIZ, Jeronimo O.; BAILEY, Stanley R. Brazil in Black and White? Race Categories, the Censos, and the Study of Inequality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, London, v. 35, n. 8, p. 1466-1484, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.607503
33 "O Estado brasileiro está tentando colocar o gênio de volta na garrafa, desmiscigenar sua população miscigenada para uma intervenção orientada". BAILEY, Stanley R. Unmixing for Race Making in Brazil. The American journal of sociology, Chicago, v. 114, n. 3, p. 577-614, 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592859 (traduç
34 GORDON, Doreen. Religion, "Race" and Emerging Middle Classed in Salvador, Brazil. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Burnaby, v. 34, n. 2, p. 221-235, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2013.794131
35 SELKA, Stephen. Religion and the Politics of Ethnic Identity in Bahia, Brazil Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.
37 ROMO, Anadella A. Brazil's Living Museum: Race, Reform, and Tradition in Bahia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
38 BUTLER, Kim. Afterword: Ginga Baiana – The Politics of Race, Class, Culture, and Power in Salvador, Bahia. In: KRAAY, Henrid (org.). Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia 1790's to 1990's. London: Sharpe, 1998, p. 158-176.
40 FREIRE-MEDEIROS, Bianca. Favela como patrimônio da cidade?: reflexões e polêmicas acerca de dois museus. Estudos históricos, Rio de Janeiro, n. 38, p.49-67, 2006.
41 FRISCH, Thomas. Glimpses of Another World: The Favela as a Tourist Attraction. Tourism geographies, v. 14, n. 2, p. 320-339, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.609999
42 PERLMAN, Janice E. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
43 VALLADARES, Lícia do Prado. A invenção da favela: do mito de origem à favela. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2008.
44 SANTOS OLIVEIRA, Ney dos. Favelas and Ghettos: Race and Class in Rio de Janeiro and New York City. Latin American perspectives, v. 23, n. 4, 1996, p.71-89. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x9602300406
45 VARGAS, João H. Costa. When a Favela Dared to Become a Gated Community: The Politics of Race. Latin American perspectives, v. 149, n. 33, 2006, p.49-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x06289892
46 SHERIFF, Robin E. Dreaming equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001.
47 TEELE, James E. E. Franklin and Black bourgeoisie Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
18 Ago 2014
Data do Fascículo
Jun 2014

Histórico

Aceito
07 Abr 2014
Recebido
07 Nov 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
1 HENNIG, Eike. Chicago School. In: F. Eckhardt (org.). Handbuch Stadtsoziologie Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p. 95-124, 2012.

[2] ²
2 PIERSON, Donald. Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contact at Bahia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.

[3] ³
3 BACELAR, Jeferson. Donald Pierson e os brancos e pretos na Bahia. Horizontes Antropológicos, n. 7, p. 129-143, Porto Alegre, v. 3, 1997.

[4] ⁴
4 LANDES, Ruth. City of Women Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

[5] ⁵
5 FREYRE, Gilberto. Casa-grande e senzala Recife: Imprensa Oficial, 1933.

[6] ⁶
6 HEALEY, Mark. The Sweet Matriarchy of Bahia: Ruth Landes' Ethnography of Race and Gender. Disposition, Michigan, v. 23, n. 50, p. 87-116, 1998.

[7] ⁷
7 VILA NOVA, Sebastião. Donald Pierson e a escola de Chicago na sociologia brasileira: entre humanistas e messiânicos. Lisboa: Vega, 1998.

[8] ⁸
8 LIMA, Roberto. La historia en la basura: los archivos perdidos de Donald Pierson. Desacatos, México, n. 34, dez. 2010. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo>.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-92742010000300007&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2014.

[9] ⁹
9 EDWARDS, G. Franklin. Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994;

[10] PLATT, Anthony M. E. Franklin Frazier Reconsidered. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

[11] 10 HELLWIG, David J. African-American Reflections on Brazil's Racial Paradise. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.

[12] 11 SEIGEL, Micol. Uneven Encounters: Making Race and Nation in Brazil and the United States. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

[13] 12 PARK, Robert; BURGESS, Ernest W. Introduction to the Science of Sociology Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1921.

[14] ¹⁴
14 TUTTLE, William M. Jr. Race Riot Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1978.

[15] ¹⁵
15 SMITH, Dennis. The Chicago School: a Liberal Critique of Capitalismo New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

[16] 17 GORDON, Milton Myron. Assimilation in American Life: the Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

[17] 18 SALERNO, Roger A. Sociology noir: Studies at the University of Chicago in Loneliness, Marginality, and Deviance, 1915-1935. Jefferson: McFarland, 2007.

[18] 19 DEGLER, Carl. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.

[19] 20 Cf. SKIDMORE, Thomas A. Bi-racial USA vs. Multi-racial Brazil. Is the Contrast Still Valid?. Journal of Latin American Studies, Cambridge, v. 25, n. 2, p. 383-386, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004703;

[20] SUNDIATA, Ibrahim K. Late Twentieth-Century Patterns of Race Relations in Brazil and United States. Phylon, Atlanta, v. 48, n. 1, p. 62-76, 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/275002;

[21] WINANT, Howard. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/275002;

[22] PENHA-LOPES, Vanha. What Next? On Race and Assimilation in the United States and in Brazil. Journal of Black Studies, v. 26, n. 6, p. 809-826, 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193479602600609

[23] 21 YAZBEK, Maria Carmelita. Pobreza no Brasil contemporâneo e formas de seu enfrentamento. Serviço Social & Sociedade, São Paulo v. 32, n. 110, p. 288-323, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-66282012000200005

[24] 22 ANDERSON, Benedict R. O'G. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.

[25] 23 KARASCH, Mary. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

[26] 24 WILLIAMS, Daryle. Culture Wars in Brazil: the First Vargas Regime; 1930-1945. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.

[27] 25 Cf. LARSEN, Neil. Race, Periphery, Reification: Speculations on "Hybridity" in Light of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-Grande & Senzala. Cultural Critique, Minniapolis, v. 1, p. 1-27, 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cul.2011.0025;

[28] AVELAR, Idelber. Cenas dizíveis e indizíveis: Raça e sexualidade em Gilberto Freyre. Luso-Brazilian Review, Madison, v. 49, n. 1, p.168-187, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lbr.2012.0020;

[29] PALLARES-BURKE, Maria Lúcia G. Gilberto Freyre and Brazilian Self-perception. In: BETHENCOURT, Francisco (org.). Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-speaking World Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p.113-132.

[30] 26 SILVA, Denise Ferreira da. Revisiting Racial Democracy: Race and National Identity in Brazilian Thought. Estudos Afro-Asiáticos, Rio de Janeiro, n. 16, p. 157-170, 1989.

[31] 27 DAVIS, Darien. Avoiding the Dark: Race and the Forging of National Culture in Modern Brazil. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.

[32] 28 CICALO, André. Urban Encounters: Affirmative Action and Black Identities in Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

[33] 29 FERNANDES, F. A integração do negro na sociedade de classes São Paulo: Ática, 1978. 2 v.

[34] 30 HASENBALG, Carlos Alfredo. Estrutura social, mobilidade e raça São Paulo: Vértice, 1988.

[35] 31 TURNER, J. Michael Brown into Black: Changing Racial Atitudes of Afro-Braziliann University Students. In: Fontaine, Pierre-Michel (Org.). Race, Classe and Power in Brazil Los Angeles: UCLA, 1985, p.73-94.

[36] 32 LOVEMAN, Mara; MUNIZ, Jeronimo O.; BAILEY, Stanley R. Brazil in Black and White? Race Categories, the Censos, and the Study of Inequality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, London, v. 35, n. 8, p. 1466-1484, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.607503

[37] 33 "O Estado brasileiro está tentando colocar o gênio de volta na garrafa, desmiscigenar sua população miscigenada para uma intervenção orientada". BAILEY, Stanley R. Unmixing for Race Making in Brazil. The American journal of sociology, Chicago, v. 114, n. 3, p. 577-614, 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592859 (traduç

[38] 34 GORDON, Doreen. Religion, "Race" and Emerging Middle Classed in Salvador, Brazil. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Burnaby, v. 34, n. 2, p. 221-235, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2013.794131

[39] 35 SELKA, Stephen. Religion and the Politics of Ethnic Identity in Bahia, Brazil Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.

[40] 37 ROMO, Anadella A. Brazil's Living Museum: Race, Reform, and Tradition in Bahia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

[41] 38 BUTLER, Kim. Afterword: Ginga Baiana – The Politics of Race, Class, Culture, and Power in Salvador, Bahia. In: KRAAY, Henrid (org.). Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia 1790's to 1990's. London: Sharpe, 1998, p. 158-176.

[42] 40 FREIRE-MEDEIROS, Bianca. Favela como patrimônio da cidade?: reflexões e polêmicas acerca de dois museus. Estudos históricos, Rio de Janeiro, n. 38, p.49-67, 2006.

[43] 41 FRISCH, Thomas. Glimpses of Another World: The Favela as a Tourist Attraction. Tourism geographies, v. 14, n. 2, p. 320-339, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.609999

[44] 42 PERLMAN, Janice E. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

[45] 43 VALLADARES, Lícia do Prado. A invenção da favela: do mito de origem à favela. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2008.

[46] 44 SANTOS OLIVEIRA, Ney dos. Favelas and Ghettos: Race and Class in Rio de Janeiro and New York City. Latin American perspectives, v. 23, n. 4, 1996, p.71-89. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x9602300406

[47] 45 VARGAS, João H. Costa. When a Favela Dared to Become a Gated Community: The Politics of Race. Latin American perspectives, v. 149, n. 33, 2006, p.49-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x06289892

[48] 46 SHERIFF, Robin E. Dreaming equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

[49] 47 TEELE, James E. E. Franklin and Black bourgeoisie Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.

Brasil

Brasil

"Chicago" no Brasil: a importância da redescoberta da cidade e da "raça"

"Chicago" in Brazil: the rediscovered importance of the city and "race"

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico