First avifaunal survey of a Cerrado dry forest enclave on the right bank of the São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with insights on geographic variation of some species

Abstract

Cerrado dry forest enclaves have been treated as an endemic bird area. In the last years, some avifaunal surveys have been conducted in dry forests on the left bank of the São Francisco River, eastern Brazil. Nevertheless, there is a gap of detailed ornithological surveys in the Cerrado dry forest enclaves on the right bank of this river. Here, we present the first avifaunal survey of a Cerrado dry forest enclave on the right bank of the São Francisco River. The study area, named “Curral de Pedras”, comprises a dry forest enclave and other associated habitats in central Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. We recorded 172 bird species; nine taxa have their ranges strongly associated to the Caatinga; six present their ranges associated to the Atlantic Forest and one is typical of the Cerrado. Important records are those of Campylopterus calcirupicola, a recently described species associated with dry forests of central Brazil, and Celeus ochraceus, collected in its southernmost range. Furthermore, we obtained specimens that present intermediate phenotypes between the following woodcreeper species: Lepidocolaptes squamatus / L. wagleri and Xiphocolaptes albicollis / X. falcirostris. Those records reinforce the need of further sampling and collecting activities in those dry forest enclaves aiming future researches in taxonomy, geographic variation, and phylogeography.

Key-Words.
Birds; Cerrado; Seasonally dry tropical forests; Geographic variation.

INTRODUCTION

Seasonally dry tropical forests (hereafter SDTFs) present a circum-Amazonian distribution in South America and have been the main focus of many recent biogeographic and conservation studies (e.g.,Prado & Gibbs, 1993; Espírito-Santo et al., 2009; Pennington et al., 2000, 2006, 2009; Zanella, 2010; Werneck, 2011; Werneck et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2012; Arruda et al., 2013; DryFlor, 2016). These forests are usually associated with fertile soils and with climates marked by highly seasonal rainfall with a severe dry season of three to six months, when most of the vegetation is leafless (Pennington et al., 2006; DryFlor, 2016). SDTFs are patchily distributed in South America in several “nuclei” of which the Caatinga biogeographical province (sensuMorrone, 2014) of northeastern Brazil is the largest one (Prado & Gibbs, 1993).

Small areas of SDTFs are also patchily distributed throughout the Cerrado (a biogeographic province predominantly covered by tropical savanna), usually associated to limestone outcrops and limestone derived soils (Rizzini, 1997). These “islands” were named “Cerrado dry forests” by Santos et al. (2012) and are very important from a biogeographical point of view, since they suggest historical connections among several SDTF nuclei (Werneck & Colli, 2006).

Further, Cerrado dry forest enclaves have been treated as endemic bird areas (Silva, 1997; Stattersfield et al., 1998; Silva & Bates, 2002). Despite some problems of delimitation of these areas of endemism (see Silva et al. [2004] and Lopes [2009]), three species appear to be closely associated to these enclaves: Pyrrhura pfrimeri (Pfrimer’s Parakeet), Knipolegus franciscanus (Caatinga Black-Tyrant), and the recently described Campylopterus calcirupicola (Dry-forest Sabrewing) (Pinto, 1952; Mattos et al., 1991; Willis & Oniki, 1991; Silva & Oren, 1992; Olmos et al., 1997; Lima, 1999; Kirwan et al., 2001, 2004; Pacheco & Olmos, 2006; Vasconcelos et al., 2006; Olmos, 2008; Lopes et al., 2010; Rego et al., 2011; Dornelas et al., 2012; Mazzoni et al., 2015; Lopes et al., 2017). Olmos (2005) also included Lepidocolaptes wagleri (Wagler’s Woodcreeper) as an endemic of these dry forests. Another species, Phylloscartes roquettei (Minas Gerais Tyrannulet), was considered endemic to these dry forests (Stattersfield et al., 1998; Olmos, 2005), but it has been recently recorded in gallery forests and arboreal caatingas, a deciduous forest occurring along the hinterland borders of the Caatinga province (sensuSantos et al., 2012), located east to the Espinhaço Mountain Range (Luiz et al., 2006; Santos et al., 2009).

In the last years, a few avifaunal inventories have been conducted in arboreal caatingas (sensuSantos et al., 2012) on the left bank of the São Francisco River (Kirwan et al., 2001, 2004; Lopes et al., 2010; Dornelas et al., 2012). Nevertheless, there is a gap of detailed ornithological surveys in Cerrado dry forest enclaves on the right bank of this river. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a bird inventory in a poorly known area located on the right bank of the São Francisco River, named “Curral de Pedras”. This area was only briefly sampled by the staff of Museu Nacional, in late November 1995, based on records of K. franciscanus reported in the literature (Lima, 1999; Kirwan et al., 2004).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

Curral de Pedras is a hilly site with limestone outcrops at higher elevations, located in the municipality of Jequitaí, central Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil, between the coordinates 17°04’36”S and 17°06’25”S, 44°32’48”W and 44°35’34”W (Fig. 1). This site lies on elevations ranging from 500 m to 700 m above sea level. Vegetation is composed mainly by deciduous forest on the slopes, interconnected to a riparian forest along the Riacho Fundo stream. Limestone outcrops occur in the highest points of the study area, with a peculiar flora composed principally by cacti (Cereus jamacaru, Tacinga saxatilis), bromeliads (Encholirium sp.), and sparse trees (Ceiba rubriflora, Ficus sp., Enterolobium contortisiliquum, and Jatropha sp.). Areas subject to human use, occupied by plantations and pastures are also found along the main stream.

Figure 1
Map of the study area in South America (black dot) in the Cerrado biogeographic province and its position in relation to the Caatinga and the Chaco biogeographic provinces (A); detail of the study area at Curral de Pedras with tracks of the sampled trails (white lines) (B).

Avifaunal survey

Five expeditions were conducted to the study area, during the following periods: May 07-17, 2016; July 13-17, 2016; September 21-25, 2016; November 09-14, 2016; and January 11-14, 2017, totaling 31 days of field work. Field sampling was regularly conducted from 05:00-15:00 h (daily effort of 10 h), totaling 310 h of sampling effort.

The avifauna survey was based on 10-species lists, also known as MacKinnon lists (see Mackinnon & Phillips, 1993), a very useful method for rapid assessment surveys and to estimate species richness (Ribon, 2010; MacLeod et al., 2011; Cavarzere et al., 2012). We used the Chao1 estimator for a comparison to the observed richness obtained by field work, following recommendations by Herzog et al. (2002). The data were 1,000-times randomized to produce rarefaction curves of observed and estimated richness, using EstimateS 9.1.0 (Colwell, 2013). We also calculated the index of frequency in MacKinnon lists (IFL) for each species, which was obtained by dividing the number of lists of 10 species in which each species occurred by the total number of lists (Ribon, 2010). Species were treated as frequent (IFL above 10%), medium frequent (IFL between 5% and 9.9%), and infrequent (IFL below 5%).

Bird species were identified by vocal recognition and by observations with binoculars. Voucher specimens were collected with an air rifle and 10 mist nets, under SISBio permanent permit number 28301-1. Sampling effort of mist nets was 5,200 m².h (following Straube & Bianconi, 2002). Specimens were prepared as study skins and have been deposited in the ornithological collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (MCNA), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

The systematic order and Latin names follow Piacentini et al. (2015), except for Crypturellus zabele, which follows Tomotani & Silveira (2016), and for Campylopterus calcirupicola, which follows Lopes et al. (2017).

Species accounts and analyzes of geographical variation in some taxa

We analyzed series of two species of woopeckers (Celeus ochraceus and C. flavescens) and five species of woodcreepers (Sittasomus griseicapillus, Lepidocolaptes wagleri, L. squamatus, Dendrocolaptes platyrostris, and Xiphocolaptes albicollis) that exhibit geographical variation in eastern Brazil (Appendix 1). These analyzes were based on specimens housed in MCNA, in the Coleção Ornitológica do Centro de Coleções Taxonômicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DZUFMG), and in the Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (MHNJBUFMG). Plumage color of these specimens was analyzed in order to detect patterns of geographic variation. For woodcreepers, plumage descriptions were based on Munsell soil color charts (2000). Measurements were taken using callipers and a ruler. Measurements taken (following Baldwin et al., 1931) were: length of total culmen, length of bill from nostril (only for Celeus spp.), length of closed wing, length of tail, and length of tarsus.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Avifaunal survey

We recorded 172 bird species at Curral de Pedras (Appendix 2). The rarefaction curve, based on 226 MacKinnon lists, suggests that more species would likely be added in future surveys, with an estimated richness of 196 species (Fig. 2).

Figure 2
Species rarefaction curve (continuous line) and estimation curve using the Chao1 estimator (dashed line) for the avifauna of Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, using 226 MacKinnon lists.

Nine taxa are typical of the Caatinga, whose original ranges are associated with the limits of this biogeographic province (following Pacheco, 2004; Olmos et al., 2005; Vasconcelos et al., 2012): Crypturellus zabele (Yellow-legged Tinamou), Columbina picui strepitans (Picui Ground-Dove), Eupsittula cactorum (Cactus Parakeet), Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus (Stripe-backed Antbird), Thamnophilus capistratus (Caatinga Antshrike), Schoeniophylax phryganophilus petersi (Chotoy Spinetail), Icterus jamacaii (Campo Troupial), Paroaria dominicana (Red-cowled Cardinal), and Compsothraupis loricata (Scarlet-throated Tanager). On the other hand, Curral de Pedras lacks several other typical birds from the Caatinga province, which have been recorded in adjacent areas of arboreal caatingas (see Kirwan et al., 2001, 2004; Vasconcelos et al., 2006; Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007; Lopes et al., 2010; Dornelas et al., 2012). This is probably related to this area being a Cerrado dry forest enclave. Examples are: Penelope jacucaca (White-browed Guan), Anopetia gounellei (Broad-tipped Hermit), Picumnus pygmaeus (Spotted Piculet), Herpsilochmus sellowi (Caatinga Antwren), Sakesphorus cristatus (Silvery-cheeked Antshrike), Hylopezus ochroleucus (White-browed Antpitta), Megaxenops parnaguae (Great Xenops), Pseudoseisura cristata (Caatinga Cacholote), Synallaxis hellmayri (Red-shouldered Spinetail), Stigmatura budytoides gracilis (Greater Wagtail-Tyrant), Casiornis fuscus (Ash-throated Casiornis), Cantorchilus longirostris bahiae (Long-billed Wren), Arremon franciscanus (São Francisco Sparrow), Agelaioides fringillarius (Pale Baywing), and Sporophila albogularis (White-throated Seedeater).

Among the typical Caatinga birds recorded at Curral de Pedras, the most frequent were: I. jamacaii (IFL = 20.8%), C. picui and M. strigilatus (both with IFL = 13.3%), and C. loricata (10.2%). On the other hand, the following species presented low frequency: E. cactorum (3.1%), T. capistratus (2.2%), S. phryganophilus (0.9%), and P. dominicana (0.4%).

Saltatricula atricollis (Black-throated Saltator) is the only savanna species, which is typical of the Cerrado province (following Silva, 1995, 1997; Silva & Bates, 2002). This is probably related to the fact that Curral de Pedras is predominantly forested, without typical native open vegetation types. In the study area, the Black-throated Saltator was recorded in low frequency (0.9%) and only in pastures.

Another species previously considered as a Cerrado endemic (Silva, 1995, 1997; Silva & Bates, 2002) is Knipolegus franciscanus, but it also occurs in the Caatinga province (Kirwan et al., 2004; Vasconcelos et al., 2006; Lopes et al., 2010; Dornelas et al., 2012), sharing a similar range to Campylopterus calcirupicola (Lopes et al., 2017).

Six taxa are typical of the Atlantic Forest (following Sick, 1997; Brooks et al., 1999; Moreira-Lima, 2013): Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Sombre Hummingbird), Florisuga fusca (Black Jacobin), Trogon surrucura (Surucua Trogon), Sittasomus griseicapillus sylviellus (Olivaceous Woodcreeper), Lepidocolaptes cf. squamatus (Scaled Woodcreeper), and Xiphocolaptes albicollis (White-throated Woodcreeper).

The following species are included in red lists of Minas Gerais state (COPAM, 2010) and/or Brazil (ICMBio, 2014): C. zabele, Spizaetus tyrannus (Black Hawk-Eagle), and S. ornatus (Ornate Hawk-Eagle). We failed to find P. roquettei, an endangered species at state, national and global levels (COPAM, 2010; ICMBio, 2014; BirdLife International, 2017). Nevertheless, given that it has been recorded in nearby areas (Raposo et al., 2002; Kirwan et al., 2004; Vasconcelos et al., 2006, 2008; Lopes et al., 2008) and that Curral de Pedras habors suitable habitats to this species, such as dry and gallery forests, we suspect that further surveys will find it in the study area.

Species accounts and analyzes of geographic variation in some taxa

Below, we present comments on the distribution, geographic variation, and natural history of some species.

Campylopterus calcirupicola (Dry-forest Sabrewing)

This is a recently described species endemic to dry forests of central Brazil (Lopes et al., 2017). Curral de Pedras is located 75 km southwest from the type locality, in Montes Claros. Despite being a medium frequent species (IFL = 5.8%), it was recorded predominantly inside dry forest during the dry season (in May and July), where it was observed visiting flowers of Ruellia brevifolia (Acanthaceae) and Gurania sp. (Cucurbitaceae). During the rainy season (November), it was observed in the vegetation growing over limestone outcrops, visiting flowers of Tacinga saxatilis (Cactaceae). On September, one individual was observed bathing among wet leaflets of a shrubby legume (Fabaceae).

Three females were collected (MCNA 4977, MCNA 5050, MCNA 5190). Using the identification key provided by Lopes et al. (2017), these specimens match perfectly C. calcirupicola, including rectrices narrow and pointed (in comparison to C. diamantinensis), with bright bronze green basal half (Fig. 3). Measurements and body mass of these specimens are presented on Table 1.

Figure 3
Tails of three female specimens of Campylopterus calcirupicola (from left to right: MCNA 4977, MCNA 5050, MCNA 5190) from Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Table 1
Morphometrics and body mass of three female specimens of Campylopterus calcirupicola from Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Variable	MCNA 4977	MCNA 5050	MCNA 5190
Total length	137.0 mm	135.0 mm	138.0 mm
Wing chord	67.8 mm	68.7 mm	65.6 mm
Tail	47.1 mm	46.8 mm	47.2 mm
Total culmen	28.4 mm	29.0 mm	27.9 mm
Longest length of the light tail tip of the first outer rectrix (LTT-1)*	21.6 mm	22.0 mm	21.3 mm
Longest length of the light tail tip of the second outer rectrix (LTT-2)*	20.9 mm	23.3 mm	20.3 mm
Longest length of the light tail tip of the third outer rectrix (LTT-3)*	15.0 mm	11.2 mm	15.1 mm
Longest length of the light tail tip of the fourth outer rectrix (LTT-4)*	0.5 mm	0.8 mm	2.7 mm
Rate LTT-2 + LTT-3 / wing chord*	0.53	0.50	0.54
Weight	5.8 g	5.5 g	5.6 g

• * See Lopes et al. (2017) for further details.

Given the scarcity of records of this species, with only eight known collecting sites (Lopes et al., 2017), the occurrence of C. calcirupicola in Curral de Pedras is very important to the knowledge of its range, since it is located at its southernmost limits.

Trogon surrucura (Surucua Trogon)

This species, sometimes treated as an Atlantic Forest endemic (Brooks et al., 1999), was frequent in our survey (IFL = 10.2%). All records were obtained in dry and gallery forests. Three specimens were collected: a female (MCNA 4965) and two males (MCNA 5181, MCNA 5182). They represent the nominotypical subspecies, which, in northern Minas Gerais, is the expected taxon occurring west of the Espinhaço Range, in the São Francisco River hydrographic basin (Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007). In the eastern slopes of this mountain range, it is replaced by the subspecies T. s. aurantius, which lives in semideciduous (Atlantic) forests (Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007).

Celeus ochraceus (Ochre-backed Woodpecker)

Until recently, three subspecies of Celeus flavescens (Blond-crested Woodpecker) were recognized: (1) C. f. flavescens, ranging from southeastern Brazil to eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina; (2) C. f. ochraceus, ranging from the lower Amazon region to Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, and eastern Bahia and Espírito Santo states; and (3) C. f. intercedens, which occurs in intervening areas between the first two subspecies, in western Bahia, Goiás and Minas Gerais states (Short, 1972, 1982; Winkler et al., 1995; Winkler & Christie, 2002; Dickinson & Remsen, 2013).

Amongst the most important diagnostic characters of the three subspecies, in C. f. flavescens the mantle, the back, and the upperwing-coverts are black, narrowly barred white; whereas in C. f. ochraceus those parts are tinged of cinnamon-buff with black spots (occasionally absent), varying from heart-shaped to chevron-shaped (Short, 1972, 1982; Winkler et al., 1995; Winkler & Christie, 2002). Measurements of C. f. flavescens are also larger than those of C. f. ochraceus (Short, 1972; Winkler et al., 1995). Celeus f. intercedens has dorsal white bars broader than C. f. flavescens, sometimes presenting the dorsal buffy tinge of C. f. ochraceus (Short, 1972, 1982; Winkler et al., 1995). This subspecies is considered intermediate in size between C. f. flavescens and C. f. ochraceus (Winkler & Christie, 2002). Despite presenting variable plumage, sometimes considered intermediate in dorsal barring between C. f. flavescens and C. f. ochraceus, and with some of the rust tinge of C. f. ochraceus, these characters are considered stable in some areas (Short, 1982; Winkler et al., 1995), which led Short (1982) to recognize Celeus f. intercedens as a subspecies. Short (1982) also pointed out that an intergradation zone between C. f. flavescens and C. f. ochraceus probably occurs in southern Bahia and Espírito Santo states, but without any signal of intermediate and stable phenotypes of C. f. intercedens.

Benz & Robbins (2011), based on molecular data, proposed that C. ochraceus deserves full species status instead of being regarded as a subspecies of C. flavescens. Nevertheless, these authors pointed out that the taxonomic status of C. f. intercedens still needs to be clarifyied, based on populations of C. ochraceus that resemble this taxon in suture zones located in Central Brazil.

More recently, Firme (2015) presented a systematic revision of Celeus, in which C. f. intercedens was synonymized with C. f. flavescens, based on the large variation of diagnostic characters previously assigned to both subspecies. Firme (2015) also considered C. ochraceus as a full species. Thus, in the most recent revision of this complex, only two taxa are considered: C. flavescens (including intercedens) and C. ochraceus.

Celeus ochraceus was infrequent in our sampling (IFL = 4.4%), occurring exclusively in dry forest habitats. One male was collected (MCNA 5057). It presents cordiform black spots on the back and on the wings (Fig. 4), a diagnostic character of C. ochraceus (Firme, 2015). Measurements of this specimen are also close to the range of the small series (n ≤ 9) of C. ochraceus analyzed by Short (1972), which are (in mm): wing: 140.0; tail: 83.9; bill (from nostril): 21.0. The only exception is tarsus length (26.3 mm), which is larger than expected and matches the range of measurements of C. flavescens.

Figure 4
Male specimens of Celeus ochraceus (MCNA 5057) from the study area (above) and Celeus flavescens (MCNA 552) from Fazenda Canabrava, Augusto de Lima, Minas Gerais (below).

It is noteworthy that a male of C. flavescens (MCNA 552) was collected at Fazenda Canabrava (18°11’S, 44°03’W), Augusto de Lima municipality, a site located only 130 km southeast from the study area. Its barred back plumage (Fig. 4) and measurements are within the variation typical of C. flavescens (Short, 1972; Winkler et al., 1995). Measurements are (in mm): wing: 164.0; tail: 94.5; bill (from nostril): 23.8; tarsus length: 27.2.

This appears to be the southernmost record of the Ochre-backed Woodpecker (Wiki Aves, 2017). Other specimens of C. ochraceus collected in its southern range are from Campus Avançado, Janaúba (15°49’S, 43°16’W) (DZUFMG 3354) and Riacho dos Machados (16°02’S, 43°08’W) (MCNA 2522, MCNA 2682, MCNA 2763), Minas Gerais. Based on these specimens, there is a possible contact zone of C. ochraceus and C. flavescens somewhere between the study area and the western slope of the Espinhaço Range.

Sittasomus griseicapillus (Olivaceous Woodcreeper)

This species was frequent in the present sampling (IFL = 12.8%). In northern Minas Gerais, two subspecies of the Olivaceous Woodcreeper have been recorded: S. g. sylviellus and S. g. reiseri (Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007). In this region, S. g. sylviellus is associated to semideciduous (Atlantic) forests from eastern Espinhaço Range, while S. g. reiseri occurs in the arboreal caatingas and deciduous forests west of this mountain range (Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007). Thus, it was unexpected that the three specimens obtained in the study area (west of the Espinhaço Range) exhibit the typical plumage pattern of the Atlantic S. g. sylviellus (Fig. 5). Nevertheless, specimens from Curral de Pedras present underparts olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6), slightly paler than specimens of this taxon collected in moister forests eastward, which present underparts light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6). This corroborates Gloger’s ecogeographic rule, in which specimens from drier environments would exhibit lighter plumages than those from more humid regions (Gloger, 1833). Similar results that corroborate Gloger’s ecogeographic rule were also observed in detailed studies of geographic variation of two other woodcreepers: Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Narrow-billed Woodcreeper) (Bolívar-Leguizamón & Silveira, 2015) and Dendrocolaptes platyrostris (Planalto Woodcreeper) (Cabanne et al., 2011).

Figure 5
From left to right: specimens of Sittasomus griseicapillus sylviellus from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo (DZUFMG 630), Mariana, Minas Gerais (MCNA 1406), Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais (MCNA 4147), Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais (MCNA 4970, MCNA 4981, MCNA 5052); and specimens of Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri from Janaúba, Minas Gerais (DZUFMG 3428), and Riacho dos Machados, Minas Gerais (MCNA 2523).

Silva (1989) reported hybrid zones of S. g. sylviellus and S. g. reiseri in the Araguaia - São Francisco interfluve. Nevertheless, in northern Minas Gerais, we never found any signal of intergradation between both subspecies based on specimens collected over a long transect crossing the Espinhaço Range (Vasconcelos & D’Angelo-Neto, 2007). A comparison between specimens of S. g. reiseri from southern Caatinga province (northern Minas Gerais) and a topotype from northern Caatinga (southern Piauí - MCNA 5386) also suggests that this taxon tends to be darker in its southernmost range. The topotype of S. g. reiseri presents breast light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), belly yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and head olive brown (2.5Y 4/4). Southern specimens of S. g. reiseri have breast olive brown (2.5Y 4/4), belly light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), and head olive brown (2.5Y 4/3). Thus, further analyses and collecting of specimens in the Caatinga province are needed to test if this pattern is related to Gloger’s ecogeographic rule.

Lepidocolaptes cf. squamatus (Scaled Woodcreeper)

This species was frequent during our survey (IFL = 19.5%), occurring mainly in dry forest and its borders. We collected two specimens (MCNA 4978, MCNA 5237). Both exhibit plumage of crown as assigned for L. squamatus (following Silva & Straube, 1996). Nevertheless, their underparts are more similar to that of L. wagleri, showing inconspicuous dark borders on the streaks of breast and belly (Fig. 6). Other specimens also present intermediate plumage between L. wagleri and L. squamatus (Silva & Straube, 1996; Vasconcelos et al., 2012; see also Appendix 1). Thus, it is worthy that a detailed revision coupling molecular and morphological data is conducted within this complex in order to understand a possible intergradation zone between the two taxa.

Figure 6
From left to right: specimens of Lepidocolaptes squamatus from Pedra Bonita, Minas Gerais (MCNA 4079), Morro do Pilar, Minas Gerais (MCNA 4480); and specimens of Lepidocolaptes cf. squamatus from Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais (MCNA 4978, MCNA 5237) in frontal (A) and ventral (B) views.

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris (Planalto Woodcreeper)

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris was medium frequent in our sampling (IFL = 6.2%), being recorded almost exclusively in dry forest habitat (92.9%, n = 13), with a single record (7.1%) in the adjacent gallery forest.

Currently, two subspecies of D. platyrostris are recognized: D. p. platyrostris and D. p. intermedius (Marantz, 1997; Marantz et al., 2003). A comprehensive revision of plumage variation of this species was recently presented by Cabanne et al. (2011), who found two areas of plumage stability: one in the Cerrado of central Brazil (population I) and another in southern Atlantic Forest (population II). They considered that population I represents D. p. intermedius and population II is represented by D. p. platyrostris, despite their type localities are out of those areas of plumage stability.

We collected four specimens of D. platyrostris in the study area (MCNA 5051, MCNA 5189, MCNA 5235, MCNA 5236). They are intermediate between both stable populations found by Cabanne et al. (2011), which also suggests geographic variation following Gloger’s ecogeographic rule. This was expected because Curral de Pedras is located between the range of the two areas of plumage stability. Also, the study area represents a collection gap for D. platyrostris. Thus, a detailed description of the plumage of the four specimens is presented on Table 2, following Cabanne et al. (2011). Despite presenting small interindividual variation, the specimens’ overall plumage pattern is darker and more similar to population II (southern Atlantic Forest) than to population I (central Brazil) (Table 2). Some character states from our series do not correspond to any of those described by Cabanne et al. (2011) (Table 2).

Table 2
Plumage characters of four specimens of Dendrocolaptes platyrostris collected in Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Character	MCNA 5051	MCNA 5189	MCNA 5235	MCNA 5236
Head	External vane very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) [state 2*]	External vane black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) [no correspondent state*]	External vane very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) [no correspondent state*]	External vane very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) [state 2*]
Tail	Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) [state 3*]	Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) [no correspondent state*]	Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) [state 6*]	Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) [state 6*]
Uppertail	Unbarred with background dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) and a black patch at the subterminal portion of feathears [state 6*]	Unbarred with background dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) without black patch at the subterminal portion of feathears [no correspondent state*]	Unbarred with background dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) without black patch at the subterminal portion of feathears [no correspondent state*]	Unbarred with background dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) without black patch at the subterminal portion of feathears [no correspondent state*]
Back	Finely streaked, external vane brown (10YR 4/3) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) without black mark at distal portion of internal vane [no correspondent state*]	Finely streaked, external vane dark olive brown (10YR 3/4) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) without black mark at distal portion of internal vane [no correspondent state*]	Finely streaked, external vane dark olive brown (10YR 3/4) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) without black mark at distal portion of internal vane [no correspondent state*]	Finely streaked, external vane dark olive brown (10YR 3/4) and internal vane very pale brown (10YR 8/2) without black mark at distal portion of internal vane [no correspondent state*]
Vent	Background light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and bars very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) [state 2*]	Background light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and bars very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) [state 2*]	Background light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and bars very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) [state 2*]	Background light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and bars very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) [state 2*]

• *Following Cabanne et al. (2011).

Xiphocolaptes albicollis (White-throated Woodcreeper)

This was a medium frequent species during our survey (IFL = 6.2%), recorded exclusively in dry forest. We collected a pair in the study area (MCNA 5203, MCNA 5204). The plumage features of the specimens collected in the study area matches the description of the subspecies X. a. bahiae. So far, X. a. bahiae has been reported to occur only in the state of Bahia (Cory, 1919; Marantz et al., 2003). In comparison with specimens of the nominotypical subspecies from Três Rios (Rio de Janeiro) and Bertioga, São Paulo, they are generally paler (Fig. 7), with crown and nape very dark brown (10YR 2/2) to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) with streaks varying between very pale brown (10YR 7/3.5) and light pale brown (10YR 6/3). In comparison to nominotypical specimens, crown and nape contrast less with brown (10YR 4/2.5) back. Cheeks are unstreaked, varying between pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2) and light gray (2.5Y 7/2). These cheeks form a continuous moustachial stripe to a loral spot of the same color, a pattern that resembles X. falcirostris. Breast and sides varies between brown (10YR 5/3) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3), with streaks light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6.5/3), without dark spots on their borders. Belly is less barred in comparison to specimens of nominotypical race. Another character that approaches these specimens to X. falcirostris is their more pronounced decurved bills (Fig. 7).

Figure 7
From left to right: specimens of Xiphocolaptes albicollis albicollis from Três Rios, Rio de Janeiro (MCNA 2061); intermediate specimens between X. a. bahiae and X. a. albicollis from Conceição do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais (MCNA 2903) and Mariana, Minas Gerais (DZUFMG 6536); and specimens of X. a. bahiae from Curral de Pedras, Minas Gerais (MCNA 5203, MCNA 5204) in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Studied specimens from humid (Atlantic) forests of the nominotypical subspecies are generally darker than specimens from Curral de Pedras (Fig. 7). Head and nape are black (10YR 2/1), with streaks varying between very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), contrasting deeply with back that varies between very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4). Cheeks are usually white (2.5Y 8/1) striped black (10YR 2/1) or very dark brown (10YR 2/2). Breast varies between dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), brown (10YR 4/3), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), with streaks pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3 and 2.5Y 7/4) bordered by spots very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2). Belly presents a denser barring pattern than those specimens of dry forests.

It is noteworthy that in specimens collected in semideciduous forests, between areas of humid and dry forests, the plumage pattern appears to be intermediate between X. a. albicollis and X. a. bahiae. They present dark head and striped cheeks similar to specimens of the nominotypical subspecies. Nevertheless, the breast streaks are never bordered by dark spots and belly barring is less pronounced, similar to X. a. bahiae. The background color of breast and upperparts present a wide variation among specimens, with some resembling those of X. a. albicollis and others with a pattern closer to that of X. a. bahiae (Fig. 7).

We checked photographs of the type of X. a. bahiae, housed in the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH 65976), and its overall plumage pattern is similar to specimens collected at Curral de Pedras, except for its more streaked back and its rump that appears more rufescent. We also analyzed a photograph of a topotypical specimen, which presents a similar plumage pattern of both specimens collected in the study area (Silva, 2015). Pinto & Camargo (1961), based on the analysis of the two specimens of X. a. villanovae used in the original description of this subspecies, suggested a relationship of this taxon to X. a. bahiae. We checked photographs of the type of X. a. villanovae, housed in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP 7593) and it differs from X. a. bahiae by presenting a very strong streaked pattern on the back and a densely barred belly. Nevertheless, since both type localities of X. a. villanovae and X. a. bahiae are located east to the Espinhaço Range in Bahia state, it is possible that X. a. villanovae is just an extreme of the cline occurring in its northern range.

These results also suggest a geographical variation in X. albicollis following the Gloger’s ecogeographic rule, with darker specimens from the humid coastal forests and paler specimens from dry forests. Intermediate specimens do occur between these regions in semideciduous forests. Also, the less contrasting head and nape with back, the conspicuous moustachial stripe, the less barred abdomen, and the more decurved bill of specimens from Curral de Pedras approach them to X. falcirostris, known to occur only in the opposite (left) bank of the São Francisco River (Silva & Oren, 1997). Cory & Hellmayr (1925) were the first to note that “by the lighter, less blackish pileum, less distinctly streaked auriculars, and absence of black barring underneath X. a. bahiae seems to form the transition to X. falcirostris, of northeastern Brazil”. This suggests a possible gene flow between both species. Thus, we strongly suggest that further detailed taxonomic revisions and phylogeographic studies must be conducted to access the possible clinal variation in X. albicollis and to test possible hybridization of this species with X. falcirostris, which also shows a not well resolved pattern of geographic variation (Silva & Oren, 1997). In future studies it would be extremely important to collect specimens from intermediate localities between the known range of these taxa, including the subspecies X. a. villanovae, sometimes treated as a subspecies of X. falcirostris (Cory & Hellmayr, 1925 - but see Meyer de Schauensee, 1966; Pinto, 1938), and X. f. franciscanus, previously considered closer to X. albicollis (Pinto, 1978).

Knipolegus franciscanus (Caatinga Black-Tyrant)

The Caatinga Black-Tyrant was a frequent species in the study area (IFL = 15.0%). In the same area, Marcos A. Raposo observed c. 50 individuals of this species in a single hour of field sampling in November 1995 (Kirwan et al., 2004), despite we never found it in such abundance (see below). The majority of records of habitat use were obtained in dry forests or their edges (77.1%, n = 27), despite we also observed it in the vegetation growing on limestone outcrop (20%, n = 7) and in gallery forest (2.9%, n = 1). Among all individuals observed during our sampling effort of 31 days (n = 43), the majority were males (90.7%), while only 9.3% were represented by females. We do not know if females are actually less abundant than males or if they present a more secretive behavior, which, together with their more cryptic plumage pattern, make them less detectable than males. In a proportional rate, we obtained eight specimens represented by seven males (MCNA 4966, MCNA 5049, MCNA 5055, MCNA 5180, MCNA 5227, MCNA 5230, MCNA 5268) and a single female (MCNA 5191).

Nothing is known about the species’ breeding biology, but based on measurements of testicle size of the seven collected males, breeding appears to occur during the end of dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, between September and November (Table 3).

Table 3
Testicle measurements (in mm) of seven male specimens of Knipolegus franciscanus collected at Curral de Pedras between May 2016 and January 2017.

Specimen number	Testicle measurements	Month
MCNA 5227	3.5 x 1.4	January
MCNA 4966	2.6 x 1.4	May
MCNA 5055	2.5 x 1.6	July
MCNA 5049	2.1 x 1.2	July
MCNA 5180	5.6 x 3.2	September
MCNA 5230	6.6 x 3.6	September
MCNA 5268	7.4 x 4.6	November

CONCLUSION

The data presented here shows that the avifauna of a Cerrado dry forest enclave in central Minas Gerais present a few taxa typical of the Caatinga, despite located only c. 100 km south of this biogeographic province. This suggests extinction of Caatinga species as other dry forest enclaves are far from this SDTF nucleous. Also, the size of dry forest enclaves, coupled with their distance in relation to the Caatinga province, appears to be an important factor shaping the occurrence of Caatinga birds. For example, in the Paranã River Valley, the largest Cerrado dry forest enclave (Werneck, 2011), with a considerable area of c. 13,000 km² (Bianchi & Haig, 2013), but c. 300 km west of the Caatinga, only the following taxa have been reported: Columbina picui strepitans, Icterus jamacaii, and Compsothraupis loricata (Blamires et al., 2002; Pacheco & Olmos, 2006; Martins, 2007). Nevertheless, other factors should be responsible for this pattern, since several phytophisiognomies occurring in the Caatinga do not occur in Central Brazilian dry forests (Andrade-Lima, 1981; Rizzini, 1997), probably excluding some taxa typical to this biogeographic province. Thus, we suggest future studies aiming to understand these patterns of occurrence of typical Caatinga birds in the Cerrado dry forest enclaves.

Finally, based on the specimens collected during this study, we reinforce the need of further research in taxonomy, geographic variation, and phylogeography of the two species complex of woodcreepers that were suggested to occur on different banks of the São Francisco River: Lepidocolaptes squamatus (right bank) / L. wagleri (left bank) and Xiphocolaptes albicollis (right bank) / X. falcirostris (left bank). In comparison to Amazonian rivers, the São Francisco River seems not to work as an effective geographic barrier to prevent gene flow between woodcreepers species (Marantz et al., 2003). Future detailed phylogeographic studies and taxonomic revisions should focus on the possible intergradation between L. squamatus / L. wagleri and X. albicollis / X. falcirostris in the dry forests occurring across this river.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Instituto Prístino staff, especially Luciana Hiromi Yoshino Kamino, Flávio Fonseca do Carmo, Jeanine Barailon, and Tarcísio Tolentino for logistic and financial support to our fieldwork. Rubens Custódio da Mota, Rogério Tobias Junior, and Wanderlei Oliveira da Silva provided valuable help in the field. The last and his family (D. Santa and Thiago) are the landowners of the study area and allowed our collecting activities there. Eric Pereira (Geoprocessamento - Instituto Prístino) kindly prepared Fig. 1. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira sent photographs of the type of Xiphocolaptes albicollis villanovae and revised the manuscript. We are grateful to Dr. Marcos A. Raposo, coordinator of the project “Catálogo de Tipos de Espécies de Aves do Brasil/CNPq/Museu Nacional”, who permitted checking photographs of the types of Celeus flavescens intercedens and Xiphocolaptes albicollis bahiae. Dr. Daniel Honorato Firme commented on the diagnosis of C. ochraceus. Dr. Marco Aurélio Crozariol and Lia Nahomi Kajiki helped to find bibliographic material. We thank Dr. Marcos Maldonado Coelho for a critical review of the manuscript and for lending the Munsell soil color charts. The first author thanks to the Ministério Público do Estado de Minas Gerais - Coordenadoria Regional das Promotorias de Justiça de Meio Ambiente das Bacias dos Rios Verde Grande e Pardo, for the institutional support to the project IP.064.2016.

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• 1
  Edited by: Luís Fábio Silveira
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"
• 3
  Seção de Publicações - Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo

APPENDIX 1

Analyzed specimens of woopeckers and woodcreepers that exhibit geographical variation in eastern Brazil. Institutions: Coleção Ornitológica do Centro de Coleções Taxonômicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DZUFMG); Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (MHNJBUFMG); Museu de Ciências Naturais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (MCNA).

Celeus ochraceus

BRAZIL: Tocantins: Nova Olinda (1 ♀ MCNA 1795; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 6661). Bahia: Catinga do Moura (1 undetermined DZUFMG 2608). Minas Gerais: Riacho dos Machados (2 ♂ MCNA 2522, MCNA 2763; 1 ♀ MCNA 2682); Campus Avançado (Unimontes), Janaúba (1 ♀ DZUFMG 3354); Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí (1 ♂ MCNA 5057).

Celeus flavescens

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Fazenda Canabrava, Augusto de Lima (1 ♂ MCNA 552); Parque do Rio Doce, Marliéria (1 ♀ DZUFMG 592); Mata do Cambraia, Perdões (1 ♂ DZUFMG 3744). São Paulo: Itapetininga (1 ♀ MHNJBUFMG 1022); Rio Guaratuba, Bertioga (2 ♂ MHNJBUFMG 1014, MHNJBUFMG 1068; 3 ♀ MHNJBUFMG 1067, MHNJBUFMG 1114, MHNJBUFMG 1194).

Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri

BRAZIL: Piauí: Malhadinha, Parnaguá (1 ♀ MCNA 5386). Bahia: Catinga do Moura (1 undetermined DZUFMG 2800); Brejinho das Ametistas, Caetité (2 ♂ DZUFMG 6137, DZUFMG 6138; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 6136). Minas Gerais: Riacho dos Machados (4 ♂ MCNA 2383, MCNA 2523, MCNA 2688, MCNA 3624; 1 ♀ MCNA 2681); Campus Avançado (Unimontes), Janaúba (5 ♂ DZUFMG 3393, DZUFMG 3394, DZUFMG 3427, DZUFMG 3428, DZUFMG 3430; 2 ♀ DZUFMG 3395, DZUFMG 3429).

Sittasomus griseicapillus sylviellus

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Rio Salinas, Salinas (1 ♀ MCNA 207); Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí (2 ♂ MCNA 4981, MCNA 5052; 1 ♀ MCNA 4970); Fazenda do Sr. Onofre Sandinha, Leme do Prado (2 ♂ DZUFMG 3568, DZUFMG 4010; 3 ♀ DZUFMG 4011, DZUFMG 4013, DZUFMG 4014; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 4012); Fazenda Corredor, Bocaiúva (1 ♂ DZUFMG 5292; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 5291); Vau, Diamantina (1 ♀ MCNA 1047); Fazenda Canabrava, Augusto de Lima (1 undetermined MCNA 663); Fazenda Jacaré-Riachão, Felixlândia (1 ♀ DZUFMG 4400); Serra da Ferrugem, Conceição do Mato Dentro (1 undetermined MCNA 4605); Parque do Rio Doce, Marliéria (1 ♂ DZUFMG 651); APE Barreiro/COPASA, Belo Horizonte (1 ♀ DZUFMG 3709); Mata do Jambreiro, Nova Lima (2 ♂ DZUFMG 4431, DZUFMG 4432; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 4433); Mina de Abóboras 2, Nova Lima (1 ♂ MCNA 2194); Proximidades da Mina de Vargem Grande, Nova Lima (1 ♀ MCNA 4228); Fazenda Princesa da Serra, Itatiaiuçu (1 undetermined DZUFMG 6778); Mina de Abóboras 1, Rio Acima (1 ♀ MCNA 2150); Nova Quartzito, Rio Acima (1 ♀ MCNA 3077); Fazenda Bocaina, Santa Bárbara (3 ♂ DZUFMG 2861, DZUFMG 4842, MCNA 4536; 3 ♀ DZUFMG 5701, MCNA 4147, MCNA 4463; 3 undetermined DZUFMG 2555, DZUFMG 4463, MCNA 4148); Mina Córrego do Sítio, Santa Bárbara (2 ♀ DZUFMG 6041, DZUFMG 6042); Taboões, Serra do Caraça, Santa Bárbara (4 ♂ DZUFMG 4458, MCNA 2414, MCNA 4919, MCNA 4920; 2 ♀ MCNA 4899, MCNA 4903; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 3195); Trilha para a Capelinha, Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas (1 ♀ DZUFMG 5201); Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas (1 ♂ DZUFMG 650; 2 ♀ DZUFMG 648, DZUFMG 649); Vertente Sul da Serra do Caraça, Mariana (1 ♂ MCNA 1390; 1 ♀ MCNA 1406; 2 undetermined MCNA 1391, MCNA 1392); Mina de Fábrica Nova, CVRD, Mariana (1 ♂ DZUFMG 5950; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 5949); Várzea do Lopes, Itabirito (1 ♂ MCNA 3739); Rodeio de Baixo, Ouro Preto (1 ♀ MCNA 3744); Córrego Mãe D’Água, Congonhas (1 ♀ DZUFMG 7266); Mata do Cambraia, Perdões (2 ♂ DZUFMG 3085, DZUFMG 3794; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 4153); Mata da Curva, Itumirim (2 ♂ DZUFMG 3300, DZUFMG 4209); Fazenda Cachoeirão, Além Paraíba (1 ♂ MCNA 2081); Sertão do Cantagalo, Gonçalves (1 ♂ DZUFMG 5637; 2 ♀ DZUFMG 5313, DZUFMG 5638); Taperinha, Camanducaia (1 ♂ DZUFMG 5623). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (11 ♂ DZUFMG 628, DZUFMG 629, DZUFMG 630, DZUFMG 631, DZUFMG 634, DZUFMG 635, DZUFMG 636, DZUFMG 637, DZUFMG 639, DZUFMG 640, DZUFMG 641; 5 ♀ DZUFMG 632, DZUFMG 633, DZUFMG 638, DZUFMG 643, DZUFMG 2806). São Paulo: Casa Grande, Salesópolis (2 ♂ DZUFMG 644, DZUFMG 647; 2 ♀ DZUFMG 645, DZUFMG 646).

Lepidocolaptes wagleri

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual da Mata Seca, Manga (1 ♂ DZUFMG 6010); Brejo do Amparo, Januária (1 ♀ DZUFMG 7216; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 7215).

Lepidocolaptes squamatus

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Morro do Pilar (1 undetermined MCNA 4480); Área de influência do Mineroduto Minas-Rio, Pedra Bonita (1 ♂ MCNA 4079); Córrego do Andaime, Rio Acima (1 ♀ MCNA 3098); Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas (1 ♀ DZUFMG 686). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (2 ♂ DZUFMG 676, DZUFMG 677; 4 ♀ DZUFMG 678, DZUFMG 679, DZUFMG 680, DZUFMG 681; 1 undetermined DZUFMG 682). Rio de Janeiro: Bem Posta, Três Rios (1 ♀ MCNA 2093).

Lepidocolaptes wagleri / Lepidocolaptes squamatus (intermediate specimens)

BRAZIL: Bahia: Brejinho das Ametistas, Caetité (1 ♂ DZUFMG 6571). Minas Gerais: Campus Avançado (Unimontes), Janaúba (2 ♂ DZUFMG 3406, DZUFMG 3407); Riacho dos Machados (2 ♂ MCNA 2749, MCNA 3599; 2 ♀ MCNA 2521, MCNA 2679; 1 undetermined MCNA 2021); Rio São Miguel, Arinos (1 ♂ DZUFMG 685); Fazenda Brejão, Brasilândia de Minas (1 undetermined DZUFMG 7152); Minas Novas (1 ♂ DZUFMG 687); Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí (2 ♀ MCNA 4978, MCNA 5237); Fazenda Corredor, Bocaiúva (1 ♀ DZUFMG 5010).

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris platyrostris

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Sertão do Cantagalo, Gonçalves (2 ♂ DZUFMG 5639, DZUFMG 5749; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 5640). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (1 ♂ DZUFMG 698). São Paulo: Casa Grande, Salesópolis (1 ♂ DZUFMG 705); Itapetininga (1 ♀ DZUFMG 706).

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris intermedius

BRAZIL: Goiás: Margem esquerda do Rio Claro, Cachoeira Alta (1 ♂ MCNA 1410); Fazenda Saloba, Montes Claros de Goiás (1 ♂ DZUFMG 5402; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 5401). Minas Gerais: Fazenda Sertão, Itacarambi (1 ♂ MCNA 5200); Rio São Miguel, Arinos (1 ♂ DZUFMG 702).

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris platyrostris / Dendrocolaptes platyrostris intermedius (intermediate specimens)

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí (3 ♂ MCNA 5051, MCNA 5189, MCNA 5236; 1 ♀ MCNA 5235); Joaíma (1 ♂ DZUFMG 704; 1 ♀ DZUFMG 703); Fazenda do Sr. Onofre Sandinha, Leme do Prado (1 ♀ DZUFMG 3566); Fazenda Canabrava, Augusto de Lima (1 undetermined MCNA 206); Vau, Diamantina (1 ♂ MCNA 1146); Cabeça de Boi, Itambé do Mato Dentro (1 ♂ DZUFMG 6340); Fazenda Faroeste, Iguatama (1 ♀ DZUFMG 5018); Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas (3 ♂ DZUFMG 699, DZUFMG 700, DZUFMG 701); Vertente Sul da Serra do Caraça, Mariana (1 ♂ DZUFMG 6537; 1 ♀ MCNA 1359).

Xiphocolaptes albicollis bahiae

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Mata do Seo Nozim, Francisco Sá (1 ♀ DZUFMG 3832); Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí (1 ♂ MCNA 5204; 1 ♀ MCNA 5203).

Xiphocolaptes albicollis albicollis

BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Bem Posta, Três Rios (1 ♂ MCNA 2061). São Paulo: Rio Guaratuba, Bertioga (1 ♂ DZUFMG 622).

Xiphocolaptes albicollis bahiae / Xiphocolaptes albicollis albicollis (intermediate specimens)

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Conceição do Mato Dentro (1 ♂ MCNA 2904; 1 ♀ MCNA 2903); Captação de Água do Descoberto, Caeté (1 ♀ DZUFMG 4903); Vertente Sul da Serra do Caraça, Mariana (1 ♂ DZUFMG 6536). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (1 ♂ DZUFMG 625; 3 ♀ DZUFMG 623, DZUFMG 624, DZUFMG 626); Região de Chapéu, Domingos Martins (1 ♂ MCNA 850). São Paulo: Casa Grande, Salesópolis (1 ♀ DZUFMG 621).

APPENDIX 2

Birds recorded in Curral de Pedras, Jequitaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil. IFL: index of frequency in MacKinnon lists. Habitat: AE = aereal (in flight); AC = limestone outcrop; FD = dry forest; HU = area subject to human use (pastures and plantations); MC = gallery forest.

Taxa / English Name IFL (%) Habitat Voucher number (MCNA) Tinamiformes Tinamidae Crypturellus zabele (Spix, 1825) Yellow-legged Tinamou 7.5 FD Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827) Small-billed Tinamou 10.2 AC, FD, HU 5193 Crypturellus tataupa (Temminck, 1815) Tataupa Tinamou 8.8 FD, HU Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cattle Egret 0.4 HU Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) Whistling Heron 0.9 HU Threskiornithidae Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) Buff-necked Ibis 0.9 AE, HU Cathartiformes Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) Turkey Vulture 3.6 AE Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) Black Vulture 5.3 AE, AC, FD, HU Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) King Vulture 0.9 AE Accipitriformes Accipitridae Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818) White-tailed Kite 0.4 HU Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham, 1790) Savanna Hawk 0.4 HU Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) Roadside Hawk 12.4 AE, AC, FD Buteo nitidus (Latham, 1790) Gray-lined Hawk 0.4 AE Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1816 Short-tailed Hawk 1.8 AE, FD Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied, 1820) Black Hawk-Eagle 2.7 FD Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800) Ornate Hawk-Eagle 1.8 AE, FD Gruiformes Rallidae Aramides cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776) Gray-necked Wood-Rail 0.9 MC Charadriiformes Charadriidae Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) Southern Lapwing 5.3 AE, HU Columbiformes Columbidae Columbina minuta (Linnaeus, 1766) Plain-breasted Ground-Dove 2.2 FD 4980 Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810) Ruddy Ground-Dove 5.8 AC, FD, HU, MC Columbina squammata (Lesson, 1831) Scaled Dove 24.8 AC, FD, HU, MC 4995 Columbina picui (Temminck, 1813) Picui Ground-Dove 13.3 AC, FD, HU Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886) Blue Ground-Dove 4.9 AC, FD Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck, 1813) Picazuro Pigeon 6.2 FD Patagioenas cayennensis (Bonnaterre, 1792) Pale-vented Pigeon 0.4 FD Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855 White-tipped Dove 26.5 FD, MC 4992, 4993 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) Squirrel Cuckoo 11.5 FD, MC 5275 Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817 Dark-billed Cuckoo 0.9 FD 5276, 5339 Crotophaga major Gmelin, 1788 Greater Ani 0.4 MC Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 Smooth-billed Ani 4.4 FD, HU Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) Guira Cuckoo 3.5 FD, HU Tapera naevia (Linnaeus, 1766) Striped Cuckoo 8.4 FD, HU Strigiformes Strigidae Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817) Tropical Screech-Owl 0.9 FD Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788) Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl 11.1 FD 4964, 5044, 5188, 5241 Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782) Burrowing Owl 1.8 FD, HU Nyctibiiformes Nyctibiidae Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Common Potoo 0.4 FD Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Lurocalis semitorquatus (Gmelin, 1789) Short-tailed Nighthawk 1.3 AE, FD Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) Common Pauraque 5.3 FD, HU Apodiformes Apodidae Streptoprocne sp. Swift 5.3 AE Chaetura meridionalis Hellmayr, 1907 Sick’s Swift 1.8 AE Trochilidae Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839) Planalto Hermit 1.3 FD, HU Campylopterus calcirupicola Lopes, Vasconcelos & Gonzaga, 2017 Dry-forest Sabrewing 5.8 AC, FD 4977, 5050, 5190 Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Vieillot, 1818) Sombre Hummingbird 1.3 FD Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817) Black Jacobin 1.8 AC Colibri serrirostris (Vieillot, 1816) White-vented Violetear 0.4 FD Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812) Glittering-bellied Emerald 5.8 AC, FD 4987 Thalurania furcata (Gmelin, 1788) Fork-tailed Woodnymph 4.0 AC, FD 5047, 5048, 5340 Amazilia versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) Versicolored Emerald 0.9 FD 4974, 5305 Amazilia fimbriata (Gmelin, 1788) Glittering-throated Emerald 9.7 AC, FD, HU 4972, 4986, 5249 Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1823) Stripe-breasted Starthroat 0.4 FD Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon surrucura Vieillot, 1817 Surucua Trogon 10.2 FD, MC 4965, 5181, 5182 Galbuliformes Galbulidae Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, 1816 Rufous-tailed Jacamar 0.9 MC Bucconidae Nystalus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788) Spot-backed Puffbird 4.9 FD Piciformes Ramphastidae Ramphastos toco Statius Muller, 1776 Toco Toucan 1.3 FD, HU Picidae Picumnus cf. albosquamatus d’Orbigny, 1840 White-wedged Piculet 1.8 FD, MC Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796) White Woodpecker 0.9 AC, FD Veniliornis passerinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Little Woodpecker 11.1 AC, FD 5041 Piculus chrysochloros (Vieillot, 1818) Golden-green Woodpecker 1.8 FD Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788) Green-barred Woodpecker 5.3 AC, FD Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818) Campo Flicker 0.4 HU Celeus ochraceus (Spix, 1824) Ochre-backed Woodpecker 4.4 FD 5057 Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Lineated Woodpecker 2.2 FD Campephilus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788) Crimson-crested Woodpecker 3.5 AE, FD Cariamiformes Cariamidae Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) Red-legged Seriema 11.9 AC, FD, HU Falconiformes Falconidae Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) Southern Caracara 1.8 AE, AC, FD, HU Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Yellow-headed Caracara 4.0 AE, FD Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Laughing Falcon 3.5 FD Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) Collared Forest-Falcon 4.0 FD Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822 Aplomado Falcon 0.4 FD Psittaciformes Psittacidae Diopsittaca nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-shouldered Macaw 0.9 AE Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Muller, 1776) White-eyed Parakeet 8.0 AE, AC, FD Aratinga auricapillus (Kuhl, 1820) Golden-capped Parakeet 19.0 AE, AC, FD 5185 Eupsittula cactorum (Kuhl, 1820) Cactus Parakeet 3.1 AE, FD Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix, 1824) Blue-winged Parrotlet 6.2 AE, AC, FD, HU, MC Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818) Yellow-chevroned Parakeet 26.5 AE, AC, FD, HU 5040, 5184, 5231, 5232, 5233, 5234 Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820) Scaly-headed Parrot 2.2 AE Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Wied, 1831) Stripe-backed Antbird 13.3 FD Formicivora melanogaster Pelzeln, 1868 Black-bellied Antwren 13.7 FD, MC 5196 Herpsilochmus atricapillus Pelzeln, 1868 Black-capped Antwren 8.0 FD, MC Thamnophilus capistratus Lesson, 1840 Caatinga Antshrike 2.2 FD, MC Thamnophilus pelzelni Hellmayr, 1924 Planalto Slaty-Antshrike 25.2 FD, MC 4963, 5238, 5239, 5247, 5252 Taraba major (Vieillot, 1816) Great Antshrike 2.7 FD, MC Dendrocolaptidae Sittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818) Olivaceous Woodcreeper 12.8 FD 4970, 4981, 5052 Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, 1820) Red-billed Scythebill 0.4 FD Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Vieillot, 1818) Narrow-billed Woodcreeper 0.9 FD, HU Lepidocolaptes cf. squamatus (Lichtenstein, 1822) Scaled Woodcreeper 19.5 FD, MC 4978, 5237 Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Spix, 1825 Planalto Woodcreeper 6.2 FD, MC 5051, 5189, 5235, 5236 Xiphocolaptes albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) White-throated Woodcreeper 6.2 FD 5203, 5204 Furnariidae Furnarius figulus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Wing-banded Hornero 0.4 MC Furnarius leucopus Swainson, 1838 Pale-legged Hornero 10.2 FD, HU, MC 5058 Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788) Rufous Hornero 4.9 FD, HU Phacellodomus rufifrons (Wied, 1821) Rufous-fronted Thornbird 2.7 FD, HU Schoeniophylax phryganophilus (Vieillot, 1817) Chotoy Spinetail 0.9 FD, HU Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, 1859 Sooty-fronted Spinetail 18.1 FD, HU, MC 5244 Synallaxis albescens Temminck, 1823 Pale-breasted Spinetail 0.4 HU Synallaxis scutata Sclater, 1859 Ochre-cheeked Spinetail 3.5 FD 4969, 5197 Onychorhynchidae Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence, 1863 Black-tailed Flycatcher 0.4 FD Tityridae Tityra inquisitor (Lichtenstein, 1823) Black-crowned Tityra 3.1 FD Pachyramphus viridis (Vieillot, 1816) Green-backed Becard 1.3 FD, HU Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818) White-winged Becard 4.0 FD Rhynchocyclidae Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, 1846 Sepia-capped Flycatcher 4.4 FD 5266 Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix, 1825) Yellow-olive Flycatcher 5.3 FD, MC 4979, 5267 Tolmomyias flaviventris (Wied, 1831) Yellow-breasted Flycatcher 14.2 FD Todirostrum cinereum (Linnaeus, 1766) Common Tody-Flycatcher 1.3 FD, HU, MC Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant 19.5 AC, FD, MC 4975, 4988 Tyrannidae Hirundinea ferruginea (Gmelin, 1788) Cliff Flycatcher 8.0 AC, FD Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck, 1824) Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet 6.6 FD Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822) Yellow-bellied Elaenia 0.4 AC Elaenia cf. mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830) Olivaceous Elaenia 0.4 FD 4967 Suiriri suiriri (Vieillot, 1818) Suiriri Flycatcher 0.4 HU Myiopagis caniceps (Swainson, 1835) Gray Elaenia 9.7 FD, MC Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot, 1817) Greenish Elaenia 6.6 FD 5242, 5243, 5250 Phaeomyias murina (Spix, 1825) Mouse-colored Tyrannulet 1.8 FD Phyllomyias fasciatus (Thunberg, 1822) Planalto Tyrannulet 3.1 FD Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin, 1789) Short-crested Flycatcher 2.7 FD Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Muller, 1776) Brown-crested Flycatcher 19.9 AC, FD, MC 5186 Sirystes sibilator (Vieillot, 1818) Sibilant Sirystes 8.4 FD Casiornis rufus (Vieillot, 1816) Rufous Casiornis 6.2 FD 4968, 5245 Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) Great Kiskadee 21.7 AC, FD, HU, MC Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) Cattle Tyrant 0.4 HU Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Streaked Flycatcher 15.0 AC, FD 5192 Megarynchus pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766) Boat-billed Flycatcher 16.4 AC, FD, HU Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825) Social Flycatcher 13.3 AC, FD, HU, MC Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 Tropical Kingbird 3.5 FD, HU Tyrannus savana Daudin, 1802 Fork-tailed Flycatcher 0.4 FD Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Crowned Slaty Flycatcher 0.4 FD Empidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818) Variegated Flycatcher 2.7 FD Colonia colonus (Vieillot, 1818) Long-tailed Tyrant 0.4 FD Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Bran-colored Flycatcher 1.3 FD, HU Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) Masked Water-Tyrant 1.3 HU, MC Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Wied, 1831) Fuscous Flycatcher 7.1 FD 5240 Lathrotriccus euleri (Cabanis, 1868) Euler’s Flycatcher 6.2 FD Contopus cinereus (Spix, 1825) Tropical Pewee 4.4 FD Knipolegus franciscanus Snethlage, 1928 Caatinga Black-Tyrant 15.0 AC, FD, MC 4966, 5049, 5055, 5180, 5191, 5227, 5230, 5268 Vireonidae Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789) Rufous-browed Peppershrike 15.9 FD, MC 5043, 5246, 5265 Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835) Gray-eyed Greenlet 0.9 FD Vireo chivi (Vieillot, 1817) Chivi Vireo 0.9 FD Corvidae Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) White-naped Jay 14.2 FD, HU, MC 4973 Hirundinidae Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Blue-and-white Swallow 6.6 AE Progne tapera (Vieillot, 1817) Brown-chested Martin 0.4 FD Troglodytidae Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 Southern House Wren 22.1 AC, FD, HU, MC 4984, 5229, 5306 Cantorchilus leucotis (Lafresnaye, 1845) Buff-breasted Wren 2.7 FD, MC Polioptilidae Polioptila plumbea (Gmelin, 1788) Tropical Gnatcatcher 4.9 AC, FD Turdidae Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 Pale-breasted Thrush 13.3 AC, FD 4991 Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Rufous-bellied Thrush 0.4 FD 5046 Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 Creamy-bellied Thrush 4.9 FD 5187 Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 White-necked Thrush 8.4 FD 5045, 5056, 5228 Passerellidae Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 Saffron-billed Sparrow 0.4 MC Parulidae Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe, 1830) Golden-crowned Warbler 6.2 FD, MC 4971, 5054, 5059 Myiothlypis flaveola Baird, 1865 Flavescent Warbler 23.0 FD, MC 5053, 5248, 5251 Icteridae Psarocolius decumanus (Pallas, 1769) Crested Oropendola 4.4 FD Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819) Variable Oriole 3.1 AC, FD, MC Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788) Campo Troupial 20.8 FD, HU 4982 Gnorimopsar chopi (Vieillot, 1819) Chopi Blackbird 1.3 HU Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) Shiny Cowbird 1.3 AC, FD, HU Thraupidae Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-cowled Cardinal 0.4 FD Tangara sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766) Sayaca Tanager 14.6 AC, FD Tangara cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) Burnished-buff Tanager 2.2 AC, FD, HU Nemosia pileata (Boddaert, 1783) Hooded Tanager 1.8 FD Compsothraupis loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819) Scarlet-throated Tanager 10.2 AC, FD, HU Conirostrum speciosum (Temminck, 1824) Chestnut-vented Conebill 4.0 FD Hemithraupis guira (Linnaeus, 1766) Guira Tanager 8.4 FD, MC Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) Blue-black Grassquit 2.7 FD, HU 4983 Coryphospingus pileatus (Wied, 1821) Pileated Finch 12.8 AC, FD 4976, 4985 Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert, 1783) White-lined Tanager 4.0 AC, FD, MC 5042, 5183 Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) Bananaquit 0.4 FD Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) Lined Seedeater 0.4 FD Sporophila nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823) Yellow-bellied Seedeater 2.2 FD, MC Saltatricula atricollis (Vieillot, 1817) Black-throated Saltator 0.9 HU Saltator similis d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Green-winged Saltator 1.3 FD Cardinalidae Cyanoloxia brissonii (Lichtenstein, 1823) Ultramarine Grosbeak 3.1 FD Fringillidae Euphonia chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) Purple-throated Euphonia 7.1 FD, HU

Taxa / English Name	IFL (%)	Habitat	Voucher number (MCNA)
Tinamiformes
Tinamidae
Crypturellus zabele (Spix, 1825) Yellow-legged Tinamou	7.5	FD
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827) Small-billed Tinamou	10.2	AC, FD, HU	5193
Crypturellus tataupa (Temminck, 1815) Tataupa Tinamou	8.8	FD, HU
Pelecaniformes
Ardeidae
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cattle Egret	0.4	HU
Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) Whistling Heron	0.9	HU
Threskiornithidae
Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) Buff-necked Ibis	0.9	AE, HU
Cathartiformes
Cathartidae
Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) Turkey Vulture	3.6	AE
Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) Black Vulture	5.3	AE, AC, FD, HU
Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) King Vulture	0.9	AE
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818) White-tailed Kite	0.4	HU
Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham, 1790) Savanna Hawk	0.4	HU
Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) Roadside Hawk	12.4	AE, AC, FD
Buteo nitidus (Latham, 1790) Gray-lined Hawk	0.4	AE
Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1816 Short-tailed Hawk	1.8	AE, FD
Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied, 1820) Black Hawk-Eagle	2.7	FD
Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800) Ornate Hawk-Eagle	1.8	AE, FD
Gruiformes
Rallidae
Aramides cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776) Gray-necked Wood-Rail	0.9	MC
Charadriiformes
Charadriidae
Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) Southern Lapwing	5.3	AE, HU
Columbiformes
Columbidae
Columbina minuta (Linnaeus, 1766) Plain-breasted Ground-Dove	2.2	FD	4980
Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810) Ruddy Ground-Dove	5.8	AC, FD, HU, MC
Columbina squammata (Lesson, 1831) Scaled Dove	24.8	AC, FD, HU, MC	4995
Columbina picui (Temminck, 1813) Picui Ground-Dove	13.3	AC, FD, HU
Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886) Blue Ground-Dove	4.9	AC, FD
Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck, 1813) Picazuro Pigeon	6.2	FD
Patagioenas cayennensis (Bonnaterre, 1792) Pale-vented Pigeon	0.4	FD
Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855 White-tipped Dove	26.5	FD, MC	4992, 4993
Cuculiformes
Cuculidae
Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) Squirrel Cuckoo	11.5	FD, MC	5275
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817 Dark-billed Cuckoo	0.9	FD	5276, 5339
Crotophaga major Gmelin, 1788 Greater Ani	0.4	MC
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 Smooth-billed Ani	4.4	FD, HU
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) Guira Cuckoo	3.5	FD, HU
Tapera naevia (Linnaeus, 1766) Striped Cuckoo	8.4	FD, HU
Strigiformes
Strigidae
Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817) Tropical Screech-Owl	0.9	FD
Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788) Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl	11.1	FD	4964, 5044, 5188, 5241
Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782) Burrowing Owl	1.8	FD, HU
Nyctibiiformes
Nyctibiidae
Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin, 1789) Common Potoo	0.4	FD
Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgidae
Lurocalis semitorquatus (Gmelin, 1789) Short-tailed Nighthawk	1.3	AE, FD
Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) Common Pauraque	5.3	FD, HU
Apodiformes
Apodidae
Streptoprocne sp. Swift	5.3	AE
Chaetura meridionalis Hellmayr, 1907 Sick’s Swift	1.8	AE
Trochilidae
Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839) Planalto Hermit	1.3	FD, HU
Campylopterus calcirupicola Lopes, Vasconcelos & Gonzaga, 2017 Dry-forest Sabrewing	5.8	AC, FD	4977, 5050, 5190
Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Vieillot, 1818) Sombre Hummingbird	1.3	FD
Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817) Black Jacobin	1.8	AC
Colibri serrirostris (Vieillot, 1816) White-vented Violetear	0.4	FD
Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812) Glittering-bellied Emerald	5.8	AC, FD	4987
Thalurania furcata (Gmelin, 1788) Fork-tailed Woodnymph	4.0	AC, FD	5047, 5048, 5340
Amazilia versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) Versicolored Emerald	0.9	FD	4974, 5305
Amazilia fimbriata (Gmelin, 1788) Glittering-throated Emerald	9.7	AC, FD, HU	4972, 4986, 5249
Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1823) Stripe-breasted Starthroat	0.4	FD
Trogoniformes
Trogonidae
Trogon surrucura Vieillot, 1817 Surucua Trogon	10.2	FD, MC	4965, 5181, 5182
Galbuliformes
Galbulidae
Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, 1816 Rufous-tailed Jacamar	0.9	MC
Bucconidae
Nystalus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788) Spot-backed Puffbird	4.9	FD
Piciformes
Ramphastidae
Ramphastos toco Statius Muller, 1776 Toco Toucan	1.3	FD, HU
Picidae
Picumnus cf. albosquamatus d’Orbigny, 1840 White-wedged Piculet	1.8	FD, MC
Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796) White Woodpecker	0.9	AC, FD
Veniliornis passerinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Little Woodpecker	11.1	AC, FD	5041
Piculus chrysochloros (Vieillot, 1818) Golden-green Woodpecker	1.8	FD
Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788) Green-barred Woodpecker	5.3	AC, FD
Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818) Campo Flicker	0.4	HU
Celeus ochraceus (Spix, 1824) Ochre-backed Woodpecker	4.4	FD	5057
Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Lineated Woodpecker	2.2	FD
Campephilus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788) Crimson-crested Woodpecker	3.5	AE, FD
Cariamiformes
Cariamidae
Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) Red-legged Seriema	11.9	AC, FD, HU
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) Southern Caracara	1.8	AE, AC, FD, HU
Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Yellow-headed Caracara	4.0	AE, FD
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Laughing Falcon	3.5	FD
Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) Collared Forest-Falcon	4.0	FD
Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822 Aplomado Falcon	0.4	FD
Psittaciformes
Psittacidae
Diopsittaca nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-shouldered Macaw	0.9	AE
Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Muller, 1776) White-eyed Parakeet	8.0	AE, AC, FD
Aratinga auricapillus (Kuhl, 1820) Golden-capped Parakeet	19.0	AE, AC, FD	5185
Eupsittula cactorum (Kuhl, 1820) Cactus Parakeet	3.1	AE, FD
Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix, 1824) Blue-winged Parrotlet	6.2	AE, AC, FD, HU, MC
Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818) Yellow-chevroned Parakeet	26.5	AE, AC, FD, HU	5040, 5184, 5231, 5232, 5233, 5234
Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820) Scaly-headed Parrot	2.2	AE
Passeriformes
Thamnophilidae
Myrmorchilus strigilatus (Wied, 1831) Stripe-backed Antbird	13.3	FD
Formicivora melanogaster Pelzeln, 1868 Black-bellied Antwren	13.7	FD, MC	5196
Herpsilochmus atricapillus Pelzeln, 1868 Black-capped Antwren	8.0	FD, MC
Thamnophilus capistratus Lesson, 1840 Caatinga Antshrike	2.2	FD, MC
Thamnophilus pelzelni Hellmayr, 1924 Planalto Slaty-Antshrike	25.2	FD, MC	4963, 5238, 5239, 5247, 5252
Taraba major (Vieillot, 1816) Great Antshrike	2.7	FD, MC
Dendrocolaptidae
Sittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818) Olivaceous Woodcreeper	12.8	FD	4970, 4981, 5052
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, 1820) Red-billed Scythebill	0.4	FD
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris (Vieillot, 1818) Narrow-billed Woodcreeper	0.9	FD, HU
Lepidocolaptes cf. squamatus (Lichtenstein, 1822) Scaled Woodcreeper	19.5	FD, MC	4978, 5237
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Spix, 1825 Planalto Woodcreeper	6.2	FD, MC	5051, 5189, 5235, 5236
Xiphocolaptes albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) White-throated Woodcreeper	6.2	FD	5203, 5204
Furnariidae
Furnarius figulus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Wing-banded Hornero	0.4	MC
Furnarius leucopus Swainson, 1838 Pale-legged Hornero	10.2	FD, HU, MC	5058
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788) Rufous Hornero	4.9	FD, HU
Phacellodomus rufifrons (Wied, 1821) Rufous-fronted Thornbird	2.7	FD, HU
Schoeniophylax phryganophilus (Vieillot, 1817) Chotoy Spinetail	0.9	FD, HU
Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, 1859 Sooty-fronted Spinetail	18.1	FD, HU, MC	5244
Synallaxis albescens Temminck, 1823 Pale-breasted Spinetail	0.4	HU
Synallaxis scutata Sclater, 1859 Ochre-cheeked Spinetail	3.5	FD	4969, 5197
Onychorhynchidae
Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence, 1863 Black-tailed Flycatcher	0.4	FD
Tityridae
Tityra inquisitor (Lichtenstein, 1823) Black-crowned Tityra	3.1	FD
Pachyramphus viridis (Vieillot, 1816) Green-backed Becard	1.3	FD, HU
Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818) White-winged Becard	4.0	FD
Rhynchocyclidae
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, 1846 Sepia-capped Flycatcher	4.4	FD	5266
Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix, 1825) Yellow-olive Flycatcher	5.3	FD, MC	4979, 5267
Tolmomyias flaviventris (Wied, 1831) Yellow-breasted Flycatcher	14.2	FD
Todirostrum cinereum (Linnaeus, 1766) Common Tody-Flycatcher	1.3	FD, HU, MC
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Pearly-vented Tody-tyrant	19.5	AC, FD, MC	4975, 4988
Tyrannidae
Hirundinea ferruginea (Gmelin, 1788) Cliff Flycatcher	8.0	AC, FD
Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck, 1824) Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet	6.6	FD
Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822) Yellow-bellied Elaenia	0.4	AC
Elaenia cf. mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830) Olivaceous Elaenia	0.4	FD	4967
Suiriri suiriri (Vieillot, 1818) Suiriri Flycatcher	0.4	HU
Myiopagis caniceps (Swainson, 1835) Gray Elaenia	9.7	FD, MC
Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot, 1817) Greenish Elaenia	6.6	FD	5242, 5243, 5250
Phaeomyias murina (Spix, 1825) Mouse-colored Tyrannulet	1.8	FD
Phyllomyias fasciatus (Thunberg, 1822) Planalto Tyrannulet	3.1	FD
Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin, 1789) Short-crested Flycatcher	2.7	FD
Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Muller, 1776) Brown-crested Flycatcher	19.9	AC, FD, MC	5186
Sirystes sibilator (Vieillot, 1818) Sibilant Sirystes	8.4	FD
Casiornis rufus (Vieillot, 1816) Rufous Casiornis	6.2	FD	4968, 5245
Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) Great Kiskadee	21.7	AC, FD, HU, MC
Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) Cattle Tyrant	0.4	HU
Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Streaked Flycatcher	15.0	AC, FD	5192
Megarynchus pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766) Boat-billed Flycatcher	16.4	AC, FD, HU
Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825) Social Flycatcher	13.3	AC, FD, HU, MC
Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 Tropical Kingbird	3.5	FD, HU
Tyrannus savana Daudin, 1802 Fork-tailed Flycatcher	0.4	FD
Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Crowned Slaty Flycatcher	0.4	FD
Empidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818) Variegated Flycatcher	2.7	FD
Colonia colonus (Vieillot, 1818) Long-tailed Tyrant	0.4	FD
Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Bran-colored Flycatcher	1.3	FD, HU
Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) Masked Water-Tyrant	1.3	HU, MC
Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Wied, 1831) Fuscous Flycatcher	7.1	FD	5240
Lathrotriccus euleri (Cabanis, 1868) Euler’s Flycatcher	6.2	FD
Contopus cinereus (Spix, 1825) Tropical Pewee	4.4	FD
Knipolegus franciscanus Snethlage, 1928 Caatinga Black-Tyrant	15.0	AC, FD, MC	4966, 5049, 5055, 5180, 5191, 5227, 5230, 5268
Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789) Rufous-browed Peppershrike	15.9	FD, MC	5043, 5246, 5265
Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835) Gray-eyed Greenlet	0.9	FD
Vireo chivi (Vieillot, 1817) Chivi Vireo	0.9	FD
Corvidae
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) White-naped Jay	14.2	FD, HU, MC	4973
Hirundinidae
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Blue-and-white Swallow	6.6	AE
Progne tapera (Vieillot, 1817) Brown-chested Martin	0.4	FD
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 Southern House Wren	22.1	AC, FD, HU, MC	4984, 5229, 5306
Cantorchilus leucotis (Lafresnaye, 1845) Buff-breasted Wren	2.7	FD, MC
Polioptilidae
Polioptila plumbea (Gmelin, 1788) Tropical Gnatcatcher	4.9	AC, FD
Turdidae
Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 Pale-breasted Thrush	13.3	AC, FD	4991
Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Rufous-bellied Thrush	0.4	FD	5046
Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 Creamy-bellied Thrush	4.9	FD	5187
Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 White-necked Thrush	8.4	FD	5045, 5056, 5228
Passerellidae
Arremon flavirostris Swainson, 1838 Saffron-billed Sparrow	0.4	MC
Parulidae
Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe, 1830) Golden-crowned Warbler	6.2	FD, MC	4971, 5054, 5059
Myiothlypis flaveola Baird, 1865 Flavescent Warbler	23.0	FD, MC	5053, 5248, 5251
Icteridae
Psarocolius decumanus (Pallas, 1769) Crested Oropendola	4.4	FD
Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819) Variable Oriole	3.1	AC, FD, MC
Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788) Campo Troupial	20.8	FD, HU	4982
Gnorimopsar chopi (Vieillot, 1819) Chopi Blackbird	1.3	HU
Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) Shiny Cowbird	1.3	AC, FD, HU
Thraupidae
Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-cowled Cardinal	0.4	FD
Tangara sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766) Sayaca Tanager	14.6	AC, FD
Tangara cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) Burnished-buff Tanager	2.2	AC, FD, HU
Nemosia pileata (Boddaert, 1783) Hooded Tanager	1.8	FD
Compsothraupis loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819) Scarlet-throated Tanager	10.2	AC, FD, HU
Conirostrum speciosum (Temminck, 1824) Chestnut-vented Conebill	4.0	FD
Hemithraupis guira (Linnaeus, 1766) Guira Tanager	8.4	FD, MC
Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) Blue-black Grassquit	2.7	FD, HU	4983
Coryphospingus pileatus (Wied, 1821) Pileated Finch	12.8	AC, FD	4976, 4985
Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert, 1783) White-lined Tanager	4.0	AC, FD, MC	5042, 5183
Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) Bananaquit	0.4	FD
Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) Lined Seedeater	0.4	FD
Sporophila nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823) Yellow-bellied Seedeater	2.2	FD, MC
Saltatricula atricollis (Vieillot, 1817) Black-throated Saltator	0.9	HU
Saltator similis d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Green-winged Saltator	1.3	FD
Cardinalidae
Cyanoloxia brissonii (Lichtenstein, 1823) Ultramarine Grosbeak	3.1	FD
Fringillidae
Euphonia chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) Purple-throated Euphonia	7.1	FD, HU

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  27 Sept 2017
• Accepted
  27 Jan 2018