Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil

Abstract

Local fauna inventories provide primary key information on diversity and distribution of species for conservation purposes. The Atlantic Forest holds 50% of anuran species in the country and the main threats to the conservation of this fauna are habitat reduction and fragmentation. The present study brings information on the local richness and species composition of four anuran taxocenoses from the subtropical Atlantic Forest of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, Brazil. Data collection included breeding sites surveys (N = 56) and literature review. Richness and beta diversity were compared through rarefaction/extrapolation curves, local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD), beta partitioning and cluster analysis. Anuran from 46 species were registered and local richness differences were observed on the rarefaction/extrapolation curves and on asymptotic analysis. Nevertheless, the LCBD did not detect differences in species composition among the four taxocenoses. The turnover was the predominant component of beta diversity. The geographical distances explain species composition for all localities compiled in this study. The differences among local richness may be related to environmental impacts, emphasizing the need for conservation of biodiversity in the remnants of Atlantic forest.

Key-Words.
Species richness; Species composition; Inventory; Atlantic Forest; Conservation

INTRODUCTION

Brazil withholds one of the highest diversity of anurans in the world (Segalla et al., 2019), whereas 530 species are found in the Atlantic Forest and 85% of these species are endemic of this biome (Haddad & Prado, 2005; Haddad et al., 2013). The original forest covered 150 million hectares of the Brazilian northeast coast to the south of the country, going as far as Paraguay and Argentina with formations of Interior and Araucaria Forests. Nowadays, only 11.73% of the original forest remains, in a fragmented landscape formed in its majority by small fragments (< 50 hectares) (Ribeiro et al., 2009), making it one of the 25 hotspots for the conservation of world-wide biodiversity (Myers et al., 2000). Anuran diversity suffers a negative impact with the fragmentation of habitats (Silvano et al., 2003). Habitats that are better preserved possess greater environmental heterogeneity and high number of micro environments improves the coexistence of species (Sazima & Eterovick, 2000; Vasconcelos et al., 2009; Silva et al., 2012a, b). Therefore, the diminishing habitat quality, fragmentation, homogenization and loss of habitats are considered the main causes of the decline of anuran populations and biodiversity loss in Brazil and in the world (Young et al., 2001; Cushman, 2006; ICMBio, 2018; IUCN, 2020).

Southern Brazil is mostly included in the subtropical Atlantic Forest which is divided by sub-regions, wherein a valuable diversity of anurans still resides: Atlantic Coast Restingas of Brazil - 79 species, seven exclusive species (Garcia et al., 2007); Araucaria Forest 129 species, 13 being endemic (Conte, 2010); Serra do Mar 165 species, being 38 endemic (Garcia et al., 2007); and the Interior Forests 111 species, being only five endemic (Garcia et al., 2007).

Environmental studies that perform local inventories and use parameters of richness and species composition to describe taxocenoses allow us to access information on biodiversity, as well as to carry through a diagnosis on the conservation status and conduct actions of biodiversity preservation (Verdade et al., 2012). Therefore, this work aims to make an anuran inventory of four areas of the subtropical Atlantic Forest and to compare them, through local richness and species composition parameters, with other anuran taxocenoses from southern Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Areas

The states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná are mostly located in the subtropical region, in the Atlantic Tropical Morphoclimatic Domain and in the Araucaria Plateau (Ab’Saber, 1977) (Fig. 1). Four areas in the eastern region of Santa Catarina and Paraná states, Brazil (Fig. 2) were sampled for this study. The first area (BR-470), which included phytophysiognomies of the Lowland Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Veloso et al., 2012), was sampled along the BR-470 highway, between the municipalities of Ilhota and Indaial, Santa Catarina state. The second studied location (MGAN) included Sub-montane Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Veloso et al., 2012) lying between the municipalities of Major Gercino and Angelina, in the state of Santa Catarina, close to a small hydropower plant reservoir. The third area (SC-370) included the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest’s phytophysignomy (Veloso et al., 2012) along the SC-370 highway located in Urubici municipality, Santa Catarina state. Finally, the fourth area (BR-116) included the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest phytophysignomy (Veloso et al., 2012), sampled along BR-116 highway, between the municipalities of Curitiba and Mandirituba, Paraná state. The search for frogs was conducted in several breeding sites (streams, permanent ponds and temporary swamps) found in open areas and forest fragments (Fig. 2, see ^{Appendix 1}).

Figure 1
Map showing collection points in the four localities studied: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (point 25), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (point 30), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (point 32), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (point 19), Paraná state; and the other localities from literature: (1) Ribeirão Claro municipality, Paraná state, (2) low Tibagi river, (3) medium Tibagi river, (4) Parque Estadual do Guartelá, (5) Parque Estadual do Caxambú, (6) Parque Nacional dos Campos Gerais, (7) upper Tibagi river, (8) Reserva Natural Salto Morato, (9) Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, (10) Quatro Barras municipality, Paraná state, (11) Parque Estadual do Rio Guarani, (12) Palmeira municipality, Paraná state, (13) Curitiba municipality, Paraná state, (14) Campo Largo municipality, Paraná state, (15) Morretes municipality, Paraná state, (16) São José dos Pinhas municipality, Paraná state, (17) Parque Estadual Santa Clara, (18) Fazenda Experimental Gralha-Azul, (20) Tijucas do Sul municipality, Paraná state, (21) Rio Negro municipality, Paraná state, (22) Reserva da Vida Silvestre de Palmas, (23) UHE Quebra-Queixo, (24) Parque Nacional das Araucárias, (26) Irani river, (27) Floresta Nacional de Chapecó, (28) Parque Estadual do Turvo, (29) Parque Estadual Fritz Plaumann, (31) Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, (33) Parque Estadual da Serra Furada, (34) Siderópolis municipality, Santa Catarina state, (35) Parque Nacional dos Aparados da Serra, (36) Parque Estadual de Itapeva, (37) Gaúcha mountain range, (38) Área de Proteção Ambiental Ibirapuitã, (39) Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPA), (40) Sentinela do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state. Red line - Capricorn tropic.

Figure 2
Map showing collection of breeding sites in the four localities studied: (A) BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116 - n = 13), Paraná state; (B) BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470 - n = 16), Santa Catarina state; (C) Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN - n = 13), Santa Catarina state; (D) SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370 - n = 14), Santa Catarina state.

Sampling

The fieldworks were conducted from 2010 to 2013: the BR-470 was sampled in 2010, SC-370 and MGAN in 2010-2011 and BR-116 in 2012-2013, constituting one campaign of five days per trimesters and an effort of about 20 hours of search for each campaign. The samples occurred within the four seasons in each area, except for the winter campaign in SC-370 which was not held. The BR-116 was sampled twice during each season (see ^{Appendix 2}).

The Visual Encounters and Surveys at Bredding Sites were used as the standard sampling methods (Crump & Scott Jr., 1994; Scott Jr. & Woodward, 1994). The richness and abundance of species were registered for each breeding site sampled in each area: BR-470 (n = 16), MGAN (n = 13), SC-370 (n = 14) and BR-116 (n = 13) (Fig. 2, ^{Appendix 1}). The collected specimens were anesthetized, euthanized with lidocaine (CFMV № 714/2002), fixed in a solution of formalin 10%, preserved in a solution of alcohol 70% and deposited in the Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Regional de Blumenau (^{Appendix 3}).

Data analysis

The sum of the higher abundance recorded for each species in each breeding site during sampling campaigns was used as the value of abundance of each area for the following diversity analysis (Table 1).

Table 1
List of species with their respective abundance values of anuran taxocenoses sampled in the four studied localities: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.

Taxon	BR-470	MGAN	SC-370	BR-116
Family Brachycephalidae (2)
Ischnocenma henselii (Peters, 1870)	0	1	1	4
Ischnocnema manezinho (Garcia, 1996)	0	1	0	0
Family Bufonidae (2)
Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004)	9	2	0	5
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824)	1	3	12	4
Family Centrolenidae (1)
Vitreorana uranoscopa (Müller, 1924)	0	10	3	4
Family Cycloramphidae (1)
Cycloramphus bolitoglossus (Werner, 1897)	0	0	0	1
Family Craugastoridae (1)
Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824)	0	1	0	0
Family Hemiphractidae (1)
Fritziana mitus Walker, Wachlevski, Nogueira da Costa, Nogueira-Costa, Garcia & Haddad, 2018	2	15	0	0
Family Hylidae (22)
Aplastodiscus albosignatus (Lutz & Lutz, 1938)	0	0	0	13
Aplastodiscus perviridis Lutz, 1950	0	0	2	9
Boana albopunctata (Spix, 1824)	0	0	0	16
Boana bischoffi (Boulenger, 1887)	10	10	12	17
Boana faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)	9	17	7	3
Boana guentheri (Boulenger, 1886)	16	0	0	0
Boana joaquini (Lutz, 1968)	0	0	5	0
Boana prasina (Burmeister, 1856)	0	0	0	5
Bokermannohyla circumdata (Cope, 1871)	0	0	0	3
Bokermannohyla hylax (Heyer, 1985)	0	1	0	0
Dendropsophus microps (Peters, 1872)	15	20	0	3
Dendropsophus minutus (Peters, 1872)	8	20	39	21
Dendropsophus nahdereri (Lutz & Bokermann, 1963)	0	5	31	0
Dendropsophus sanborni (Schmidt, 1944)	0	0	0	29
Dendropsophus werneri (Cochran, 1952)	20	20	0	0
Ololygon rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964)	0	2	0	0
Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925)	10	20	0	3
Scinax imbegue Nunes, Kwet & Pombal Jr., 2012	0	39	0	0
Scinax perereca Pombal Jr., Haddad & Kasahara, 1995	10	15	26	20
Scinax tymbamirim Nunes, Kwet & Pombal Jr., 2012	12	35	0	0
Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Cochran, 1953)	0	0	15	6
Sphaenorhynchys caramaschii Toledo, Garcia, Lingnau & Haddad, 2007	14	0	0	18
Family Hylodidae (1)
Hylodes perplicatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)	0	15	0	0
Family Leptodactylidae (10)
Adenomera araucaria Kwet & Ângulo, 2002	0	50	1	1
Adenomera engelsi Kwet, Steiner & Zillikens, 2009	0	1	0	0
Adenomera nana (Müller, 1922)	20	50	0	6
Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815)	9	34	13	9
Leptodactylus notoaktites Heyer, 1978	5	0	0	4
Leptodactylus plaumanii Ahl, 1936	0	0	6	0
Physalaemus aff. gracilis	0	0	25	10
Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826	12	4	25	8
Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864)	8	20	0	1
Physalaemus nanus (Boulenger, 1888)	13	24	16	0
Family Odontophrynidae (3)
Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)	0	0	0	1
Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824)	4	5	0	1
Proceratophrys brauni Kwet & Faivovich, 2001	0	0	0	20
Family Phyllomedusidae (1)
Phyllomedusa distincta Lutz, 1950	26	7	0	0
Family Ranidae (1)
Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)	15	0	3	21
Richness	22	29	18	30
Abundance	241	447	242	254

Rarefaction curves based on abundance were done using the iNEXT package (Hsieh et al., 2016) in R environment (R Core Team, 2020) to compare local richness among the four taxocenoses. In this analysis, the curves were generated by rarefaction/extrapolation of the values of richness and abundance from each taxocenose (Hill’s number q = 0), resulting in a curve with the value of observed and estimated richness (the standard function remained, with it being twice the sample size) (Chao et al., 2014). This analysis also calculates the index of Chao’s richness which is an asymptote analysis (Hsieh et al., 2016). To evaluate whether the anuran taxocenoses were well represented by the sampling effort in all localities, the sample completeness curves analysis was performed using the iNEXT package (Hsieh et al., 2016) in R environment (R Core Team, 2020).

The LCBD (Local Contribution of Beta Diversity - comparative indicators of the ecological uniqueness of the site) and SCBD (Species contribution of Beta Diversity - associated to degree of abundance, occupancy, niche position, niche breadth and species traits) (Heino & Grönroos, 2016) were used to compare the species composition of four sampled taxocenoses using the data of richness and abundance with the function beta.div (Legendre & Cáceres, 2013). In this analysis, the abundance data was transformed by the Hellinger method (Legendre & Legendre, 2012).

These four taxocenoses were compared with other taxocenoses of the southern region of Brazil (Machado et al., 1999; Bernarde & Machado, 2000; Machado & Bernarde, 2002; Conte & Machado, 2005; Conte & Rossa-Feres, 2006; Machado & Bernarde, 2006; Conte & Rossa-Feres, 2007; Deiques et al., 2007; Colombo et al., 2008; Hartmann et al., 2008; Lucas & Forte, 2008; Armstrong & Conte, 2010; Kwet et al., 2010; Iop et al., 2011; Lucas & Marocco, 2011; Garey & Hartmann, 2012; Giasson, 2012; Bastiani & Lucas, 2013; Bolzan et al., 2014; Crivellari et al., 2014; Moreira et al., 2014; Santos & Conte, 2014; Wachlevski & Rocha, 2014; Nazaretti & Conte, 2015; Bolzan et al., 2016; Leivas & Hiert, 2016; Santos-Pereira et al., 2016; Ceron et al., 2017; De Lucca et al., 2017) to observe how are they grouped only using the data on richness (presence-absence). Only the species which have been identified to a specific level were used to compose the richness of the aforementioned studies, therefore the unidentified species affinis and confer were excluded from the analysis. The βjac (overall beta diversity - Jaccard dissimilarity) was calculated using betapart function (Baselga, 2010). In this analysis the beta diversity is partitioned in two components: turnorver (βjtu) and nestedness (βjne). In the beta partitioning analysis these two components will give the proportional information of species substituition (turnorver) and species loss (nestedness) of the overall beta diversity (βjac) and identify which component is predominant (Baselga, 2010). A cluster analysis was made only using the βjac index with the same dissimilarity matrix from beta partitioning analysis, adopting as a criterion a dissimilarity value of 40%. This analysis was performed with the MASS package (Venables & Ripley, 2002) in R (R Core Team, 2020). The Mantel test was used to identify the influence of geographical distances in species composition, using a dissimilarity matrix of geographical distances (euclidean distances), with latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of each location and with the dissimilarity matrices (βjac, βjtu, βjne) from the beta partitioning analysis. This analysis was performed with the vegan and MASS packages (Venables & Ripley, 2002; Oksanen et al., 2019) in R environment (R Core Team, 2020).

RESULTS

A total of 46 species of anurans were registered in this study: BR-116 (30 spp., 65% of the total), MGAN (29 spp., 63%), BR-470 (22 spp., 47%) and SC-370 (18 spp., 39%) (Table 1). The sample completeness curves showed the diversity of anuran taxocenoses were well represented by the sampling effort (Fig. 3).

Figure 3
Sample completeness curves with their respective confidence intervals (95%) of the four sampled anuran taxocenoses: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.

The rarefaction/extrapolation curves showed a difference of richness within the anuran taxocenoses of BR-116 and MGAN in relation of the anuran taxocenoses of BR-470 and SC-370, both on interpolation and on extrapolation (Fig. 4). Only the MGAN and BR-116 taxocenoses differed in the values of Chao’s richness in the asymptotic analysis (Table 2).

Figure 4
Rarefaction/extrapolation curves with their respective confidence intervals (95%) of the four sampled anuran taxocenoses: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.

Table 2
Index of Chao’s richness of the asymptotic analysis for the four taxocenoses of anurans: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.

Locality	Chao's richness			Confidence interval (95%)
	Observed	Estimated	Standard Error	Lower	Upper
MGAN	29	35.23	7.53	29.97	69.04
BR-470	22	22.49	1.31	22.02	30.41
SC-370	18	19.99	3.72	18.18	40.04
BR-116	30	39.96	10.32	31.86	83.11

The species composition was not different among the four taxocenoses by LCBD index (Table 3). The sum of squares (total SS) was of 1,41 and the beta diversity was of 0,47 (total BD). The eight species that better contributed to the beta diversity with the biggest SCBD scores were: Dendropsophus sanborni (0,062), D. nahdereri (0,061), Physalaemus aff. grracilis (0,054), Adenomera nana (0,049), A. araucaria (0,048), Scinax imbegue (0,047), S. tymbamirim (0,047) and D. werneri (0,046) (see ^{Appendix 4} for all species).

Table 3
LCBD index values (Local Contribution of Beta Diversity) for the anuran taxocenoses: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.

Locality	LCBD	p (< 0.05)
MGAN	0.25	0.47
BR-470	0.20	0.93
SC-370	0.28	0.13
BR-116	0.25	0.39

The overall beta diveristy for all taxocenoses from the southern region of Brazil was 0,962 (βjac) and the turnover component (βjtu = 0,949) was predominant to nestedness component (βjne = 0,012). The species composition is influenced by the geographical distances (Mantel - r = 0,669, p < 0,01) as well as the turnover component (Mantel - r = 0,636, p < 0,01), but not the nestedness component (Mantel - r = -0,264, p = 1,00). The result of the cluster analysis separated the four taxocenoses, grouping them with other localities from the southern region of Brazil (Fig. 5). Out of all the studied taxocenoses, only BR-116 and MGAN were similar to the clusters that they formed by the 40% criterion of dissimilarity. It was possible to observe some groups related to the geographical distances, vegetation and landscapes, such as the Pampas and Restinga of the Rio Grande Do Sul areas (Sentinela do Sul/RS, PE Itapeva, APA Ibirapuitã, FEPA), among the coastal areas of Serra do Mar and Serra Geral of Santa Catarina and Paraná (RN Salto Morato, Morretes/PR, SC-370, Siderópolis-SC, BR-470, PE da Serra Furada, PE da Serra do Tabuleiro, MGAN), among the grassland areas of Paraná and the first paranaense plateau (upper Tibagi river, Palmeira/PR, PE Guartelá, PE Caxambú, PE Vila Velha - Quatro Barras/PR, Rio Negro/PR, SJ dos Pinhais/PR, Campo Largo/PR, Curitiba/PR, Tijucas do Sul/PR, BR-116, PN Campos Gerais and Faz Gralha-Azul), among the western Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande Do Sul areas (PE Turvo, PN das Araucárias, PE Fritz Plaumann, PE Santa-Clara, UHE Quebra-Queixo, FLONA Chapecó, Rio Irani) and among the medium and low Tibagi river areas (Ribeirão Claro/PR, medium Tibagi river, PE Rio Guarani and low Tibagi river) (Fig. 5).

Figure 5
Dendrogram from cluster analysis with the Jaccard index method (dissimilarity shown by Weight 1-Jaccard index) grouping the four anuran taxocenoses (red highlight - BR-470, MGAN, SC-370 and BR-116) with other taxocenoses from the southern region of Brazil (Table 3). The red line represents the criterion of 40% dissimilarity.

DISCUSSION

BR-116 and MGAN presented the highest richness, and BR-470 and SC-370 the lowest richness among the study areas. All sampled breeding sites at MGAN were at small rural properties, away from large urban centers and highways, in a countryside region near the Serra do Tabuleiro in the Santa Catarina state. Most of the sampled breeding sites were in well preserved permanent preservation areas (APP) of a small hydropower plant reservoir between Major Gercino and Angelina municipalities. The other areas are urban centers and highways with medium to great flow of vehicles within these three areas, with many commercial, industrial and agricultural properties. The fieldworks in these areas were conducted along the highways. The high richness of anuran species at BR-116 might be explained by many breeding sites being a little farther away from the highway, in forest environments or on the edge of well preserved fragments. The other two areas (BR-470 and SC-370) have less species richness with similar environmental impacts (many disturbed open land environments). Nevertheless, in remark of the LCBD among these four taxocenoses, none of them have a unique species composition (Legendre & Cáceres, 2013).

The species that better contributed to the beta diversity (SCBD) are less generalist and present narrow niches (Heino & Grönroos, 2016). Taking that into account, the SCBD analysis for the four studied taxocenoses showed some interesting ecological aspects. First in relation to the species distribution, where Scinax imbegue, S. tymbamirim and Dendropsophus werneri are distributed in lowlands and coastal regions of Serra do Mar in Atlantic Forest (Pombal Jr. & Bastos, 1998; Nunes et al., 2012). These three species were registered with higher abundance only at the breeding sites of BR-470 and MGAN (Table 1). D. nahdereri and Physalaemus aff. gracilis are distributed in highlands and mountain regions of subtropical Atlantic Forest (Nascimento et al., 2005; Conte et al., 2010; Kwet et al., 2010). These two species were registered with higher abundance at the breeding sites of SC-370 and BR-116 (Table 1). D. sanborni is distributed in highlands and grassland vegetation from the central-west to southern Brazil (Gavira et al., 2016). This species was registered with higher abundance at the breeding sites of BR-116 (Table 1). However, these six species are characterized by their tendency to occupy open land or edge forest breeding sites. Adenomera araucaria and A. nana are distributed in lowlands and highlands of subtropical Atlantic Forest and found only in forest breeding sites, even in urban forest fragments (Kwet & Angulo, 2002; Conte et al., 2010), due to their terrestrial reproduction mode (Heyer, 1973; Kwet et al., 2010). The two Adenomera species were registered with higher abundance at forest fragments of MGAN and BR-470 (Table 1).

The influence of geographic distances in anuran species composition was also evidenced in other studies (Bertoluci et al., 2007; Lucas & Fortes, 2008; Iop et al., 2011; Almeida-Gomes & Rocha, 2014; Bolzan et al., 2014) and the turnover is the major component that explains the differences of species composition of subtropical Atlantic Forest. The association between the turnover and geographical distances may be related to the differences in climate, phytophysionomy and landscape (Vasconcelos et al., 2014), in which the groups of cluster analysis have some correlation with the sub-regions of subtropical Atlantic Forest (Garcia et al., 2007).

The few similarities within species composition of the areas studied may be also associated to habitat quality. The BR-116 and MGAN anuran taxocenoses are similar to two other taxocenoses within well preserved localities: Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro and Tijucas do Sul/PR, while the BR-470 anuran taxocenose (northern region of Santa Catarina state) is grouped with the anuran taxocenose of Siderópolis (southern region of Santa Catarina state). There is coal mining in the Siderópolis region, which is an activity that negatively affects the environment (De Lucca et al., 2017). Thus, this area is grouped, but not similar to the impacted area and the differences of species composition might be related to the effect of environmental impacts.

CONCLUSIONS

The subtropical anuran taxocenoses differences on species composition seem associated to changes of phytophysionomy, landscape and geographic distances. The highest richness at BR-116 and MGAN may relate to habitats of higher quality, as these taxocenoses are similar to other well preserved areas from the subtropical Atlantic Forest. The lowest richness found in the BR-470 and SC-370 anuran taxocenoses may be related to low habitat quality. Regardless, the data gathered points to the importance of preservation and maintenance of forest fragments, even in agricultural and urban environments due to the possibility that these fragments may hold valuable biodiversity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the opportunity to carry out theses studies, I am grateful André Felipe Testoni, Célio Testoni, Diego Pérez and Josias Alan Rezini; to the IBAMA for the collecting permits (№ 233/2010, № 80/2010-NUFAU/SC, № 173/2010-NUFAU/SC, № 05/2012); for helping during the field works, I am grateful to Josias Alan Rezini, Fernando Venâncio, Beatrice Stein, Carlos Alberto Borchardt-Júnior, Danilo Capela and Guilherme Grazzini; to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq processes 167888/2014-5); and for the English revision, I am grateful to Camila Tortul Ferriolli.

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• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"

APPENDIX 1

Habitat and vegetation characterization for the sampled points for each studied locality: BR-470 - BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities, Santa Catarina state; MGAN - between Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities, Santa Catarina state; SC-370 - SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality, Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 - BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities, Paraná state.

Locality Site Coordinates Habitat Aquatic Environment Vegetation BR-470 BR01 26°50'16.14"S, 48°46'54.42"W forest edge permanent lentic taboos BR02 26°50'16.50"S, 48°47'17.04"W forest edge permanent lentic grass and shrubs BR03 26°50'13.90"S, 48°47'18.43"W forest permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs BR04 26°50'21.96"S, 48°47'21.00"W open area permanent lentic grass BR05 26°50'16.74"S, 48°47'18.72"W open area permanent lentic grass BR06 26°50'34.74"S, 48°47'42.96"W open area permanent lentic grasss and taboos BR07 26°52'43.44"S, 48°50'05.10"W open area permanent lentic rice paddies BR08 26°53'26.28"S, 48°53'03.90"W open area temporary lentic no vegetation BR09 26°51'52.68"S, 49°02'38.64"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass BR10 26°51'57.66"S, 49°02'32.94"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass BR11 26°52'00.18"S, 49°02'32.46"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass BR12 26°52'34.56"S, 49°10'40.56"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub, grass and aquatic plants BR13 26°52'33.18"S, 49°10'39.24"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass BR14 26°52'32.70"S, 49°10'42.00"W forest interior permanent lentic arboreal, shrub, grass and aquatic plants BR15 26°56'18.61"S, 49°17'28.53"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs BR16 26°56'19.68"S, 49°17'30.14"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass MGAN MA01 27°28'26.46"S, 48°58'26.46"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass MA02 27°28'24.90"S, 48°58'26.40"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass MA03 27°28'23.64"S, 48°58'26.88"W open area temporary lentic shrub and grass MA04 27°28'24.30"S, 48°58'27.78"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs MA05 27°28'19.38"S, 48°58'25.98"W forest edge temporary lentic shrub and grass MA06 27°28'12.90"S, 48°58'27.24"W forest interior temporary lentic arboreal and shrubs MA07 27°27'49.68"S, 48°58'31.74"W forest edge temporary lentic arboreal, shrub, grass and taboas MA08 27°27'60.00"S, 48°58'41.22"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs MA09 27°27'55.50"S, 48°58'54.06"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal and shrubs MA10 27°27'47.52"S, 48°58'46.02"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass MA11 27°27'23.22"S, 48°59'24.96"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs MA12 27°26'42.24"S, 48°58'54.90"W forest edge permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs MA13 27°27'21.90"S, 48°58'52.50"W forest edge temporary lentic grass between rocks SC-370 SC01 28°00'38.88"S, 49°32'00.36"W open area permanent lentic grass SC02 28°00'37.86"S, 49°32'01.38"W open area temporary lentic grass SC03 28°00'36.78"S, 49°32'09.54"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs SC04 28°00'37.86"S, 49°32'10.92"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass SC05 28°00'43.74"S, 49°31'59.22"W forest edge permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs SC06 28°02'27.42"S, 49°28'23.28"W forest edge permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs SC07 28°02'23.94"S, 49°28'14.82"W forest interior temporary lentic arboreal and shrubs SC08 28°02'23.70"S, 49°28'11.64"W forest edge permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs SC09 28°02'54.72"S, 49°27'37.38"W open area temporary lentic shrub and grass SC10 28°02'57.36"S, 49°27'35.04"W open area temporary lentic shrub and grass SC11 28°03'12.90"S, 49°25'49.80"W open area temporary lentic grass SC12 28°03'32.52"S, 49°25'27.90"W open area permanent lentic grass SC13 28°03'24.78"S, 49°25'28.44"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass SC14 28°03'26.10"S, 49°25'23.82"W open area temporary lentic shrub and grass BR-116 FZ01 25°36'04.35"S, 49°19'13.12"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass FZ02 25°35'53.03"S, 49°18'36.68"W open area temporary lentic shrub and grass FZ03 25°35'55.34"S, 49°18'36.61"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs FZ04 25°37'03.31"S, 49°18'59.51"W open area permanent lentic grass and aquatic plants FZ05 25°37'10.24"S, 49°18'57.33"W open area permanent lentic grass and aquatic plants FZ06 25°36'32.88"S, 49°19'33.48"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass FZ07 25°37'00.20"S, 49°19'08.01"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass FZ08 25°43'06.06"S, 49°19'03.63"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass FZ09 25°43'10.00"S, 49°19'00.31"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal and shrubs FZ10 25°44'03.62"S, 49°19'00.47"W open area permanent lentic shrub and grass FZ11 25°44'49.66"S, 49°19'07.01"W open area permanent lentic shrub e gramínea FZ12 25°44'48.29"S, 49°19'13.45"W forest edge permanent lentic arboreal, shrub and grass FZ13 25°44'53.61"S, 49°19'23.05"W forest interior permanent lotic arboreal, shrub and taquaral

Locality	Site	Coordinates	Habitat	Aquatic Environment	Vegetation
BR-470	BR01	26°50'16.14"S, 48°46'54.42"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	taboos
	BR02	26°50'16.50"S, 48°47'17.04"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	grass and shrubs
	BR03	26°50'13.90"S, 48°47'18.43"W	forest	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	BR04	26°50'21.96"S, 48°47'21.00"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass
	BR05	26°50'16.74"S, 48°47'18.72"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass
	BR06	26°50'34.74"S, 48°47'42.96"W	open area	permanent lentic	grasss and taboos
	BR07	26°52'43.44"S, 48°50'05.10"W	open area	permanent lentic	rice paddies
	BR08	26°53'26.28"S, 48°53'03.90"W	open area	temporary lentic	no vegetation
	BR09	26°51'52.68"S, 49°02'38.64"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	BR10	26°51'57.66"S, 49°02'32.94"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
	BR11	26°52'00.18"S, 49°02'32.46"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	BR12	26°52'34.56"S, 49°10'40.56"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub, grass and aquatic plants
	BR13	26°52'33.18"S, 49°10'39.24"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	BR14	26°52'32.70"S, 49°10'42.00"W	forest interior	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub, grass and aquatic plants
	BR15	26°56'18.61"S, 49°17'28.53"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	BR16	26°56'19.68"S, 49°17'30.14"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
MGAN	MA01	27°28'26.46"S, 48°58'26.46"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
	MA02	27°28'24.90"S, 48°58'26.40"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	MA03	27°28'23.64"S, 48°58'26.88"W	open area	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
	MA04	27°28'24.30"S, 48°58'27.78"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA05	27°28'19.38"S, 48°58'25.98"W	forest edge	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
	MA06	27°28'12.90"S, 48°58'27.24"W	forest interior	temporary lentic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA07	27°27'49.68"S, 48°58'31.74"W	forest edge	temporary lentic	arboreal, shrub, grass and taboas
	MA08	27°27'60.00"S, 48°58'41.22"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA09	27°27'55.50"S, 48°58'54.06"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA10	27°27'47.52"S, 48°58'46.02"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	MA11	27°27'23.22"S, 48°59'24.96"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA12	27°26'42.24"S, 48°58'54.90"W	forest edge	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	MA13	27°27'21.90"S, 48°58'52.50"W	forest edge	temporary lentic	grass between rocks
SC-370	SC01	28°00'38.88"S, 49°32'00.36"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass
	SC02	28°00'37.86"S, 49°32'01.38"W	open area	temporary lentic	grass
	SC03	28°00'36.78"S, 49°32'09.54"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	SC04	28°00'37.86"S, 49°32'10.92"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	SC05	28°00'43.74"S, 49°31'59.22"W	forest edge	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	SC06	28°02'27.42"S, 49°28'23.28"W	forest edge	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	SC07	28°02'23.94"S, 49°28'14.82"W	forest interior	temporary lentic	arboreal and shrubs
	SC08	28°02'23.70"S, 49°28'11.64"W	forest edge	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	SC09	28°02'54.72"S, 49°27'37.38"W	open area	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
	SC10	28°02'57.36"S, 49°27'35.04"W	open area	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
	SC11	28°03'12.90"S, 49°25'49.80"W	open area	temporary lentic	grass
	SC12	28°03'32.52"S, 49°25'27.90"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass
	SC13	28°03'24.78"S, 49°25'28.44"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
	SC14	28°03'26.10"S, 49°25'23.82"W	open area	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
BR-116	FZ01	25°36'04.35"S, 49°19'13.12"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	FZ02	25°35'53.03"S, 49°18'36.68"W	open area	temporary lentic	shrub and grass
	FZ03	25°35'55.34"S, 49°18'36.61"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	FZ04	25°37'03.31"S, 49°18'59.51"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass and aquatic plants
	FZ05	25°37'10.24"S, 49°18'57.33"W	open area	permanent lentic	grass and aquatic plants
	FZ06	25°36'32.88"S, 49°19'33.48"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	FZ07	25°37'00.20"S, 49°19'08.01"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	FZ08	25°43'06.06"S, 49°19'03.63"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
	FZ09	25°43'10.00"S, 49°19'00.31"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal and shrubs
	FZ10	25°44'03.62"S, 49°19'00.47"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub and grass
	FZ11	25°44'49.66"S, 49°19'07.01"W	open area	permanent lentic	shrub e gramínea
	FZ12	25°44'48.29"S, 49°19'13.45"W	forest edge	permanent lentic	arboreal, shrub and grass
	FZ13	25°44'53.61"S, 49°19'23.05"W	forest interior	permanent lotic	arboreal, shrub and taquaral

APPENDIX 2

Sampling effort in each studied locality: BR-470 - BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities, Santa Catarina state; MGAN - between Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities, Santa Catarina state; SC-370 - SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality, Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 - BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities, Paraná state.

Locality Data Number of campaings Sampling effort BR-470 2010 4 80 hours MGAN 2010-2011 4 80 hours SC-370 2010-2011 3 60 hours BR-116 2012-2013 8 160 hours

Locality	Data	Number of campaings	Sampling effort
BR-470	2010	4	80 hours
MGAN	2010-2011	4	80 hours
SC-370	2010-2011	3	60 hours
BR-116	2012-2013	8	160 hours

APPENDIX 3

Voucher numbers of collected anuran specimens from MGAN, BR-470, BR-116 and SC-370.

Adenomera araucaria: CZFURB 14683, 22704, 22902; Adenomera engelsi: CZFURB 14217; Adenomera nana: CZFURB 14410, 14416, 14417, 22660, 22661, 22662, 22776, 22777, 22778, 22780; Boana albomarginata: CZFURB 22789; Boana albopunctata: CZFURB 22291; Boana bischoffi: CZFURB 14214, 14215, 14216, 14224, 14225, 14226, 14229, 14230, 14235, 14236, 14292, 14293, 14297, 22791; Boana faber: CZFURB 14227, 14239, 14301, 22793; Bokermannohyla hylax: CZFURB 14219, 14228, 14241, 14242, 14296; Cycloramphus bolitoglossus: CZFURB 22310; Dendropsophus microps: CZFURB 14377, 14693; Dendropsophus minutus: CZFURB 14376, 14681, 14692; Dendropsophus nahdereri: CZFURB 14686; Dendropsophus werneri: CZFURB 14294, 14694; Haddadus binotatus: CZFURB 14378, 22782, 22783; Hylodes perplicatus: CZFURB 14531, 14532, 14533, 22781, 22786; Ischnocnema henselii: CZFURB 14380, 14680, 22389, 22787; Ischnocnema manezinho: CZFURB 14231; Leptodactylus latrans: CZFURB 14145, 14237, 14374, 14381, 14382, 14414, 14415, 22650, 22651, 22652, 22653, 22654, 22655, 22656, 22779, 22785; Leptodactylus notoaktites: CZFURB 14147; Leptodactylus plaumanni: CZFURB 14670, 14671, 14672, 14674; Lithobates catesbeianus: CZFURB 14669, 22657; Phyllomedusa distincta: CZFURB 14295, 14684, 22792; Physalaemus aff. gracilis: CZFURB 14673, 14675, 14676, 14678, 22379; Physalaemus cuvieri: CZFURB 14383, 14418, 14677, 14679, 22804; Physalaemus lateristriga: CZFURB 14149, 14687, 22658, 22659, 22773, 22803; Physalaemus nanus: CZFURB 14233, 14234, 14238, 14379, 22784, 22967; Proceratophrys boiei: CZFURB 22465, 22801; Rhinella abei: CZFURB 14143, 14144, 14146, 14148, 14150, 14212, 14220, 14240, 14375, 14384, 22272, 22663, 22664, 22665, 22666, 22667, 22668, 22774, 22775, 22802, 22978; Rhinella icterica: CZFURB 14211, 14213, 14221, 14222, 14223, 14243, 14298, 14299, 14300, 14668; Scinax fuscovarius: CZFURB 14685; Scinax imbegue: CZFURB 14690, 22790; Scinax perereca: CZFURB 14218, 14688, 14689; Scinax rizibilis: CZFURB 14232, 14695; Scinax tymbamirim: CZFURB 14372, 14373, 14691; Sphaenorhynchus surdus: CZFURB 14682, 22277; Vitreorana uranoscopa: CZFURB 14696, 14697.

APPENDIX 4

Species contribution of Beta Diversity (SCBD) of anuran species of four sampled taxocenoses: BR-470 - BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities, Santa Catarina state; MGAN - between Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities, Santa Catarina state; SC-370 - SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality, Santa Catarina state; and BR-116 - BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities, Paraná state.

Species SCBD Dendropsophus sanborni 0.062 Dendropsophus nahdereri 0.061 Physalaemus aff. gracilis 0.054 Adenomera nana 0.049 Adenomera araucaria 0.048 Scinax imbegue 0.047 Scinax tymbamirim 0.047 Dendropsophus werneri 0.046 Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii 0.046 Phyllomedusa distincta 0.040 Lithobates catesbeianus 0.037 Boana guentheri 0.035 Boana albopunctata 0.034 Sphaenorhynchus surdus 0.032 Physalaemus nanus 0.031 Aplastodiscus albosignatus 0.028 Dendropsophus microps 0.027 Physalaemus lateristriga 0.021 Scinax fuscovarius 0.021 Dendropsophus minutus 0.021 Physalaemus cuvieri 0.019 Hylodes perplicatus 0.018 Aplastodiscus perviridis 0.017 Proceratophrys brauni 0.017 Fritiziana mitus 0.017 Rhinella abei 0.015 Leptodactylus plaumanii 0.013 Leptodactylus notoaktites 0.013 Boana joaquini 0.011 Rhinella icterica 0.011 Boana prasina 0.011 Scinax perereca 0.010 Bokermannohyla circumdata 0.006 Ischnocnema henselii 0.006 Proceratophrys boiei 0.006 Boana bischoffi 0.004 Leptodactylus latrans 0.004 Boana faber 0.003 Ololygon rizibilis 0.002 Cycloramphus bolitoglossus 0.002 Odontophrynus americanus 0.002 Adenomera engelsi 0.001 Bokermannohyla hylax 0.001 Haddadus binotatus 0.001 Ischnocnema manezinho 0.001

Species	SCBD
Dendropsophus sanborni	0.062
Dendropsophus nahdereri	0.061
Physalaemus aff. gracilis	0.054
Adenomera nana	0.049
Adenomera araucaria	0.048
Scinax imbegue	0.047
Scinax tymbamirim	0.047
Dendropsophus werneri	0.046
Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii	0.046
Phyllomedusa distincta	0.040
Lithobates catesbeianus	0.037
Boana guentheri	0.035
Boana albopunctata	0.034
Sphaenorhynchus surdus	0.032
Physalaemus nanus	0.031
Aplastodiscus albosignatus	0.028
Dendropsophus microps	0.027
Physalaemus lateristriga	0.021
Scinax fuscovarius	0.021
Dendropsophus minutus	0.021
Physalaemus cuvieri	0.019
Hylodes perplicatus	0.018
Aplastodiscus perviridis	0.017
Proceratophrys brauni	0.017
Fritiziana mitus	0.017
Rhinella abei	0.015
Leptodactylus plaumanii	0.013
Leptodactylus notoaktites	0.013
Boana joaquini	0.011
Rhinella icterica	0.011
Boana prasina	0.011
Scinax perereca	0.010
Bokermannohyla circumdata	0.006
Ischnocnema henselii	0.006
Proceratophrys boiei	0.006
Boana bischoffi	0.004
Leptodactylus latrans	0.004
Boana faber	0.003
Ololygon rizibilis	0.002
Cycloramphus bolitoglossus	0.002
Odontophrynus americanus	0.002
Adenomera engelsi	0.001
Bokermannohyla hylax	0.001
Haddadus binotatus	0.001
Ischnocnema manezinho	0.001

Edited by: Carlos José Einicker Lamas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Dec 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  25 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  10 Oct 2020
• Published
  16 Nov 2020