Two new species of Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Asteraceae from Brazil

Abstract

Two new species of Asphondylia inducing galls on Asteraceae are described, A. gaucha from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and A. mineira from the state of Minas Gerais. Their host plants are Vernonanthura discolor (Sprengel) H. Rob., and V. polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, respectively, both native to Brazil. Illustrations of relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species are compared with congeneric Neotropical species. The types are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

Keywords
Gall midges; Host plant; Morphology; Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecido-myiidae) is one of the most diverse and widespread genera of the Cecidomyiidae, with about 300 species, all gall-inducers (Gagné & Jaschhof, 2021). The genus is recognizable by its needlelike ovipositor, two-toothed gonostylus, three-segmented palpi and the presence of upper and lower horns on the pupal frons (Gagné, 1994).

Approximately 50 species of Asphondylia induce galls on Asteraceae, 19 of them in the Neotropical Region and seven in Brazil (Table 1). In the world, there is only one described species of Asphondylia associated with the genus Vernonanthura, Asphondylia ajallaiMöhn, 1959 from El Salvador.

Table 1
Species of Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Asteraceae in Brazil.

Species	Host Plant	References
Asphondylia cipo Urso-Guimarães, 2018	Lessingianthus warmingianus (Baker) H. Rob.	Urso-Guimarães, 2018
Asphondylia glomeratae Gagné, 2001	Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Gagné et al., 2001
Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, 2008	Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho (as Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera)	Maia et al., 2008
Asphondylia ingaiensis Maia, 2021	Moquiniastrum barrosoae (Cabrera) G. Sancho	Maia & Oliveira, 2021
Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá 1989	Mikania glomerata Spreng., M. guaco Kunth.	Möhn, 1973; Skuhravá, 1989
Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004	Eremanthus eryhtropappus (DC) MacLeish (as Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch. Bip.)	Maia, 2004
Asphondylia ulei Rübsaamen, 1908	Mikania sp.	Rübsaamen, 1908

In this paper, two new species of Asphondylia which induce stem galls on Asteraceae are described: A. gaucha and A. mineira, the former induces complex galls on Vernonanthura discolor (Sprengel) H. Rob. and the latter simple galls on Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, both host plants are native to Brazil. The complex galls on Vernonanthura discolor were previously reported by Mendonça et al., 2014, but the gall-inducing species was not identified in that publication.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Galls on Vernonanthura discolor, and V. polyanthes were collected in different localities of Brazil: the former in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (29°25′22″S; 50°23′11″W) in the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, state of Rio Grande do Sul, by M. Mendonça and the latter in Serra Negra do Funil, municipality of Rio Preto (22°05′S, 43°49′W), state of Minas Gerais by B. Mascarenhas.

Field work was performed on different dates (see “Material Examined”). Specimens were reared in the laboratory and sent in micro vials with 70% ethanol to VCM for identification. All material was prepared and mounted on microscope slides following the methods outlined in Gagné (1994). The genus was identified using the key of Gagné (1994), and the new species were proposed after comparison with literature data (host plants, gall morphology and cecidomyiid descriptions). All specimens were deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).

Morphological studies and drawings were made with the aid of an optical microscope coupled with a photographic camera and drawing tube. Measurements were made according to Maia & Oliveira, 2021. All drawings were edited using Corel DRAW®. Adult morphological terminology follows Cumming & Wood (2009) and larval and pupal stages follows Gagné (1989).

The new species are compared to each other and to Asphondylia ajallai, the only known congeneric species that induces galls on the same host genus.

Description

Asphondylia gaucha Maia, sp. nov. ( Figs. 1 - 4 )

Figure 1
Asphondylia gaucha,sp. nov., male: (A) Head, frontal view, (B) 9^th-12^th flagellomeres, (C) 5^th flagellomere, (D) Hindleg, 1^st tarsomere, lateral view, (E) Foreleg, tarsal claw and empodium, lateral view, (F) Wing.

Figure 2
Asphondylia gaucha,sp. nov., male: (A) 3^rd abdominal segments to terminalia, lateral view, (B) Terminalia, dorsal view.

Figure 3
Asphondylia gaucha,sp. nov., female: (A) 7^th-12^th flagellomeres, (B) 5^th flagellomere, (C) Hindleg, 1^st tarsomere, lateral view, (D) Midleg, tarsal claw and empodium, lateral view, (E) Wing, (F) Abdomen, lateral view.

Figure 4
Asphondylia gaucha,sp. nov., pupa: (A) General aspect, (B) Head, ventral view, (C) Thorax, dorsal view, (D) 5^th-8^th abdominal segments, dorsal view, (E) Gall, general aspect.

Diagnosis: Male hypoproct deeply bilobed; ovipositor with needle part 2.0-2.2 X length 7^th sternite; pupa: antennal horn with apical part 1.5 X length of basal part, upper frontal horn simple, 0.2 X length of antennal horn, lower frontal horn tridentate, 0.1 X length of antennal horn, teeth not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth, 8^th abdominal segment with 8-9 dorsal spines in the posterior row.

Male: Body: 3.20-4.60 mm long (n = 5). Head (Fig. 1A): globoid, 0.55-0.65 mm long 0.55-0.65 mm wide (n = 5), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape truncated conical, setose, 0.14 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (n = 3), pedicel globose, setose, 0.07-0.075 mm long, 0.06-0.065 mm wide (n = 3), 1^st-11^th flagellomeres cylindrical, 12^th conical (Fig. 1B), circumfila longitudinally wavy (Fig. 1C), proportion flagellomere neck-node: 1:10.5; frons with 26-32 (N = 5); mouth parts: labrum long-attenuate, 0.06-0.08 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide (N = 5); hypopharynx of the same shape of labrum, with long lateral setulae, anteriorly directed, 0.22 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide; labella elongate and convex, 0.08-0.10 mm long, 0.03-0.05 mm wide (N = 1), with lateral and mesal setae; palpus 0.21-0.25 mm long (N = 5): 1^st segment globoid, 2^nd and 3^rd segments cylindrical, all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly, and irregular group of lateral row of setae on each side, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron setose and anepisternum setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare. Legs: first tarsomere of each leg with an apical hook-like projection 0.03 mm long (N = 14) (Fig. 1D), tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium shorter than claws (Fig. 1E); wing: length 2.90-3.20 mm (N = 5) (Fig. 1F). Abdomen (Fig. 2A): 1^st-7^th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, and basal pair of trichoid sensillae; 8^th tergite band-like with basal pair of trichoid sensillae as vestiture; 2^nd-8^th sternites sclerotized, rectangular, 2^nd-7^th sternites with a posterior row of setae, several setae at midlength and laterally, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, and basal pair of trichoid sensillae; 8^th sternite entirely covered with setae, more abundant posteriorly, mostly covered elsewhere with scales and basal pair of trichoid sensillae. Terminalia (Figs. 2B): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.15-0.18 mm long, 0.10 mm wide (N = 4), gonostylus spherical, 0.06-0.07 mm long, 0.06-0.07 mm wide (N = 4), teeth 0.01 mm long, 0.03 mm wide (N = 2), hypoproct deeply bilobed, lobes conical; cercus rounded at apex; aedeagus conical.

Female: Body length: 4.10-4.50 mm (n = 4). Head: 0.60 mm long, 0.60-0.70 mm wide (n = 4), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: scape 0.14-0.16 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (n = 3), pedicel 0.06-0.08 mm long, 0.07-0.08 mm wide (n = 3), 1^st-11^th flagellomeres cylindrical, 12^th spheroid (Fig. 3A), circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected sub basally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 3B); 27-30 frontal setae; mouthparts: labrum 0.10-0.11 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (n = 2), hypopharynx 0.16-0.18 mm long, 0.06 mm wide (n = 2), labellum 0.09-0.10 mm long, 0.04 mm wide at midlength (n = 2), palpus 0.27-0.29 mm long (n = 2): 1^st segment globose, 2^nd segment cylindrical, 3^rd segment claviform. Thorax: apical projection of first tarsomere with 0.04 mm long (N = 4) (Fig. 3C); tarsal claws more robust than in male (Fig. 3D); wing length: 4.00-4.10 mm (N = 3) (Fig. 3E). Abdomen (Fig. 3F): 1^st-8^th tergites sclerotized, 1^st-7^th tergites rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, basal pair of trichoid sensillae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8^th tergite with distal margin with lobes 0.16-0.17 mm long (N = 3), 2^nd-6^th sternites as in male; 7^th sternite 0.57-0.67 mm long, 1.75-1.9 X length sternite 6 (N = 2), setose (except basally), setae more abundant distally, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 1.25-1.35 mm long, 2.0-2.2 X length sternite 7 (n = 2). Other characters as in male.

Pupa (Fig. 4A): Color: brownish. Body length: 3.95-4.70 mm (N = 2). Head (Fig. 4B): dorsal plate 0.65 mm long, 0.15 mm wide (n = 1); face with lateral projection; antennal horn triangular, 0.37-0.38 mm long (N = 3), apical part 1.5 X length of basal part, inner margin serrated; apical seta 0.06 mm long, 0.66 X wide of antennal flagellomere (N = 1); upper facial horn simple, triangular, 0.07 mm long (N = 3), as long as width of basal flagellomere; lower facial horn tridentate, 0.03 mm long (N = 3), 0.1 X length of antennal horn, teeth triangular, not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth; two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally. Thorax: integument wrinkly (Fig. 4C), prothoracic spiracle short, 0.08 mm long, setiform, curved (N = 3). Abdomen (Fig. 4D): segments 2-8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines; posterior row with 16-25 spines in the 2^nd segment, 21-26 in the 3^rd, 21-26 in the 4^th, 21-25 in the 5^th, 20-25 in the 6^th, 14-19 in the 7^th and 8-9 in the 8^th (N = 4).

Larva: Unknown.

Gall (Fig. 4E): Complex, on stem, spherical, brown, and one-chambered on Vernonanthura discolor.

Material examined: Holotype male, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, XI.2007, M. Mendonça col. (MNRJ-ENT1-69141). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 9 males (MNRJ-ENT1-69137, MNRJ-ENT1-69138, MNRJ-ENT1-691439, MNRJ-ENT1-69140, MNRJ-ENT1-69142, MNRJ-ENT1-69143, MNRJ-ENT1-69144, MNRJ-ENT1-69145, MNRJ-ENT1-69146), 4 females (MNRJ-ENT1-69133, MNRJ-ENT1-69134, MNRJ-ENT1-69135, MNRJ-ENT1-69136), and 4 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT1-69129, MNRJ-ENT1-69130, MNRJ-ENT1-69131, MNRJ-ENT1-69132).

Etymology: The name “gaucha” means native of Rio Grande do Sul.

Asphondylia mineira Maia, sp. nov. ( Figs. 5 - 8 )

Figure 5
Asphondylia mineira,sp. nov., male: (A) Head, frontal view, (B) 3^rd flagellomere, (C) Midleg, 1^st tarsomere, lateral view, (D) Hindleg, tarsal claw and empodium, lateral view, (E) Wing.

Figure 6
Asphondylia mineira,sp. nov., male: (A) 7^th and 8^th abdominal segments, dorsal view, (B) Terminalia, dorsal view.

Figure 7
Asphondylia mineira,sp. nov., female: (A) Head, frontal view, (B) 3^rd flagellomere, (C) Foreleg, tarsomere, lateral view, (D) Midleg, tarsal claw and empodium, lateral view, (E) Wing, (F) abdomen, lateral view.

Figure 8
Asphondylia mineira,sp. nov., pupa: (A) General aspect, (B) Head, ventral view and prothoracic spiracle, c-d) Thorax integument, dorsal view, (C) basal margin, (D) central region, (E) 7^th and 8^th abdominal segments, dorsal view.

Figure 9
Asphondylia spp.: (A) A. mineira, sp. nov., prothoracic spatula and associated papillae, ventral view, (B-C) A. ajallaiMöhn, 1959 (redrawn from Möhn, 1959, original drawings without scale): (B) Hind leg, tarsal claw and empodium, lateral view, (C) prothoracic spatula and associated papillae, ventral view.

Diagnosis: Male hypoproct deeply bilobed; ovipositor with needle part 1.7-1.9 X length 7^th sternite; pupa: antennal horn with apical part 1.3 X length of basal part, upper frontal horn simple, 0.08 X length of antennal horn, lower frontal horn tridentate, 0.02 X length of antennal horn, teeth not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth, 8^th abdominal segment with 8-9 dorsal spines in the posterior row.

Male: Body: 3.90 mm long (N = 1). Head (Fig. 5A): 0.55 mm long, 0.55 mm wide (N = 1), eye facets hexagonal, closely appressed; antennae: flagellomeres 1 and 2 not fused, scape truncated conical, setose, 0.14 mm long, 0.08 mm wide (N = 1), pedicel globose, setose, 0.08 mm long, 0.07 mm wide (N = 1), 1^st-3^rd flagellomeres cylindrical (other flagellomeres missing), 0.05 mm wide, circumfila longitudinally wavy (Fig. 5B), proportion flagellomere neck-node: 1:10.5; frons with 10 setae (N = 1); mouth parts: labrum long-attenuate, 0.08 mm long, 0.05 mm wide; hypopharynx of the same shape of labrum, with long lateral setulae anteriorly directed, 0.13 mm long, 0.05 mm wide; labella elongate and convex, 0.07 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), with lateral and mesal setae; palpus about 0.22 mm long (N = 1), all segments with setae. Thorax: scutum with two dorsocentral rows of setae, setae more abundant anteriorly and posteriorly, one lateral row of setae on each side of scutum, extending from base to distal margin, scales intermixed; scutellum with scattered setae; anepimeron setose, anepisternum setose; remaining pleural sclerites bare; legs: first tarsomere of each leg with an apical hook-like projection 0.045 mm long (N = 2) (Fig. 5C), legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, isomorphic, empodium shorter than claws (Fig. 5D); wing: length 2.45 mm (N = 1) (Fig. 5E). Abdomen (Fig. 6A): trichoid sensilla not visible; 1^st-7^th tergites sclerotized, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae and mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8^th tergite narrow, mesally constricted bare; 2^nd-8^th sternites more sclerotized than tergites; 2^nd-7^th sternites rectangular with a posterior row of setae, several setae at midlength, few lateral setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, 8^th sternite rectangular, entirely covered with setae, more abundant posteriorly, and mostly covered elsewhere with scales. Terminalia (Fig. 6B): gonocoxite short and stout, 0.18 mm long, 0.11 mm wide (N = 1), gonostylus spherical 0.7 mm long, 0.075 mm wide (N = 1), teeth 0.02 mm long, 0.04 mm wide (N = 1), hypoproct weakly bilobed, rounded apically.

Female: Body length: 3.80-5.50 mm (N = 6). Head (Fig. 7A): 0.55-0.65 mm long, 0.60-0.70 mm wide (N = 4), antennae: scape 0.15-018 mm long, 0.07-0.09 mm wide (N = 4), pedicel 0.07-0.08 mm long, 0.08-0.09 mm wide (N = 5), 1^st-11^th flagellomeres cylindrical, circumfila comprising two longitudinal bands connected sub basally and apically by two transverse bands (Fig. 7B); 15-32 frontal setae; mouthparts: labrum 0.11-0.13 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide (N = 4), hypopharynx 0.18-0.20 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm wide (N = 4), labellum 0.08-0.09 mm long, 0.05-0.06 mm long (N = 4), palpus 0.18-028 mm long (N = 4): 1^st segment globose, 2^nd and 3^rd segments cylindrical. Thorax: anepimeron setose. Legs: tarsal claws curved beyond midlength, anisomorphic, less robust on foreleg than on mid and hindlegs, apical hook-like projection of first tarsomere with 0.05-0.08 mm long (N = 4) (Fig. 7C), empodium shorter than claws (Fig. 7D); wing: length 3.75-4.00 mm (N = 5) (Fig. 7E). Abdomen (Fig. 7F): 1^st-7^th tergites, rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral and mesal setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, basal pair of trichoid sensillae, 8^th tergite with posterior margin with lobes 0.17-0.21 mm long (N = 4), 2^nd-6^th sternites rectangular with a posterior row of setae, few lateral setae, group of mesal setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, basal pair of trichoid sensillae, 7^th sternite 0.68-0.85 mm long (N = 6), 2.1-2.5 X length sternite 6 (N = 6), with posterior margin more sclerotized mesally, rectangular with distal and mesal group of setae, lateral setae, mostly covered elsewhere with scales, basal pair of trichoid sensillae; sternite 8 not sclerotized; ovipositor: needle part 1.31-1.45 mm long (N = 6), 1.7-1.9 X length sternite 7 (n = 6). Other characters as in male.

Pupa (Fig. 8A): Color: brownish. Body length: 4.50-4.90 mm (N = 2). Head (Fig. 8B): dorsal plate 0.06 mm long, 0.09 mm wide (n = 1); face with lateral projection; antennal horn triangular, 0.38 mm long (N = 2), apical part 1.37 X length of basal part, inner margin serrated; apical seta 0.05 mm long (N = 2), 0.5 X wide of antennal flagellomere; upper facial horn simple, 0.03 mm long (N = 2), triangular, as long a width of basal flagellomeres; lower facial horn tridentate, 0.01 mm long (N = 2), 0.2 X length of antennal horn, teeth triangular, not aligned, lateral teeth conspicuously above mesal tooth triangular; two pairs of lower facial papillae: one pair setose, the other bare; three pairs of lateral facial papillae: one pair setose, two bare; upper cephalic margin thickened laterally. Thorax: wrinkled integument (Figs. 8C-D); prothoracic spiracle 0.14-0.16 mm long, setiform, slightly curved (N = 4). Abdomen: segments 2-8 with transverse rows of crescent dorsal spines posterior row with 12-14 spines in the 2^nd segment (N = 2), 18-21 in the 3^rd (N = 3), 18-25 in the 4^th (N = 4), 20-24 in the 5^th (N = 4), 19-24 in the 6^th (N = 4), 13-18 in the 7^th (N = 4), and 8-9 in the 8^th (N = 4) (Fig. 8E).

Larva (part of abdomen missing): Cephalic head 0.12 mm long, 0.12 mm wide. Prothoracic spatula (Fig. 9A) 0.29 mm long (N = 1), four-toothed, inner teeth shorter than outer, three setose lateral papillae on each side (Fig. 9A).

Gall: Fusiform, brown, glabrous on stems of Vernonanthura polyanthes.

Material examined: Holotype male, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Serra Negra do Funil, III.2021, B. Mascarenhas col., 1 male (MNRJ-ENT1-69147). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 6 females (MNRJ-ENT1-69149, MNRJ-ENT1-69150, MNRJ-ENT1-69151, MNRJ-ENT1-69152, MNRJ-ENT1-69153, MNRJ-ENT1-69154), 4 pupal exuviae (MNRJ-ENT1-69155), 1 larva (MNRJ-ENT1-69148).

Etymology: The name “mineira” means native of Minas Gerais.

Remarks:Asphondylia gaucha and A. mineira are the only two described species of Asphondylia associated with the genus Vernonanthura in Brazil. These species differ from each other mainly in the length of the female 1^st and 2^nd flagellomeres (longer in A. mineira than those of A. gaucha), the number of male frontal setae (26-32 in A. gaucha and 10 in A. mineira), shape of male hypoproct (deeply bilobed in A. gaucha and slightly bilobed in A. mineira), ratio between 6^th and 7^th sternite length in females (1.75-1.90× in A. gaucha and 2.2-2.5× in A. mineira), shape of antennal horns in pupae (more pointed apically in gaucha than in A. mineira), length of prothoracic spiracle (about 2 times longer in A. mineira than in A. gaucha), and number of dorsal spines in the posterior row of 2^nd abdominal segment (more numerous in A. gaucha than in A. mineira).

Möhn, 1959 described Asphondylia ajallai from El Salvador. This species induces bud galls on Lepidaploa canescens (Kunth) H. Rob. (recorded as Vernonia canescens Kunth.), Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (recorded as Vernonia patens Kunth.) and Vernonia sp. (Asteraceae). It is known from the female and larva. Only females of Asphondylia gaucha and A. ajallai can be compared to each other. They differ from it mainly in the length of empodium (longer in A. gaucha than in A. ajallai) and shape of tarsal claws (more curve in A. gaucha than in A. ajallai) (Fig. 9B). Larvae and females of Asphondylia mineira can be compared with those of A. ajallai. The spatula of A. mineira has longer mesal teeth and wider anchor base than in A. ajallai (Fig. 9C). Furthermore, A. mineira has three lateral papillae on each side of the spatula, while A. ajallai has four (Fig. 9C). Females of both species have empodia subequal in length. Nevertheless, the tarsal claws of A. mineira are more curve than those of A. ajallai.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

We would like to thank the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) and. the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul for the laboratory structure.

REFERENCES

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• Gagné, R.J. 1994. The gall midges of the Neotropical region. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. 352p.
• Gagné, R.J. & Jaschhof, M. 2021. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World, 5. ed. Digital. 813p.
• Gagné, R.J.; Oda, R.A.M. & Monteiro, R.F. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) in Southeastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103: 110-134.
• Maia, V.C. 2004. A new genus and six new species of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Serra de São José (Minas Gerais State), Brazil). Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 62: 69-82.
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• Möhn, E. 1959. Gallmücken (Diptera, Itonididae) aus El Salvador. 1. Teil. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 40: 297-368.
• Möhn, E. 1973. Studien uber neotropische Gallmücken (Diptera, Itonididae). 2. Teil. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 257: 1-9.
• Rübsaamen, E.H. 1908. Beitrage zur Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag: Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia, 6: 110-173.
• Skuhravá, M. 1989. Taxonomic changes and records in Palaearctic Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 86(3): 202-233.
• Urso-Guimarães, M.V. 2018. A new species of Asphondylia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) and a key to separate species of the genus associated with Asteraceae from Neotropical region. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 58: 1-7.

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• FUNDING INFORMATION:

  The first author is grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for financial support (number process: 210.300/2021); the second author to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a productivity grant (number process: PQ 311298/2019-2).
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas da Universidade de São Paulo"

Edited by

Edited by:

Carlos José Einicker Lamas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 July 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  16 Apr 2023
• Accepted
  03 June 2023
• Published
  05 July 2023