Paraplegia after myocardial revascularization: case report

Abstracts

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os avanços ocorridos na Anestesiologia permitiram melhores índices de segurança. Várias técnicas e agentes são utilizados visando controlar a resposta hemodinâmica e minimizar os efeitos adversos do estimulo cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardíacos. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 70 anos, masculino, 1,74 m, 75 kg, ASA III, e NYHA II. Portador de dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus tipo II e hipertensão arterial controladas; tabagismo, enfermidade vascular periférica e história de infarto agudo do miocárdio há 20 anos. O paciente foi submetido a revascularização com artéria mamária interna esquerda e enxertos de safena com pinçamento intermitente da aorta em circulação extracorpórea. Durante as primeiras 24 horas na UTI apresentou eventos de instabilidade hemodinâmica, hipotensão súbita e fibrilação atrial. Após 26 horas do final do procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente estava acordado, hemodinamicamente estável e com boa dinâmica respiratória quando foi extubado. O paciente estava comunicativo, orientado, porém com imobilidade e reflexos abolidos nos membros inferiores. Na avaliação neurológica: pares de nervos cranianos sem alteração, ausência de queixa de dor de qualquer tipo da cintura pélvica para baixo, preservação da sensibilidade superficial e profunda, perfusão distal adequada sem edemas, e paraplegia flácida na região abaixo de T8. Exame de ecocardiografia sem alterações. A tomografia computadorizada da coluna lombo-sacra, não mostrou massa compressiva no espaço epidural ou adjacente. CONCLUSÃO: A síndrome da artéria espinhal anterior, deve ser sempre considerada nos procedimentos de manipulação da aorta. A prevenção, particularmente nos pacientes de risco é necessária. A tomografia computadorizada é importante para o diagnóstico diferencial e a ressonância magnética para a localização da lesão.

CIRURGIA, Cardíaca; COMPLICAÇÕES; TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS, Regional

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: En las últimas décadas, los avances que se han dado en anestesiología resultaron en una reducción de los indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad. En ese contexto, varias técnicas y agentes anestésicos han sido utilizados para controlar la respuesta hemodinámica y minimizar los efectos perjudiciales provenientes del estimulo quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardíacos. En cirugía cardíaca, la asociación de la anestesia regional a la anestesia general, ha sido motivo de muchas controversias entre los anestesistas, además de haber promovido muchos estudios en los últimos años. El surgimiento de las complicaciones neurológicas, es una situación devastadora que puede ocurrir después de una cirugía cardiovascular. En este artículo, relatamos un caso de paraplejia ocurrida en un paciente de 70 años, del sexo masculino, y después de una cirugía de revascularización del miocardio añadiéndosele opioide subaracnoideo a la anestesia general.

ANESTESIA, Combinada; CIRUGÍA, Cardíaca; COMPLICACIONES

CLINICAL INFORMATION

Paraplegia after myocardial revascularization. Case report^*

Caetano Nigro Neto, TSA, M.D.^I; Milton Patricio Chango Iza, M.D.^II; Maria Angela Tardelli, TSA, M.D.^III

^IMédico Associado da Clinica de Anestesia São Paulo; Coordenador do Serviço de Anestesia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia

^IIEspecialista de Anestesia Cardiovascular pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; Anestesiologista em Quito, Equador

^IIIProfessora Adjunta da Disciplina de Anestesiologia Dor e Terapia Intensiva da Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo

^{Correspondence to}

SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developments in anesthesiology have improved safety indices. Several techniques and agents are used to control the hemodynamic response and minimize adverse effects triggered by surgical stimuli in patients undergoing cardiac procedures.

CASE REPORT: This is a 70 years old male patient, 1.74 m, 75 kg, ASA III, and NYHA II. The patient had controlled dyslipedemia, type II diabetes mellitus, and hypertension; history of smoking, peripheral vascular disease, and myocardial infarction 20 years ago. The patient underwent revascularization with the left internal mammary artery and saphenous grafts with extracorporeal circulation with intermittent clamping of the aorta. During the first 24 hours in the ICU, the patient developed hemodynamic instability, sudden hypotension, and atrial fibrillation. Twenty-six hours after the end of the surgery, the patient was awake, hemodynamically stable, and with good respiratory dynamics, being extubated. The patient was talkative and oriented, but immobile and negative reflexes in the lower limbs. Neurological evaluation showed: cranial nerves without changes, no complaints of pain below the hips, preserved superficial and deep sensitivity, adequate distal perfusion without edema, and flaccid paraplegia below T8. The echocardiogram did not show any changes. CT scan of the lumbosacral spine was negative for compressive mass in the epidural space or adjacent to it.

CONCLUSION: Anterior spinal artery syndrome should be considered in procedures with manipulation of the aorta. Prevention, especially in patients at risk, is necessary. Computed tomography, for the differential diagnosis, and MRI, to localize the lesion, are important.

Keywords: ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUE, Regional: spinal anesthesia; COMPLICATIONS: paraplegia; SURGERY, cardiac: myocardial revascularization.

INTRODUCTION

Over the last decades, developments in Anesthesia have resulted in a reduction in morbidity and mortality indices¹. In this context, several anesthetic techniques and drugs have been used to control the hemodynamic response and minimize harmful effects triggered by the surgical stimulus in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries^1,2.

Spinal blocks (intrathecal or epidural) are well-established in several surgical subspecialties. In cardiac surgeries, the association of regional block and general anesthesia is controversial, and it has been the focus of several studies in the last years. Potential benefits of regional blocks include strong postoperative analgesia, decreased response to surgical stress, and thoracic cardiac sympathectomy^2-4. However, it is very difficult to determine which complications are secondary to this association, especially due to of the number and complexity of events involved in the surgical procedure.

Neurologic complications are devastating situations that can develop after cardiovascular surgery. Among them, paraplegia and paraparesis, which are rare, can be seen after several types of surgical procedures, such as repair of coarctation of the aorta, thoracotomy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, repair of dissection of the aorta, valvular surgery, cardiac transplantation, and myocardial revascularization.

The objective of this report was to present the case of a patient who developed paraplegia after myocardial revascularization in which the association of subarachnoid opioid and general anesthesia was used.

CASE REPORT

This is a 70-year old male, 1.74 m, 75 kg, physical status ASA III, NYHA II, with the following risk factors for coronary heart disease: dyslipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension, all under control; smoking, peripheral vascular disease, and history of acute myocardial infarction 20 years ago.

On physical exam, the patient presented good general status, he was alert and oriented in time and space, mucous membranes were pink and hydrated, and he also showed regular nutritional status. He complained of dyspnea on medium efforts and walked with some difficulty. Neurological exam was normal. Pulmonary and cardiac auscultation showed no abnormalities, as well as abdominal examination. Lower limbs had signs of peripheral vascular disease. His blood pressure was 140 x 80 mmHg, and the heart rhythm was regular at a rate of 80 bpm.

His medications included: losartan, furosemide, aldactone, simvastatin, metphormin, glibenclamide, and acetyl salicylic acid. Hypoglycemic drugs were substituted by insulin 48 hours before the surgery, and acetyl salicylic acid was discontinued five days before the procedure.

Among laboratorial exams, the most important findings included: hematocrit = 34%; hemoglobin= 10.9 mg.dl^-1; prothrombin time = 14 seconds; partial activated thromboplastin time = 32 seconds; platelets = 262,000/mm³; sodium = 138 mEq.l^-1; potassium = 3.8 mEq.l^-1; calcium = 0.98 mmol.l^-1; and glucose = 126 mg.dl^-1.

Echocardiography showed diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis, mitral valve reflux, and ejection fraction 40%. Echo-Doppler showed 50% to 69% obstruction of the internal branch of the left carotid artery.

Cardiac catheterization showed 50% lesion in the proximal third of the circumflex artery; marginal artery with a 70% lesion in the proximal third; 60% lesion in the intermediate branch; 40% lesion in the proximal third of the anterior descending artery; diagonal artery of reduced caliber with a 40% distal lesion; dominant right coronary artery; mild increase of the left ventricle; moderate inferior-medial hypokinesis.

Proposed surgical procedure: revascularization of the left internal mammary artery to the anterior descending artery, aorta to right coronary artery, and aorta to the intermediate branch with venous grafts from the anterior saphenous vein, and extracorporeal circulation with intermittent clamping of the aorta.

Monitoring included invasive blood pressure in the left femoral artery, pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, capnography, esophageal temperature, and urine output as well as serial ABGs, peripheral venous access with a 16G catheter, and placement of a central line in the right subclavian vein.

For the spinal block, the L₃-L₄ space was punctured with a 25G Quincke needle, which required only a single attempt; 40 µg of morphine and 75 µg of sufentanil in NS for a total of 5 ml were administered according to the protocols of the anesthesiology department for neuroaxis block and anticoagulation (Chart 2).

After the blockade, the patient was oxygenate with 100% oxygen by face mask, followed by induction of anesthesia with 5 mg of midazolam, 250 µg of fentanyl, and 0.1 mg.kg^-1 of pancuronium. The patient was intubated with a #8 ET tube with balloon, and anesthesia was maintained with 60% oxygen in a mixture with compressed air, sevoflurane with an expired fraction of up to 1 MAC (minimal alveolar concentration), besides supplemental doses of intravenous fentanyl, 2 µg.kg^-1 to maintain mean arterial pressure between 65 and 90 mmHg. During extracorporeal circulation (ECC), two boluses of 3 mg of midazolam and 0.1 mg.kg^-1 of pancuronium were administered.

During the procedure, blood glucose levels were maintained between 80 and 120 mg.dl^-1 with continuous infusion of a solution containing 10 ml of 50% glucose, 10 ml of 19.6% potassium chloride, and 20 IU of regular insulin, at an initial rate of 2 ml.h^-1, which was increased by 1 ml.h^-1 when blood glucose levels rose above 120 mg.dl^-1, and intravenous bolus doses of 5 IU, 10 IU, and 15 IU of regular insulin were administered when blood glucose levels reached 200 mg.dl^-1, 250 mg.dl^-1, and 300 mg.dl^-1, respectively. The insulin infusion was interrupted when blood glucose levels were lower than 80 mg.dl^-1. Extracorporeal circulation was done with intermittent clamping of the aorta and mild hypothermia, maintaining the temperature between 33º and 34º C, with arterial flow of 40 to 60 ml.kg^-1. min^-1, and maintaining mean arterial pressure between 45 and 85 mmHg. In the case of hypertensive peak, boluses of sodium nitroprusside were administered. Intermittent clamping of the aorta, with two-minute intervals between clampings, was used during myocardial revascularization; three grafts were used: internal mammary artery to the anterior descending artery, aorta to right coronary artery, and aorta to the intermediate branch. Total perfusion time amounted to 80 minutes, and total clamping time, 57 minutes. At the end of the perfusion, dopamine 5 µg.kg^-1.min^-1 was administered to maintain adequate cardiac output.

The anesthetic procedure lasted 5 hours, and the surgical procedure 3 hours and 50 minutes.

Shortly after arriving at the ICU, still under the effects of anesthesia and dopamine support, arterial blood gases showed: hematocrit =30%, hemoglobin = 9.2 mg.dl^-1, pH = 7.33, PCO₂ = 34.2, SatO₂ = 99.4%, base excess = +2.6, sodium bicarbonate = 18.9 mEq.l^-1, sodium = 152 mEq.l^-1, potassium = 4.6 mEq.l^-1, and calcium = 0.97 mEq/l^-1.

During the first 24 hours in the ICU, the patient developed hemodynamic instability with sudden hypotension. Dobutamine 5 µg.kg^-1.min^-1 was administered with the simultaneous transfusion of packed red blood cells.

During the same time, the patient developed atrial fibrillation, requiring replacement of dopamine and dobutamine by noradrenaline and amiodarone, as well as anticoagulation with the subcutaneous administration of 40 mg of low molecular weight heparin every 12 hours.

Twenty-six hours after the end of the surgical procedure, the patient was awake, hemodynamically stable, and with good respiratory dynamics when the ET tube was removed. At that time, the patient was talkative and oriented, but he could not move the lower limbs. Neurological evaluation was as follows: cranial nerves without changes, absence of any type of pain from the pelvic girdle down, preserved superficial and deep sensitivity, deep tendon reflexes in the lower limbs were abolished, with decreased muscle tone, adequate distal perfusion without edema, and flaccid paraplegia below T₈.

An echocardiogram ruled out dissection of the aorta, and a CT scan of the lumbosacral spine ruled out the presence of a compressive mass in the epidural space or adjacent to it.

DISCUSSION

Paraplegia after myocardial revascularization is a rare event. Seven cases have been reported in the MEDLINE and CINAHL⁵. However, the incidence after thoracoabdominal or aortoabdominal procedures ranges from 4 to 80%, depending on the complexity of the procedure^5,6. This type of complication is associated with several patient-, peripheral vascular disease-, and surgery-related trigger factors. Regarding the trigger factors associated with the anesthetic-surgical procedure, it is usually associated with ischemia of the spinal cord due to clamping of the aorta, reperfusion phenomena, failure to reimplant the intercostal arteries, epidural hematoma after intrathecal or epidural puncture, acute hypotension, hypoperfusion, toxic drug effects, use of the intra-aortic balloon pump, embolization, hypokalemia, trauma, and coagulopathy^5-8.

Emboli resulting from the manipulation of an ascending aorta with ulcerated atherosclerotic lesions are one of the causes of ictus in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. In patients scheduled to undergo myocardial revascularization, the identification of a mobile atheromatous plaque on transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) increases the risk of stroke by 33% against 2.7% of those in which the same lesion is not detected. It has been suggested that the release of emboli at the moment of the injection of cardioplegic solution, aortic cannulation, the onset or end of the cardiopulmonary bypass, and clamping or unclamping of the aorta, especially the last one, are responsible for 60% of the emboli detected. Peripheral vascular disease associated with hypertension, smoking, and diffuse atheromatous plaques also represent important trigger factors, since they can lead to rupture of the plaque and the consequent embolization of the arteries of the spinal cord^7-11.

Hypoperfusion is the second factor that generates perioperative neurologic deficit. Although it is a constant event in those procedures, the duration of this event and prior condition of the patient are important factors for increased morbidity^5-8. Elderly patients are affected more frequently, since they usually have several risk factors like: hypertension, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and history of myocardial infarction; those conditions favor changes in microvascular arterial perfusion and hemodynamic instability during the anesthetic-surgical procedure^5,6,12,13. One should consider that the systemic inflammatory response is greater in diabetic patients with diffuse atheromatous lesions, which might lead to a higher incidence of vasoplegic syndrome associated with ECC¹⁴. All those risk factors can contribute for spinal cord ischemia, resulting in paraplegia⁸. In patients with those risk factors associated with senility, mean arterial pressure should be maintained above 70 mmHg during surgery and ECC for better microvascular perfusion of the spinal cord¹⁴. In the case presented here, the patient had several episodes of severe and prolonged hypotension during the surgery and postoperative period, which might have triggered the complications mentioned earlier.

Use of the aortocoronary bypass can also lead to a reduction in perfusion and collateral circulation of the arteries of the spinal cord. This is usually secondary to the use of the internal mammary artery⁵. Besides, rupture of the anastomosis of coronary grafts can also lead to systemic hypotension, which, in those patients, can cause greater spinal cord hypoperfusion.

Note that the vascularization of the spinal cord varies considerably. The spinal cord has an intrinsic blood flow, in which the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, as well as their branches, are responsible for 74% of the irrigation; and an extrinsic blood flow, in which radicular arteries irrigate the nerve roots. The vertebral arteries are responsible mainly for the blood flow of the cervical, high thoracic, intercostals and lumbar regions, as well as lateral sacrum branches. The thoracolumbar segment has a significant risk of ischemia, since it receives blood from only an spinal medullar artery known as radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz. It is responsible for the vascularization of the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord and, in 75% of the individuals it originates from the left intercostal artery in the thoracic spine, in T₁₀ and T₁₁. In a small percentage of the cases, the origin of the artery radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz is more cephalad, in T₅, which makes it more vulnerable to ischemic episodes in cardiac surgeries, left thoracotomy, major vascular surgeries, retroperitoneum, and left nephrectomy. Blood flow could possibly be altered by direct trauma, reduced perfusion pressure, or venous congestion. Ischemic myelopathy is the consequence of the transitory or permanent interruption of the spinal cord circulation, which is seen more often in surgical procedures, especially thoracolumbar surgery, and rarely after myocardial revascularization^5,6,15-17.

Other studies have reported that clinical changes secondary to a reduction of the spinal cord circulation can only be observed in the first hours or days after the procedure in 5.7% of the cases, establishing that the thoracolumbar segment is under a delicate and permanent perfusion balance⁸. Consequently, this region is extremely sensitive to ischemic lesions, reperfusion, edema, surgical trauma, and compartment injury secondary to compression, which can lead to the neurological complication known as anterior spinal artery syndrome. It is characterized by flaccid paraplegia with a level in T₉, and minimal sensorial deficit, resulting from the involvement of the blood flow in the anterior region of the spine^5,6,17-20.

Guillian-Barré syndrome should be ruled out since it is characterized mainly by progressive muscular weakness, reduction or absence of deep tendon reflexes, ascending weakness of the pelvic and brachial muscles, and in 50% of the cases uni- or bilateral facial paralysis associated in some cases with oculomotor weakness²¹.

The possibility of toxic lesions caused by drugs injected inadvertently in the subarachnoid space or by contamination can also be ruled out, since this type of toxicity would be associated with the sudden onset of sensorial an motor changes, usually associated with pain²². Adhesive arachnoditis can also be ruled out since it presents with progressive hyposthesia of the lower limbs beginning days or months after the spinal block^22,23.

Spinal or subarachnoid block in patients taking medications that affect systemic coagulation or who will be fully anticoagulated during the surgery, such as in surgeries with extracorporeal circulation, is a source of concern due to persistent bleeding at the puncture site. The anatomical characteristic of a closed space, of both the epidural and subdural spaces, favors the formation of a local hematoma that could compress the spinal cord and spinal roots, causing ischemic changes in the area. This complications has been reported since the early days of regional blocks^24,25. A review of the literature by Vandermeulen, in 1994²⁶, demonstrated that this is a rare complication (1:120,000, with epidural block, and 1:220,000, for spinal block), and that several factors, such as the presence of bleeding disorders, comorbidities, and use of the epidural catheter during surgery, increased the risk of hematoma formation. In the years since this study, only newer drugs introduced in clinical practice caused changes in the protocol for safe spinal blocks and the care with spinal hematomas, which can be observed with the publication in 2002 of the consensus on spinal blocks and anticoagulation²⁷.

Before the surgery, the coagulation status of the patient was stable, according to the laboratorial exams reported earlier, fulfilling the basic requirements of our protocol for spinal blocks in procedures with anticoagulation. Besides, the absence of compressive masses in the thoracolumbar CT scan ruled out the possibility of spinal compression by a hematoma^22,23. The development of spontaneous hematoma was also ruled out for the same reasons²³.

Spinal cord lesion causing paraplegia is a rare complication, but it should be added to the list of neurological events that could be seen after myocardial revascularization. Since this is a devastating complication, we should intensify the measures to prevent spinal cord ischemia (Chart 2). To make a differential diagnosis of spinal cord ischemia, tests, other than those mentioned here, such as myelography, electromyography, and MRI of the thoracolumbar spine should have been done^5,6. Magnetic resonance imaging, a fundamental exam to establish the type and level of ischemic myelopathy, was not done in this patient. In cases of postoperative paraplegia, we recommend that all exams mentioned here should be done to determine, more precisely, the best and more adequate immediate and long-term treatment.

Although rare, anterior spinal artery syndrome should always be considered in procedures involving manipulation of the aorta and, therefore, it should be prevented, especially in patients at risk.

The CT scan is fundamental for the differential diagnosis, and the MRI is important to localize the level of the lesion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful for the help of our collaborators: Dr. Bilal Smaili and Dr. Miguel Angel Mercado.

REFERENCES

Apreseadd3do em 8 de julho de 2009

Aceito para publicação em 24 de dezembro de 2009

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• ²⁷
  Second Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain 2002 April 28. Disponível em: http://www.asra.com/consensus-statements/2.html

*

Recebido do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 May 2010
• Date of issue
  Apr 2010

History

• Received
  08 July 2009
• Accepted
  24 Dec 2009