Assessing the impact of lung hyperinflation maneuver on systemic inflammatory response and lung collapse in patients undergoing surgeries under spontaneous ventilation

Abstracts

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de manobras de hiperinsuflação pulmonar (MHP) reverte atelectasias intraoperatórias. Contudo, pode induzir resposta inflamatória sistêmica de origem pulmonar. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar o impacto da aplicação de MHP sobre a resposta inflamatória sistêmica e sobre a estrutura pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à anestesia subaracnoidea. MÉTODO: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética institucional e obtenção do consentimento escrito pós-informado, 20 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos de pequeno e médio porte foram alea torizados em dois grupos: 1) Controle (GC) e 2) MHP (GMHP). Uma hora após a instalação do bloqueio espinhal, foi realizada MHP no GMHP aplicando-se pressão positiva nas vias aéreas em dois níveis (BIPAP) com pressão expiratória de 20 cmH2O e pressão inspiratória de 20 cmH2O durante 1 a 2 minutos. TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e IL-12 foram medidos no sangue através de técnica de citometria de fluxo nos momentos basal, 90, 180 e 780 minutos. Os volumes e peso pulmonares foram computados a partir de tomografias computadorizadas obtidas imediatamente após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: A aplicação de MHP resultou em redução da fração de parênquima pulmonar não aerado (7,5 ± 4,3% no Grupo Controle versus 4 ± 2,1% no Grupo MHP, p = 0,02), sem alterações nos volumes pulmonares. Foi observada elevação progressiva nos valores plasmáticos das interleucinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 e IL-10, similar nos dois grupos. Os níveis plasmáticos de TNFα e IL-12 foram indetectáveis durante o estudo. CONCLUSÕES: A aplicação de MHP única reduziu a fração de atelectasias, porém não amplificou a resposta inflamatória observada em pacientes com pulmões normais submetidos a cirurgias de pequeno e médio portes sob anestesia subaracnoidea.

COMPLICAÇÕES; METABOLISMO; TÉCNICA ANESTÉSICA; TÉCNICA ANESTÉSICA; VENTILAÇÃO; VENTILAÇÃO; manobra de hiperinsuflação pulmonar

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de maniobras de hiperinsuflación pulmonar (MHP), revierte las atelectasias intraoperatorias, pero puede conllevar a una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica de origen pulmonar. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron comprobar el impacto de la aplicación de MHP sobre la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y sobre la estructura pulmonar en pacientes sometidos a la anestesia subaracnoidea. MÉTODO: Después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética institucional y de la obtención del consentimiento informado, 20 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos de pequeño y mediano porte, se separaron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: 1) control (GC) y 2) MHP (GMHP). Una hora después de la instalación del bloqueo espinal, fue realizada MHP en el GMHP aplicando una presión positiva en las vías aéreas en los niveles (BIPAP) con una presión espiratoria de 20 cmH2O y una presión inspiratoria de 20 cmH2O durante 1 a 2 minutos. FNTα, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y IL-12 se midieron en la sangre a través de la técnica de citometría de flujo en los momentos basal, 90, 180 y 780 minutos. Los volúmenes y el peso pulmonares fueron computados a partir de tomografías computadorizadas obtenidas inmediatamente después de la operación. RESULTADOS: La aplicación de MHP resultó en una reducción de la fracción del parénquima pulmonar no aerado (7,5 ± 4,3% en el Grupo Control vs 4 ± 2,1% en el Grupo MHP, p = 0,02), sin alteraciones en los volúmenes pulmonares. Se observó una elevación progresiva en los valores plasmáticos de las interleucinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 y IL-10, similar en los dos grupos. Los niveles plasmáticos de FNT< y IL-12 no se detectaron durante el estudio. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de MHP única redujo la fracción de atelectasias, sin embargo, no amplificó la respuesta inflamatoria observada en pacientes con pulmones normales sometidos a cirugías de pequeño y mediano porte bajo anestesia subaracnoidea.

SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Assessing the impact of lung hyperinflation maneuver on systemic inflammatory response and lung collapse in patients undergoing surgeries under spontaneous ventilation

Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson, TSA^I; Elton Lúcio Silva de Souza^II; Larissa Barbalho^III; Cristina de Oliveira Massoco^IV; Maria José Carvalho Carmona, TSA^V; José Otávio Costa Auler Jr, TSA^VI

^IAnesthesiologist and Specialist in Intensive Care Unit; Supervisor Physician of the Surgical ICU of the Discipline of Anesthesiology of the Instituto Central of the HCFMUSP; Doctor in Sciences by the USP

^IIAnesthesiologist

^IIIAnesthesiologist; Assistant physician of the Service of Anesthesiology do HCFMUSP

^IVVeterinarian; Doctor in Sciences by the USP

^VDirector of the Division of Anesthesiology of the Instituto Central of the HCFMUSP; Associate Professor of the Discipline of Anesthesiology of the FMUSP

^VIDirector of the Division of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care of the Instituto do Coração do HCFMUSP; Full Professor of the Discipline of Anesthesiology of the FMUSP

Correspondence to

SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lung hyperinflation maneuvers (LHM) reverse intraoperative atelectasis; however, they can lead to pulmonary-induced systemic inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of LHM on systemic inflammatory response and lung structure in patients undergoing subarachnoid block.

METHODS: After approval by the Ethics Committee of the institution and signing the informed consent, 20 patients undergoing small and medium surgical procedures were randomly separated into two groups: 1) control (CG), and 2) LHM (LHMG). One hour after the spinal anesthesia, LHM was performed in LHMG by applying bilevel positive pressure in the airways (BIPAP) with an expiratory pressure of 20 cmH₂O and inspiratory pressure of 20 cmH₂O for 1 to 2 minutes. Blood levels of TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were determined by flow cytometry at baseline and at 90, 180, and 780 minutes. Lung volumes and weights were determined using CT scans obtained immediately after the surgery.

RESULTS: The use of LHM resulted in a reduction in the fraction of non-aerated pulmonary parenchyma (7.5 ± 4.3%, in the Control Group, vs. 4 ± 2.1%, in the LHM Group, p = 0.02) without changing pulmonary volumes. A progressive increase in plasma levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, similar in both groups, was observed. Plasma levels of TNFα and IL-12 were undetectable during the study.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of LHM reduced the incidence of atelectasis, but it did not amplify the inflammatory response in patients with normal lungs undergoing small and medium surgeries under subarachnoid block.

Keywords: ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUE, Regional: subarachnoid; COMPLICATIONS: atelectasis; METABOLISM: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; VENTILATION, Mechanical: positive pressure, lung hyperinflation maneuver.

INTRODUCTION

Pulmonary collapse is a common complication in patients undergoing general anesthesia ¹. The use of lung hyperinflation maneuvers up to total lung capacity have been described as being effective in reversing atelectasis associated with muscle relaxation, sedation, and mechanical ventilation ^2,3.

Despite the beneficial effects of lung hyperinflation maneuvers (LHM) promoting reversion of atelectasis, and improving blood oxygenation, and the clinical safety regarding barotrauma when pressures of 40 cmH₂O are used for a short period, some studies have demonstrated that stretching of the pulmonary parenchyma by applying sustained elevation of airway pressures can lead to damage of the parenchymatous structure and inflammation of the lungs, with the subsequent release of interleukins in the blood ^4-8. In a recent study, a small but significant release of interleukins in the blood was observed in healthy volunteers without evidence of inflammatory activity who underwent lung hyperinflation maneuvers with bilevel pressure in the airways (BIPAP) ⁹.

However, even in patients with normal lung function, mechanical ventilation itself can promote activation of systemic inflammatory response ^10,11. For this reason, it is not possible to separate LHM-related inflammation from that promoted by the surgical procedure without the bias of mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. The present study was designed to evaluate whether isolate LHM can amplify the inflammatory response generated by the surgery, knowing that LHM with pressures of up to 40 cmH₂O for short periods in patients with spontaneous ventilation is a safe procedure ⁹.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of LHM on the blood levels of interleukins and lung morphology, observed in computed tomography of the chest, in patients breathing spontaneously undergoing surgeries under subarachnoid block.

METHODS

After approval by the Ethics Commission of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and signing of the informed consent, 20 patients undergoing small and medium surgeries under arachnoid block were randomly divided in two groups: 1) Control Group (n = 10), and 2) Lung Hyperinflation Maneuver Group (LHM Group) (n = 10). Patients were divided in two groups by random drawing; to reduce selection bias, the anesthesiologist in charge of patient selection was informed which group the patient was assigned to only when the patient was admitted to the operating room.

Inclusion criteria were: 1) Patients classified as P1 or P2 by the risk score proposed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists; 2) Older than 18 years; and 3) Elective surgery under subarachnoid block.

Exclusion criteria were: 1) Active infection; 2) Immunosuppression of any etiology; 3) Perioperative use of anti-inflammatories; 4) Perioperative blood transfusion; 5) Malignancies; 6) Acute lung disease; and 7) Body mass index > 30 kg.m².

On the day of the surgery, after being admitted to the operating room, all patients were monitored with cardioscope (D_II and V5 derivations), non-invasive blood pressure, and pulse oximeter, and a peripheral venous access was established with an 18G catheter. After monitoring, all patients underwent subarachnoid block with the administration of 15 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine in the subarachnoid space through a 27G Whitacre needle. Patients maintained spontaneous ventilation with oxygen, 2 L.min^-1, through a nasal catheter, and they were sedated with 2 mg of midazolam.

One hour after the beginning of the procedure, lung hyperinflation maneuver up to total lung capacity was performed in the LHM Group. Lung hyperinflation maneuver was performed with a non-invasive mechanical ventilation device (BIPAP Vision, Respironics Inc., Carlsbad. California, USA) with inspired fraction of oxygen of 30% during spontaneous ventilation. After the total facial mask (Respironics Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA) was adjusted to avoid the escape of air, continuous positive pressure (CPAP) of 5 cmH₂O was applied and increased by 3 cmH₂O after every 5^th breath until 20 cmH₂O, after which an additional inspiratory pressure of 20 cmH₂O was applied using bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP), reaching a maximal pressure of 40 cmH₂O in the airways for 10 respiratory cycles. The CPAP was reduced in a step-wise fashion from 20 cmH₂O to 5 cmH₂O, in 3 cmH₂O decrements after every 5^th respiratory cycle. At the end of the procedure, all patients in both groups underwent a CT scan of the chest during a small period of apnea at the end of a normal expiration.

Venous blood samples were drawn at baseline, after the ve nipuncture, and 90, 180, and 780 minutes after the spinal anesthesia. Immediately after the blood was drawn, 5-mL aliquots of EDTA-containing blood were centrifuged at 1500 g for 5 minutes and the plasma was removed and stored at -70°C for posterior analysis. Simultaneous detection of multiple interleukins by flow cytometry was done to quantify interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Cytometric Bead Array - Human Inflammation Kit, BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany).

Spiral volumetric tomographies of the chest were obtained in a helicoidal Toshiba tomography scanner and contiguous reconstructed images with 5 mm width were analyzed with the Osiris 4.19 software (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland).

Lung volume was determined by adding the total number of voxels (elemental volume unit in computerized tomography), whose dimensions were known, in all lung areas in the different contiguous images. The volumes of gas and tissue were calculated using the following formulas:

(1) Voxel volume = (pixel area) x width of the section, in which the area of the pixel is provided for each tomography.

(2) Total volume of the compartment = number of voxels x voxel volume for each band of radiographic density.

(3) Air volume = (CT coefficient/1,000) x total compartment volume, if the compartment considered had a CT coefficient between -1,000 HU and 0 HU; or (3') volume of air = 0, if the compartment under consideration had a CT coefficient higher than 0 HU; or (3'') volume of air = total compartment volume, if the CT coefficient was -1,000 HU.

(4) Tissue volume = (1 + CT coefficient/1,000) x total compartment volume, if the compartment had a CT coefficient between -1,000 HU and 0 HU; or (4') tissue volume = number of voxels x voxel volume, if the compartment had a CT coefficient greater than 0 HU; or (4'') tissue volume = 0, if the compartment had a CT coefficient lower than -1,000 HU.

(5) Weight of lung parenchyma = tissue volume, if the compartment had a radiographic density lower than 0 HU; or (5') weight of lung parenchyma = 1 + radiological density/1,000 x total compartment volume, if the compartment had a CT coefficient greater than 0 HU.

In which the CT coefficient is the X-rays coefficient of attenuation that characterizes each voxel in the image.

Later, total air and tissue volume, as well as the weight of the lung parenchyma of a region of interest were calculated by adding the corresponding volumes and weights of the compartments analyzed in the different areas of interest.

The tissue volume measured from the CT represents the sum of the volumes of the lung parenchyma, blood, and extravascular water.

In parallel to the determination of lung air and tissue volumes, lung parenchyma was divided in four compartments as a function of the degree of aeration:

1) Hyperinflated lung parenchyma: CT coefficient between -1,000 HU and -900 HU.

2) Normally aerated lung parenchyma: CT coefficient between -900 HU and -500 HU.

3) Poorly aerated lung parenchyma: CT coefficient between -500 HU and -100 HU.

4) Non-aerated lung parenchyma: CT coefficient between -100 HU and +100 HU.

Those limits indicated that hyperinflated regions contained more than 90% of air, normally aerated regions between 50% and 90% of air, poorly aerated regions between 50% and 10% of gas, and non-aerated regions has less than 10% of air. This type of analysis allows the calculation of the amount (weight) of parenchyma in each one of the compartments.

The normalcy of all parameters evaluated in this study was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Anthropometric and laboratorial data, as well as those related with the total results of both lungs were compared by the Student t test for independent samples, if they had a normal distribution, or Wilcoxon test. The Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical data in both groups. The temporal behavior of the cytokines in both groups was analyzed by two-way Analysis of Variance for repeated measurements, followed by multiple comparisons by the Bonferroni method when indicated. The software Aabel 2.4.2 (Gigawiz, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA) and Graphpad Prism 4.02 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA) were used for the statistical analysis, considering a level of significance of 0.05. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and mentioned when otherwise.

RESULTS

Table I shows the anthropometric characteristics of the study patients. Both groups were comparable regarding the distribution of gender, type of surgery, age, BMI, and physical status classification according to the ASA. Except for sodium levels, which were slightly higher in the LHM group than in the Control Group (141 ± 21 mEq.L^-1 vs. 138 ± 3 mEq.L^-1, p = 0.04), laboratorial profiles of both groups were similar.

Figure 1 shows sample images of the tomographies obtained immediately after the surgical procedure in the Control and LHM Groups. As can be seen in Figure 2, total lung volume calculated from CTs of the chest obtained after patients were admitted to the post-anesthetic recovery room was 3,116 ± 1,184 mL, in the Control Group, versus 3,383 ± 793 mL, which was not statistically significant. When the volumes of air and tissue were considered as a fraction of the total lung volume, those volumes represented 30.5 ± 8.5% and 69.5 ± 8.5%, in the Control Group, and 26.6 ± 6.4% and 73.2 ± 6.4%, in the LHM Group.

The lung parenchyma had a mean weight of 871 ± 158 g, in the Control Group, versus 875 ± 164 g, in the LHM Group, and this difference was not statistically significant. When aeration of the lung parenchyma was analyzed, it was observed that non-aerated lung parenchyma represented 7.5 ± 4.3% of the total weight of the lung parenchyma, in the Control Group, versus 4 ± 2.1%, in the LHM Group, with p = 0.02. Significant differences in poorly aerated, normally aerated, or hyperinflated compartments were not observed between both groups (Figure 3).

When the temporal behavior of interleukins in the blood in both groups was compared, a slight increase in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, I-8, and IL-10 was observed, without statistically significant differences between both groups, which can be seen in Figure 4. The levels of TNFα and IL-12 remained undetectable in both groups throughout the study.

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this study were: 1) lung hyperinflation maneuvers, commonly used to promote alveolar recruitment did not cause an increase in systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing small to medium surgeries, and 2) lung hyperinflation maneuvers promoted a reduction in the fraction of collapsed lung parenchyma in the LHM Group when compared to the lung collapse seen in the Control Group.

Several publications have demonstrated the beneficial effects or alveolar recruitment maneuvers that promote lung hyperinflation up to total lung capacity, leading to an improvement in blood oxygenation and increasing lung compliance in patients undergoing general anesthesia ^2,12-14. However, stretching the lung parenchyma beyond its physiological limits by applying high pressures to the airways could be associated with the lung-induced inflammatory response.

Almost all tissues in the body show an immediate mechanical response, with an increase in rigidity directly proportional to the mechanical stress applied ¹⁵. In the lungs, the pressure of the residual volume that remains in the parenchyma after a normal expiration (elastic recoil volume) is responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix that surrounds the alveoli tense and hardened and to avoid alveolar collapse ¹⁶. When forces that promote stretching beyond those physiological limits are applied in the pulmonary parenchyma, the expression of specific genes and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in the lungs can change ¹⁷. Vlahakis et al. observed that when type II pneumocytes are stretched more than 30%, this promotes a release of interleukin 8 ¹⁸. Von Bethmann et al. described that hyperventilation induced an increase in the release of TNFα and IL-6 in the perfusate of the rat model of healthy lungs ¹⁹. Several other experimental studies reported similar findings when tissue or lung models were stretched beyond physiological limits ^7,20,21. Clinical studies with patients with acute respiratory failure undergoing mechanical ventilation confirmed the experimental data, demonstrating that repetitive stretching of the lung parenchyma promotes the release of interleukins, and that ventilatory strategies that limit inflation pressures and cyclical lung collapse would reduce this inflammatory response ^8,22.

However, the role of isolate use of alveolar recruitment maneuver on the activation of systemic inflammatory response in patients with normal lungs and spontaneous ventilation is controversial. In a prior study with healthy volunteers with homogeneously aerated lungs, we observed that applying lung hyperinflation maneuvers for a short period promoted a subtle, but significant, increase in circulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines ⁹. In that study, lung hyperinflation maneuver was the only stimulus for the development of a systemic inflammatory response. However, the inflammatory response observed was of low intensity and self-limited, since the levels of interleukins returned to normal within 12 hours. Besides, studies weighing the physiological impact of the release of interleukins in the blood stream after alveolar recruitment maneuver against the possible benefits in patients undergoing general anesthesia who evolve with hypoxemia do not exist.

In the present study, we investigated whether the magnitude of this inflammatory response induced by stretching the lungs was additive or synergistic to the inflammatory response related to the surgical procedure in patients with normal lungs. Amplification of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing alveolar recruitment maneuver was not observed. It is possible that the magnitude of the inflammatory response related to this isolate alveolar recruitment maneuver was insignificant even in patients undergoing small to medium surgeries in whom a discrete inflammatory response to surgical trauma is expected. Puls et al. reported similar data, since they did not observe the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood when alveolar recruitment maneuvers with CPAP of 40 cmH₂O for 6-second periods were used ²³.

It is important to emphasize that a unique alveolar recruitment maneuver was tested in patients without evidence of inflammatory activity. At this moment, it is not possible to state whether different alveolar recruitment maneuvers with different airways pressurization regimen, duration, and periodicity of repetitions in humans could produce similar patterns of inflammatory response. Therefore, it is not possible to generalize this data for other alveolar recruitment maneuvers with other airways pressurization regimens or the repetitive use of those maneuvers in patients with respiratory failure.

Note that lung hyperinflation maneuver was capable of reducing the fraction of non-aerated parenchyma in patients undergoing subarachnoid block. To our knowledge, this is the first time lung collapse in patients undergoing regional block was quantified and the impact of the lung hyperinflation maneuver reversing atelectasis in this population was evaluated. The supine position and use of sedation, which can reduce the amplitude of respiratory movements, were probably the mechanisms related to the small lung collapse observed. However, on the clinical point of view, this lung collapse was non-significant.

Some patients included in the study had comorbidities, which can be observed in Table I. Three patients in the Control Group and five patients in the LHM Group had hypertension, and isolated cases of hypothyroidism, arrhythmias, and type 2 diabetes mellitus were also observed. All comorbidities observed were clinically controlled, and those patients were classified as P2 according to the score proposed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). It seems unlikely that any of the comorbidities present, which were clinical under control, could have affected the results of the study.

To conclude, the use of a single lung hyperinflation maneuver did not cause an increase in systemic inflammatory response triggered by the surgical procedure in patients with normal lungs undergoing small and medium surgeries under subarachnoid block and spontaneous ventilation. Analysis of volumetric tomographies revealed a small lung collapse in patients undergoing surgery under subarachnoid block, but without clinical impact, which was reversed by the LHM.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 June 2010
• Date of issue
  June 2010

History

• Accepted
  20 Jan 2010
• Received
  13 May 2009